• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.72-88
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• 2006

The optimal environmental ranges of the establishment phase for the distribution of Zizania latifolia and Typha angustifolia was determined to develop a set of basic data and criteria of planting substrate for the restoration, conservation and management of wetlands. The study was carried at 17 wetlands in the Kyunggi-do and Gyeongsangnam-do region where inland wetlands place intensively in June, 2005. Total 127 quadrats were sets in growing areas of Zizania latifolia and Typha angustifolia. $NO_3-N$, K, Ca, Mg and Na in the water variables and soil texture, LOI (loss on ignition), soil pH and soil conductivity in the soil variables were analyzed. The optimal range of water depth for the distribution of Zizania latifolia was -5~39cm, $NO_3-N$ content of water was <0.01~0.19ppm, K content of water was 0.1~5.9ppm, Ca content of water 0.5~44.9ppm, Mg content of water was 1.2~11.9ppm, Na content of water 3.4~29.9ppm, water conductivity was 48~450${\mu}S$/cm, respectively. The optimal range of LOI for the distribution of Zizania latifolia was 1.7~11.9%, soil conductivity was 25.5~149.9${\mu}S$/cm, respectively. The optimal range of water depth for the distribution of Typha angustifolia was -20~24cm, $NO_3-N$ content of water was <0.01~0.19ppm, K content of water was 0.2~2.9ppm, Ca content of water 0.6~19.9ppm, Mg content of water was 0.2~5.9ppm, Na content of water 3.5~19.9ppm, water conductivity was 96~450${\mu}S$/cm, respectively. The optimal range of LOI for the distribution of Typha angustifolia was 2.4~15.9%, soil conductivity was 17.6~149.9${\mu}S$/cm, respectively. The optimal soil texture were loam, silt loam and sandy loam in both species. The lower water depth (-20~40cm) is appropriate to increase biodiversity in both species dominated community and it is better to maintain water depth of 40~100cm for water purification. Both species appear frequently in the soil with high silt content.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.365-380
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• 2017

Rapid changes in the flora of exotic species are ecological problems that cause the alteration of national and regional biota. The purpose of this study is to identify the reality of neophyte flora currently inhabiting in Korea. Having analyzed a total of 151 studies published up until 2016, we found the qualitative and quantitative gaps among the preceding studies due to the lack of rigorousness on the application of the spatial and temporal level of exotic species and academic terminology. In this study, the neophyte is defined as the flora introduced temporarily after the Enlightenment in Korea (late 19th century) and spatially in the Eastern Asiatic Province of the Takhtajan's floral region instead of a country boundary. A total of 326 taxa of 184 genera of 39 families were identified and analyzed for their distributional origin and habitat characteristics. Approximately 87% (285 taxa) was a component of the single-layered herb vegetation, and a total of 211 taxa originated from Europe and North America which are the same temperate biome as Korea. The wetland vegetation components were much fewer with 21 taxa, but they included a large number of invasive alien species that caused critical deterioration in the habitat structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. Ecological approaches to exotic species categories such as Ephemerophyten and Apophyten have emerged.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.195-206
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• 2017

We described a spatial distribution pattern and floral diversity on the Paspalum distichum community occurring at the ecological parks of Hwamyeong, Daejeo, Samnak, and Maekdo in the Nakdong river estuary. A total distribution area of P. distichum community was $303,462.6m^2$. Its largest area was found in Samnak eco-park ($185,910.1m^2$). The most richness of knotgrass patches in each ecological park was determined Maekdo eco-park (87). Cover class level-5 shows the largest area ($260,663.2m^2$). A total of 73 taxa (34 families, 55 genus, 65 species, and 8 varieties) were listed up on the P. distichum community. A welldeveloped population of knotgrass was found predominantly at sites linked into human impacts at the riverine floodplain, the stream courses flowing through the parks, and the man-made channels and wetlands. Finally we proposed an ecological management strategy for knotgrass population in the study area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2017

The objective of this study is to seek for improvement measures to make the Ecosystem and Nature Map by analyzing causes for grade changes and distributional characteristics of areas with public objections to the Ecosystem and Nature Map notified by e-official gazette from 2014 to June 2016. The receipt of public appeals has been recently increased from average 23 cases a year(2007-2013) to average 33 cases a year(2014-June 2016) while there were 42 areas with public appeals for less than the minimum area($62,500m^2$) for the evaluation of grade of the Ecosystem and Nature Map. Most of the public appeals focused on the 1st grade zone of the Ecosystem and Nature Map. Before grade changes by public appeals, the 1st grade zone of the Ecosystem and Nature Map were 76.0% of the whole areas with public appeals. However, after grade changes by public appeals, it was rapidly decreased to 25.2%, which means that a lot of the 1st grade zone with public appeals were lowered. In the results of analyzing the distributional characteristics of areas with public appeals, they were mostly distributed in lowland(less than 250m altitude), section with $10{\sim}20^{\circ}$ slope, and areas close to or within 100m from built-up area. Regarding areas with public appeals, the biggest time difference between the period of the existing research by National Ecosystem Survey and the period of notice after completing the treatment of public appeals was 18 years while areas showing 6-15 years of time difference were about 70%. Thus, there were huge differences in time of research and notice. Also, the biggest causes for grade changes were boundary errors caused by small-scale survey, and then followed by changes in evaluation of endangered species and occurrence of built-up area and damaged land. Analyzing areas with public appeals in each evaluation item of the Ecosystem and Nature Map, vegetation part was 73.0%, and endangered species area was 23.1% while topography and wetland was less.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.23-43
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• 2020

The purpose of this paper is to create ecological values for urban rivers. For this, the paper looks into river bed structures and how nearby lands are used. This study was performed to set the specific sections for analysis through a field investigation of the infrastructure conditions, surrounding land use, and the inter habitat structure of Seongnaecheon(Stream). A total of 780 individuals from 31 species of wild birds appeared in Seongnaecheon(Stream). According to foraging guild's habitat, there were 9 species of water, 8 types of water edges, 5 types of crowns, 5 types of shrubs, 2 types of tree trunks, 2 types of birds of raptors, and 355 individuals of water, 243 shrubs, 90 crowns, 84 water edges and 5 raptors. Many water birds were observed at the site where the Seongnaecheon(Stream) sandy plains and wetland herbaceous area were developed and the open water was secured. Most of the forest birds appeared on levee slope connected with forest around and riverside with fewer facilities for use. The species diversity index of Shannon, the entire section of Seongnaecheon(Stream), was 2.2697 and the downstream ecological landscape conservation area of Seongnaecheon(Stream) was found to be useful as a habitat for wild birds in the city compared to other sections. Some sections of Seongnaecheon (Stream) had low species diversity index due to lack of green space and surrounding urbanization areas. In choosing target species, I researched the special features of the habitats and the habitation structure of wild birds in each zone. Regarding detailed plans, by classifying the breeding place & roosting site and the roosting site & shelter that took account of the inhabitation characteristics of the target species in different sections, this paper suggested the major plant species and multilayer planting structures. Moreover, this study proposed the development of habitats for water birds and forest birds along with the connection of the green network for improving the Eco-corridor linkage and inhabitation features in Seongnaecheon(Stream).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.111-120
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• 2016

This study is aimed at using the grasped problems of protected areas in Korea as the basic data for management planning and system improvement of protected areas by grasping realistic problems through the interview with the persons in charge on the basis of general problems of domestic protected areas. To this end, this study deducted major problems in urgent need of improvement, and improvement direction through the survey of the persons in charge of protected areas. This study result is as follows: The major problems, which should be preferentially improved, were found to be shortages of management infrastructure, cooperation between interested parties, and threat factors in protected areas, etc. Such problems are interconnected with each other, thus coming up complexly; therefore, it's necessary to make a comprehensive approach to the problems after confirming the causal relationship of the identified problems. In addition, for the purpose of effective management of a protected area, it's necessary to implement priority management of major problems through different management intensity from the planning phase. Also, it's important to enhance the effectiveness of planning by considering a possible potential threat factor in the outside of protected areas, and referring to the contents of the development plan for the relevant area in time of management planning. Lastly, there is the need for systematic improvement of an institution through thorough status review of the actual state of management planning fulfillment in order to increase the effectiveness of planning in a follow-up study hereafter.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.264-272
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• 2012

For understanding the tourists' characteristics of several types of ecotourism sites, we surveyed and analyzed the demographic characteristics, travel motivations and cognition of damage in Bukhansan trail, Upo marshes, Jirisan trail and Uljin Keumgang pine tree trail. The field survey were conducted through face-to-face interviews. In the case of Bukhansan trail, many people came to build up their health, so the ratio of eco-tourists and the awareness of environmental damage was low. In Upo marshes, there were many group tourists who want to enhance friendship between the colleagues. And the ratio of eco-tourists, enjoying several activities such as observation or experience about the ecosystems of wetland and bird watching appeared high, but the cognition of tourists about the damage of natural environment was low because the flatland type tour site, Upo marshes has less damage factors comparing with mountain type tour sites. In Jirisan trail, eco-tourists, nature tourists and mass tourists appeared mixed and the cognition of damage was higher than that of flatland type. In the case of Uljin Keumgang pine tree trail, almost indices showed higher values than other sites because the tourists who visited there have high cognition of eco-tourism and nature conservation by limiting entrance. Tourists were generally accepted positively the control method such as collection of entrance fee and visitor reservation system when natural damages are expected.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.24-35
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• 2006

The vascular plants of the studied area was listed 384 taxa of 90 families, 234 genera, 331 species, 1 subspecies, 45 varieties and 7 forms. The flora of each reservoir, 285 taxa of 83 families, 190 genera, 247 species, 1 subspecies, 30 varieties, 7 forms in Osongjae, 117 taxa of 39 families, 87 genera, 100 species, 17 varieties in Ogongjae, 83 taxa of 30 families, 67 genera, 73 species, 8 varieties, 2 forms in Shinyongjae and 86 taxa of 33families, 70 genera, 75 species, 1 subspecies, 10 varieties in Eodujae. Based on the list of the rare plants by the Forest Research Institute, 3 taxa were recorded in the studied areas; Magnolia kobus (Preservation priority order : No. 187), Penthorum chinense (No. 144), Prunus yedoensis (No. 110) and based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 4 taxa were recorded; Populus tomentiglandulosa, Clematis trichotoma, Prunus yedoensis, Paulownia coreana. Specific plant species by floral region were total 15 taxa; Prunus yedoensis in class V, 2 taxa (Carex idzuroei, Magnolia kobus) in class IV, 2 taxa (Monochoria korsakowi, Poncirus trifoliata ) in class III, 10 taxa (Sagittaria aginashi, Salix glandulosa, Clematis brachyura, Nymphoides peltata, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 13 families, 29 genera, 43 species, 1 varieties, 44 taxa and naturalization rate was 11.5% and based on the list of an ecosystem disturbance plants, 3 taxa were recorded in the studied areas : Paspalum distichum, Solanum carolinense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior. The hydrophytes was listed 31 taxa of 15 families, 20 genera, 29 species, 2 varieties and Eleocharis mamillata var. cyclocarpa, Penthorum chinense, Soirodela polyrhiza were recorded in Osongjae, Sagittaria aginashi, Eleocharis kuroguwai, Scirpus juncoides, Scirpus triqueter, Monochoria korsakowi, Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea were recorded in Ogongjae. Besides, Scirpus fluviatilis, Trapa pseudoincisa were recorded in Shinyongjae and Scirpus triangulatus, Nymphoides peltata, Myriophyllum verticillatum were recorded in Eodujae. This site is located in the urban area and ecosystem-disturbing wild animal and plant has been imported here, therefore ecosystem has been disturbed more and more. The wetland here rapidly has changed into upland, so it needs conservation measures through long-term monitoring.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1446-1457
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• 2016

Wetlands exhibit intermediate characteristics of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and the biodiversity is rich in these unique biological habitats. The symbiotic relationships between plants and fungi that inhabit these wetlands play an important role in natural resource management, biodiversity, and conservation. Accordingly, the mujechi, having academic value for the study of the natural environment, was investigated in terms of genetic diversity of endophytic fungi, which inhabit the roots of wild plants. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified to identify fungal strains. In total, 226 strains were isolated and categorized into three phyla, seven classes, 10 orders, 22 families, and 31 genera. In plants by endophytic fungi were classified in Isachne globosa (Ig) to 19 genera, Scirpus karuisawensis (Sk) to 11 genera, Utricularia racemosa (Ur) to 19 genera, and one incertae sedis, Eriocaulon decemflorum (Ed) to 11 genera. The fungal taxa was identified the genera Acephala (19.9%), Tolypocladium (16.3%), Neopestalotiopsis (11.5%), and Perenniporia (7.1%). The fungal group isolated from Isachne globosa (Ig) grew the largest number of isolated fungal strains. After comprehensive evaluation, the endophytic fungal group from Utricularia racemosa (Ur) ranked highest in diversity analyses. From the roots of wild plant in mujechi-neup, it confirmed the distribution and diversity of endophytic fungi. This study provides the basic data to understand fungal community structure in peat wetlands.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.114-128
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• 2013

Rapid industrialization and economic growth have led to serious problems including reduced open space, environmental degradation, traffic congestion, and urban sprawl. These problems have been exacerbated by the absence of effective conservation and governance, and have resulted in various social conflicts. In response to these challenges, many scholar and government hope to achieve sustainable development through the establishment and management of environment-friendly planning. For this purpose, we would like to analyze functional change for ecosystem by future land-use/cover changes in South Korea. Toward this goal, we predicted land-use/cover changes from 2010 to 2060 using the future population of Statistics Korea and urban growth probability map created by logistic regression analysis and analyzed ecosystem service value using costanza's coefficient. In the case of scenario 1, ecosystem service value represented 6,783~7,092 million USD. In the case of scenario 2, ecosystem represented 6,775~7,089 million USD, 2.9~7.6 million USD decreased compared by scenario 1. This was the result of area reduction for farmland and wetland which have high environmental value relatively according to urban growth by development point of view. The results of this analysis indicate that environmentally sustainable systems and urban development must be applied to achieve sustainable development and environmental protection. Quantitative analysis of environmental values in accordance with environmental policy can help inform the decisions of policy makers and urban developers. Furthermore, forecasting urban growth based on future demand will provide more precise predictive analysis.