• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 2022

This study aimed to clarify relationships between the westernization of military uniform systems and changes in the textile import industry during the Eulmi reforms of clothing regulation. For the goal, the study investigated the content and features of that had been enacted under the Eulmi reforms. It also examined the status of the textile import industry at the time, especially in relation to outer garments such as jackets or Eui, trousers or Go, and overcoats. Moreover, this study inspected how the above westernization changed the textile import industry. More specifically, the research analyzed the content of based on articles from the then state newsletter or 『Gwanbo』, and the then cabinet meeting or Euijeongbu's proceedings or 『Euiju』. Concerning the textile import industry, this study looked into relevant descriptions and trade statistics from 『KOPEИ(Hankukji)』, and analyzed changes in that industry in connection with the introduction of Western military uniform systems. As a result, this study found that increased imports of cotton fabrics during the Eulmi reforms of clothing regulation was correlated with surging demand for shirt or lining materials and increase in the use of Myeonyung following military uniform westernization. Similarly, an increase in silk fabric imports was an outcome of increased demand for lining materials. Also, the import growth of woolen fabrics was seemingly attributed to the use of Heuknasa and Heukyung as basic materials of military uniforms. Thus, military uniforms began to be made of fabrics, which hadn't been used before in the wake of westernization. This development brought changes in the textile import industry, which is supported by textile import statistics of the time. In conclusion, the westernization of military uniform systems under the Eulmi reforms of clothing regulation was a significant factor that changed the industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.121-133
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• 2004

This study is about japanese national suit. women's standard dress, and mompe, which were used as a means of controlling people's life and simplifying people's clothing during the chinese-japanese war(1937) and the pacific war(1941-1945). National suit was a semi-military uniform for men and it was the western style suit composed of jacket, under shirt, and pants. National suit was not popular during the early war, but it became popular afterward. Women's standard dress had the two kinds of styles : the kimono and the western style. Women's standard dress was not popularly distributed. Instead, many japanese women wore mompe, the active wear of standard dress. Almost all of japanese women wore mompe by the end of war because of its practical use. The effects of national suit, standard dress, and mompe on the rapid westernization of postwar japanese clothing can be summarized as follows. First, national suit and standard dress contributed to the official acceptance of the western clothes as japanese daily clothes. Second, national suit, standard dress, and mompe changed the traditional view of japanese on clothing and caused the rapid westernization of japanese clothing with the high emphasis on the practical and functional use of clothing. Especially, as japanese women wore mompe as the outer garment, mompe affected the view of japanese on women's body and it served as an important stimulus to speed the westernization of japanese women's clothing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1131-1138
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between women's clothing westernization and the economic development in Korea. The data were obtained for the Korean women's clothes and analyzed by the linear regression method. The results were as follows: First western clothing style was adopted first for the street wear and then for the casual home wear. Second the per capita GNP as a proxy of the economic development was shown to affect the weaternization of Korean women's clothing significantly. The Korean treditional clothing was disappeared as the per capita income went up. These results support previous anthropological studies on the westernization and the economic development following industrialization. Also this quantitative study shows one way to prove Bell's hypothesis and will be of use to the economists as well as the clothing researchers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.167-184
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate actual conditions of family/kin ritual transition and to find out relationships to socio-economic variables. For this purpose, 716 subjects of urban family were interviewed with questionnaires. The results of this study may be summarized as follows: 1. It was discovered the pervasive themes of family/kin ritual transition: westernization, commercialization, socialization, and cultural anomie. 2. In contemporary family/kin rites, traditional structure coexists with external westernized aspects under the influnce of industrialization and commercialization. The rites were continued to provide a place where participants reproduce the ideology of patriarchal family group, especially the strong parent-child ties and narrow kin relationships. 3. Respondents who support traditional ritual style are old, lower class, and Buddhist. 4. Respondents who support westernization and socialization of family/kin rites are young, higher class, and Christian. But family/kin rites are not affected by sex relatively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.159-173
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• 2002

The subject of the paper is for the study about the implication and the changes of design and functions in the underwear by the change of the times from late 19c until present time. Researching on documents and magazine's articles, and interviewing with women older than 60s is used for the period of previous 1960s. researching on documents, advertising, newspaper, and interviewing with the persons concerned is used for the period of after 1960s. Analysis showed periodical change in underwear is divided into that the changes of the time is divided into 1890-1950 start to Westernization in underwear, 1957-1969 Ready made in underwear. 1950-1969 Variety in underwear, 1980-1989 Fashioning, functioning in underwear, 1990-present Withdrawing from fundamental notion in underwear. The time of 1890-l950 showed the biggest change in an external form in underwear. In 1950-1969, notions of beauty in underwear ultimately swatch from Oriental sense to Western sense, In 70s, underwear achieved the early stage of fashioning. In 80s, Underwear became one of fashion item. In 90s, underwear achieved higher quality and variety. The basic notion of underwear was destroyed by exposing underwear.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

Mathematization is cognitive process of empirical phenomena into mathematics. The article shows that mathematization is an fundamental element in the process of westernization and the difference between the East and tile West is due to the existence of mathematics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.739-748
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• 1994

These days the Korean costume becomes the formal dress to be worn on particular occasions. The Westernization of life style, inculding dress, has made the costume of wearing traditional dress disappear from Korean's everyday life. This study is launched to investigate the precious textiles and materials of the past before they vanish; this study deals with the materials of folk costume in the early 20th century, preceding Westernization. The research method adopted in the study was interviews of fifth- five elderly persons living around the Mt. Kumo area in Gyungbuk province. The result was that costume culture in that area was poor because people living in the area were economically less well off due to meager agricultural products. There was no variety in the style of costumes to be worn for various occasions. It was also nothworthy that because of no diversification in naming, only one representative word was used to name several types of costumes. On the other hand, it was discovered that the people in the Mt. Kumo area had religious aspirations stemming from their folk beliefs concerning costumes. They also had an attitude of saving money despite poor economic conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.1-19
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• 2011

In the process of modernization from the traditional Korean Han-bok to today's modernized fashion. The Republic of Korea received the most influences form the United States among other western countries. The U. S. A. was the primary country who helped to release S. Korea from Japanese colonization in 1945, and provided the most economic and military aids after the Korean War in 1950. The purpose of this case study is to find out the traits of Americanization in modern Korean fashion through sociocultural evidences and reference pictures. The Americanization can be defined as the U. S. A. influencing cultures of other countries, and sometimes resulted in the substitution of a given culture with American culture. Americanization generally is a part of westernization. The analogous terms for Americanization, are Coca-colonization, McDonaldization, Starbuckslization, and Hollywoodization. The theories related to Americanization are theory of economic determination, global system theory, conspiracy theory, modernization theory, and theory of dependence. However, Americanization of Korea cannot be explained in one single theory, but only can be explained as a hybrid of two cultures. There also is a critical viewpoint of de-Americanization. Americanization of Korea were studied in three important chronicles, a period of modernization (1945-1950s), a period of industrialization & popularization(1960s-1970s), and a period of consumerization(1980s-present). The traits of Americanization in the process of modernizing Korean fashion, were found as simplicity, functionality, popularity(kitsch & mimicry), anti-traditional ethics(unchastity & skin revealing), and materialism(lavishness & trends).

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2009

This study is intended to examine the modernization of Chinese costumes through historical events, and to analyze the characteristics of the costume modernization process. The modernization of Chinese costumes appears to have begun with the Opium Wars, and the Nanjing Treaty(1842), the Beijing Treaty(1860) and the official residence of western people in Chinese territory. Afterwards, in order to initiate change, the Chinese people themselves implemented the Westernization movement(1861-94), placing an emphasis on the westernization of external elements such as technology and form, but aspects such as costume, deeply saturated in their traditions, do not appear to have changed significantly. Despite self-empowering movements such as these, as western forces diffused deeper into the Chinese mainland, neo-intellectuals formed the axis of a revolutionary movement. A major example can be found in the Xinhai Revolution(1911) revolution, which forbade the binding of feet and shaving of frontal hair and partially implemented western formal dress. Through these factors, the modernization process of Chinese costume demonstrates characteristics of an adherence to traditional dress and partial acceptance of western attire. Through this, we may understand the modern costumes of China, which adhered more to tradition than Japan, which pursued western costumes actively within a similar period, and Korea, which rushed modernization due to Japanese authority.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.29-48
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• 2012

From ancient to modern days, Koreans have preferred and even worshiped white clothes to the extent that they are called "the white-clad race", and the color black has seldom been used for women's clothes. In western countries too, it was only after Chanel that black color came to represent feminine beauty. Black clothes were introduced in Korea after the opening of its ports to foreign countries in 1876 and have mainly been worn as a practical clolor for winter coats and school uniforms. The traditional preference for white and other bright colors continued well into the 1980s. However, the industrialization and urbanization caused by economic development and the influx of western cultures and ideas in the 1980s brought about the westernization of Korean aesthetic consciousness and resulted in the phenomenon of modern Korean women's preference for black fashion that became conspicuous from 1991. With the introduction of western fashion after the opening of the country in 1876, the spiritual values contained in preference for white clothes have been substituted by materialistic values as people accepted the practical beauty of black fashion, and the inclination toward intrinsic natural beauty intrinsic in the aesthetic senses that preferred white clothes has been replaced by the preference for modern, elegant and sensual beauties of black fashion whose preference has begun in the 1990s.