• 디자인학연구
• /
• 16호
• /
• pp.65-74
• /
• 1996

러시아 전위 예술은 서유럽에서 발생한 새로운 미술사조를 러시아 예술가들이 그들의 전통문화와 접속시켜 독자적인 미술사조로 발전시킨 것에 커다란 의미가 있다. 러시아 혁명이후 사회 개혁에 러시아 전위 예술가들은 적극적으로 동참했다. 그들은 사회주의 사회의 이상 실현을 위해 미술, 영화, 건축, 연극 등 각 장르에서 활동했다. 이러한 새로운 사회에 필요한 전문 기능인력의 양성을 목적으로 Vchuthmas가 설립되었다. 학교의 교육목표는 예술분야(건축, 회화, 조각, 그래픽, 금속, 목공예, 도자기, 텍 스타일 등)의 지도자를 양성하는 것이었다. Vchuthmas에서는 러시아 전위예술가들의 구성주의와 기능주의의 원리에 바탕을 둔 교수법을 통해 학생들을 지도하였으며 이는 독일의 Bauhaus 교육에도 지대한 영향을 주었다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제43권1호
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 2021

In this study, extreme wind speeds in the Western North Pacific (WNP) were estimated using reanalysis wind fields synthesized with an empirical typhoon vortex model. Reanalysis wind data used is the Fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA5) data, which was deemed to be the most suitable for extreme value analysis in this study. The empirical typhoon vortex model used has the advantage of being able to realistically reproduce the asymmetric winds of a typhoon by using the gale/storm-forced wind radii information in the 4 quadrants of a typhoon. Using a total of 39 years of the synthesized reanalysis wind fields in the WNP, extreme value analysis is applied to the General Pareto Distribution (GPD) model based on the Peak-Over-Threshold (POT) method, which can be used effectively in case of insufficient data. The results showed that the extreme analysis using the synthesized wind data significantly improved the tendency to underestimate the extreme wind speeds compared to using only reanalysis wind data. Considering the difficulty of obtaining long-term observational wind data at sea, the result of the synthesized wind field and extreme value analysis developed in this study can be used as basic data for the design of offshore structures.

• Acta Via Serica
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.101-120
• /
• 2023

In March 1245, Pope Innocent IV authorized three missions to the Mongols, seeking information about this menace from the East and summoning Eastern Christian support against an anticipated Mongol onslaught. Only one of the missions, led by John of Plano Carpini, reached Mongolia-the first-known Western European party to reach East Asia by a land route. Traveling along the Silk Road's new "Grasslands Route," John and his companion Benedict reached the camp of Güyüg Khan, where they witnessed his installation as the Great Khan. Upon their return to the papal court in 1247, they delivered Güyüg's letter demanding the submission of the pope and all the West's princes. John also presented a detailed report on what he and Benedict had learned. A close reading of it reveals a master intelligence operative at work. In addition to presenting an overview of Mongol history and culture, Friar John's report provides detailed information on the Mongols' grand strategy, their military organization and armaments, and their battle tactics. Turning from intelligence gathering to military operations, he offered practical advice on how to meet and defeat the coming Mongol onslaught, an attack that, providentially for the West, never came. What did occur was a modest but significant migration of Western missionaries and merchants to East Asia in the century following this pioneering journey.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.19-31
• /
• 2024

Jinhae is the oldest Western-style radial and grid city on the Korean Peninsula, and it also has the most defined structure to date, remaining largely unchanged and unlike any other in Korea. The Jinhae town plan was completed immediately after the signing of the Japan-Korea Treaty. Although the city of Jinhae was built by the Japanese, its overall organizational principle is clearly a radial-grid form that was established in the West. The Jinhae radial-grid planning was elaborately constructed with multiple layers of overlapping structures. It is the result of the application of geometry that creates symmetry and hierarchy in European countries, and the simultaneous consideration of road hierarchy and land form in the process of combining radial and grid forms. To reveal these points, four analyses are performed. First, the formation process of Western radial and grid streets is reviewed and compared to derive review points for Jinhae City. Second, the layout and geometric characteristics of radial streets are discussed. Third, the hierarchical characteristics and connections of grid streets are analyzed. The last part is a comparative analysis of the plan and the final realization.

• 대한지리학회지
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.57-74
• /
• 1998

이 글은 1970년대 이후 서유럽 선진산업국가들에서 새로운 사회정치적 갈등으로서 재흥한 지역주의를 그 전개양상과 유형, 성격을 중심으로 살펴보고, 그에 대한 논리적 설명들을 개념적 차원에서 분류 서술한 것이다. 특히 사회과학에서 사회발전론으로서 지배적 위상을 지닌 근대화론을 개괄하고, 그 논의를 바탕으로 지역주의를 둘러 싼 제반 테제들을 분화론, 지속론, 과정론, 수렴론 그리고 탈분화론으로 나누어 발견론적이로 구성적 관점에서 접근하였다. 이들 테제를 실증적 자료에 의거하여 모두 구체적으로 검토하기에는 여전히 어려움이 있으나 지역주의가 사회과학 일반에서 이론적으로 주목받을 만한 가치가 있으며, 또한 지역에 대한 상이한 메타이론적 개념구성은 사회지리학에서 지역개념을 정교화하는 데에도 시사점을 줄 것으로 생각된다.

• 복식
• /
• 제60권3호
• /
• pp.123-137
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study is contemplating and substantiating Korean Empire's court costume through relics and photos. Additionally, the meaning of the pattern of Mugunghwa as the national symbol in the court costume is considered. The results of this study are following. First, a phased introduction of western-style court costume was executed through Ulmi Reformation in 1895 and Court Costume Rule in 1900. U1mi Reformation was characterized by transitional reformation because newly introduced system and traditional costume consolidated in costume. Under Court Costume Rule, however, by accepting western-style on contemporary costume, modernized style was settled in every respect of form and matter. The court costume comprised bicorn, coat, vest, pantaloon, sword, sword belt, white collar and white gloves at audience with the Emperor. Second, by examination of the relics of Chigimgwan and Juimgwan, it was confirmed that the court costume was manufactured in foreign countries such as France and Russia on the basis of order. It was also identified by pictures that court costume was worn by diplomats dispatched. Third, the pattern of Mugunghwa in court costume was featured by embroidery of 6 petal pattern. And the pattern of Mugunghwa, as national symbol, has important meaning in view of history and national affection, while Japanese and European adopted the crest of the royal household. In summary, Korean Empire proclaimed modernized court costume institution to handle international relationship driven by West. It was uneasy reformation in adopting western court costume imported from overseas because its textile and style were completely different from traditional costume. However, the willingness of Korean Empire should be reevaluated in the history of Korean costume, in that Korean Empire established court costume proclaimed its sovereignty domestically and overseas, and that the pattern chosen as national symbol was that of Mugunghwa which is current national flower.

• 복식
• /
• 제52권7호
• /
• pp.167-177
• /
• 2002

This study revolves around the costume of the Naadam festival worn in the opening ceremony. during competition and the costume of the public. their purpose are two fold. First they are to be the main reference for the diverse Mongolian costumes that have been researched. Secondly, they will help us understand better the culture that revolves around Mongolian costumes. The results are as follows : 1) The opening ceremony costume, The opening ceremony starts with a procession of soldiers with 9 flags. The flags are made from the hairs of white horses and they signify peace and tranquility, ever since the beginning of Chinggis Khans time. The costumes resemble a European military uniform 2) The costumes for competition. $\circled1$ Wrestlers' costume comprises of a jacket with sleeves but no front and shorty shorts of red or blue colored silk, a traditional hat and traditional boots. $\circled2$ Archers' costume comprises of their traditional costume, deel, hat and boots. $\circled3$ Horse riders who are usually children wear a comfortable and simple jacket and pants. 3) The costume of the public : The general public that attended the festival were dressed in a western fashion but differ according to different age groups $\circled1$ The costumes of the younger Mongolian : The majority of the men wore traditional costumes that were appropriate to the festival, the women did not as they were more prone to the influence of fads of western cultures and dressed in a more daring fashion. In addition. the children also dressed in a more modem western fashion. $\circled2$ The costumes of the elderly Mongolian : The elderly, oblivious of whatever season it was, were dressed in a more traditional fashion which is the deel.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.17-26
• /
• 1986

War has been a reason for the culture of one conservative country to make contact with the culture of another country. The Crusade, among other wars, caused cultural exchange between the orient and the occident and had a great influence on the western costume. This paper has made an attempt to find out the influence of the Crusade with respect to the cultural exchange between the orient and the Occident and to study the influence which the Crusade has had on the western costume. The Crusade was the war in which the European Christians tried to retake the Holy Land, Jerusalem, from the Islamites through the 11th century to the 13th century. As a result of this war,the autyority of the Pope was weakned, the nobles were ruined and royal authority was consolidated. Due to the contact with the Orient, trade had become active, cityes had developed and the middle class of rich merchant had grown. Gothic architecture also appeared in the Occident at this time due to the religious influence of the Crusade. Turban type headdress and the brink decoration of clothes had been very popular under the influence of the Orient. Embroidery and applique had developed and silk fabrics which had been imported from the Orient had made the costumes more fabrics which had been imported from the Orient had made the costumes more gorgeous and luxurious. Many accessories were imported from the Orient. The Oriental culture contributed to the use of rich and bright colorsm, various ornaments and splendid textiles of the western costume. Owing to the influence of war itself, many costumes had been newly made in order to adapt to the hot desert climates of the Orient. Blazon decorations, uniforms and armour had also developed.

• 영어영문학
• /
• 제58권5호
• /
• pp.903-941
• /
• 2012

This essay examines Edward Said's Culture and Imperialism focusing on the concepts of 'culture,' 'empire,' and 'nation'. The approach is critical, theoretical, and historical rather than explicatory. Consequently, the range of the essay is not limited to Said's own explanation and argument about Western imperialism and its culture presented in the book. In doing this, this essay finally purposes to be a discursive resistance to the current global empire, the United States, via a critical reading of Said's work. Said's notion of culture is set upon to disclose the function of culture as an apparatus of ideological consent of the dominated to the dominant. When applied to imperial practice, Western culture functions to subject the colonized to the colonizer. Said's geographical approach to imperialism complements the historical understanding of imperialism. Imperialism is not only the practice of Western-centered historicism but also the spatially mutual interaction between the West and the rest of the world. Along with European imperialism, Said poses the current global empire of the United States as his main target of criticism. Said's problem is that he takes the United States as a nation-state. When examined, the United States is not a nation-state, but today's empire. The empire in the appearance of the nation-state United States does not work for the interest of the American nation, that is, the American people. The empire is the transnational and postnational political and economic institution that works for the interest of global capital. In order to resist the current global empire, this essay suggests that the building or restoration of nation-states with its basic principle of people's sovereignty is in need.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.113-132
• /
• 2005

With the demand for free-range products increasing and the pressure on the intensive poultry industry to improve poultry welfare especially in western countries, the number of free-range poultry farms has increased significantly. The USA, Australia and European countries have developed Codes of Practice for free-range poultry farming which detail the minimum standards of husbandry and welfare for birds. However, the performance and liveability of free-range birds needs to be improved and more knowledge is required on bird husbandry, feed supply, disease control and heat wave management. This review examines the husbandry, welfare, nutrition and disease issues associated with free-range poultry systems and discusses the potential of incorporating free-range poultry into a crop-pasture rotation system.