• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.113-125
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• 2011

In order to assess the survival success of microphytoplankton species in ship ballast water, we examined microphytoplankton diversity from international commercial ships berthed at Ulsan and Pyeongtaek Ports, Korea, and also subjected them to laboratory studies. The ages of ballast water in each ship ranged from 1 to 365 days. Vessels originated from coastal China (Weihai, Lianyunsang and Shanghai), Chile, and from the Yellow and Pacific Oceans. The numbers of species and phytoplankton standing crops in uploaded ballast water were significantly related to the age of ballast water. The most diverse taxonomic group was diatoms. In the laboratory study, the value of in vivo fluorescence in M/V Spring Lyra gradually increased with increasing nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate. Phytoplankton in new (9 days), medium (31 days) and old (365 days) ballast water successfully survived under typical nutrient condition of port water and F/2 medium at $15^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$, whereas phytoplankton in ballast water treatment did not survive, regardless of optimal temperature. Colonization process was dominated by diatoms; Skeletonema coastatum for M/V Spring Lyra, Thalassiosira pseudonana and Thalassiosira for M/V Han Yang, Thalassiosira pacifica and Odontella aurita for M/V Modern Express, and Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus and Pseudo-nitzschia seriata for M/V Asian Legend. The successful establishment of non-native species was also related to nutrient richness. Our laboratory design can be applied as a practical tool to assess the survivability of invasive microphytoplankton introduced into local waters of Ulsan and Pyeongtaek.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.733-739
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• 2007

Demand for Sea & Air intermodal transport has increased between north-China costal cities and Incheon since China's international airline network was not established completely. It will be big opportunity for Incheon to be logistics hub of Sea & Air intermodal transport in the north-east Asia, musing large sea-air cargoes to be transferred at the port of Incheon. Therefore, this study aims to propose competitive strategy on Sea & Air intermodal transport system of Incheon. In this analysis results, this paper shows that sea & air cargoes rather from china to U.S. than from China to Europe is very significant, considering geographically for Incheon and is also devote to not only providing high quality services but also activating RFS(Road Feeder Service) system, enlarging toward Shanghai, Weihai, and Yantai.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2009

This study investigates the preferences Chinese have of Korean Kimchi and improvements for Chinese market adaptation of Kimchi through a survey. The questionnaire was conducted on 298 Chinese(108 males, 190 females) residing in Weihai, Yantai and Qingdao in Shandong province. The questionnaire form was developed and used for self-administration. The collected data were analyzed by SAS package. Among the subjects, 88.9% had experienced eating Kimchi and 58.8% liked Kimchi. The preference of Kimchi was significantly higher among males, workers, persons who had visited Korea, and persons interested in Korea compared to females, university students, persons who hadn't visited Korea, and persons with no interest in Korea. The reasons for liking Kimchi, in order of popularity, were for its 'refreshing taste'(64.9%), 'spicy taste'(57.7%), 'chewy texture'(47.2%), and 'sour taste'(35.1%). The reasons for disliking Kimchi were for its 'smell'(19.6%), 'sour taste'(16.2%), 'salty taste'(14.3%), and 'appearance'(8.7%). Of those surveyed, 97.6% had a positive opinion of Kimchi intake in the future. The intention of future consumption of Kimchi was significantly higher in females than males. The type of Kimchi wanted by Chinese was 'less seasoning'(53.4%), 'less spicy'(46.0%), 'sweeter taste'(39.3%), 'less salty'(37.2%), and 'no fish-like smell'(35.6%). Improvements for increasing Chinese Kimchi consumption were 'development of Kimchi according to Chinese preference'(81.2%), 'improvement of sanitation'(73.5%), 'decrease in the sale price of Kimchi'(72.8%), and 'convenient place for the purchase of Kimchi'(63.8%).

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.183-192
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the choice behavior of the mode of transportation for travel from Korea to China. Discrete choice analysis is utilized to establish the factors that affect travelers' choice and to quantify the importance of these factors in transportation mode choices. The proposed choice models were constructed by using stated-preference (SP) data obtained from Chungcheongnam-do. This study also examined different choice behavior in order to capture any previously unobserved differences in the residence area. Results showed that the access time and frequency attributes are the most significant factors, while the travel time attributes are the least significant factors for travelers' choice behaviour. The insights of the results described in this research provide some practical suggestions to transportation providers for planning and strategic management endeavors in the future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.1630-1639
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• 2019

Objective: Sixty Pengbo semi-wool sheep ewes (approximately 1.5-years-old; $31.33{\pm}0.43kg$) were randomly assigned to two groups, either grazing (G) or dry lot feeding (D), to examine the effects of traditional daily grazing and dry lot feeding on performance and blood metabolites during the cold season in Tibetan Plateau. Methods: The ewes in the G group were grazed continuously each day and housed in one shed each evening, while the ewes in the D group were housed in another shed all day. All animals were fed 400 g/d of commercial concentrate, and grass hay was available freely throughout the experimental period. Results: Compared with the G group, the ewes in the D group had higher (p<0.05) live weight and weight gain. The D group ewes had greater (p<0.05) numbers of white blood cells and platelets, while they had lower (p<0.05) platelet-large cell ratios, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glutathione peroxidase, as compared with the G group ewes. Additionally, three serum metabolites, abscisic acid, xanthoxin and 3,4-dihydroxy-5-polypren, were upregulated (p<0.05) in the G group in comparison with the D group. Conclusion: In conclusion, a dry lot feeding regime during the winter and spring period will increase the productivity of sheep and improve blood physiological and biochemical profiles.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.77-96
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• 2017

This paper attempts to analyze the influences of Korean global retailer's service marketing mix on local customers' satisfaction and their loyalty behaviors. Based on a literature review, three hypotheses are putting forward. The data from 139 customers in Weihai, China were used to test these hypotheses. This paper used Structural Equation Modeling to identify the relationship among the service marketing mix, the customer satisfaction and the customer loyalty behaviors. According to the empirical analysis, this study showed satisfactory data-fit of the proposed model and supported two of the three hypotheses. The empirical results indicated that the service marketing mix factors except the promotion factor take significant effect on the local customer satisfaction, and this in turn have influence on the customer loyalty behaviors. The result shows that Korean global retailers will need to leverage service marketing mix strategically when entering China. Practical implications of these findings needs to be considered for the global retailer to establish an effective marketing strategy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.693-704
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• 2008

In this study, the preference for Korean Kimchi by Chinese people in Shandong Province was evaluated. Specifically, this study was conducted to aid in the introduction of Kimchi to China by providing information and developing local types designed to meet regional taste preferences. The subjects were comprised of 298 Chinese (male 108, female 190) residents of Weihai, Yantai and Qingdao, in Shandong province, China. The subjects were provided with a self administered questionnaire form designed to evaluate their views on Korean Kimchi. The collected data were then analyzed using the SAS software package. The results revealed that 95.3% of the respondents were aware of Korean Kimchi. In addition, 100% of the respondents who had visited Korea and 98.1% of the respondents who had an interest in Korea were aware of Kimchi. With regard to the origins of their interest in Kimchi, 26.8% of the subjects answered 'through mass media', while 23.9% reported that they learned about Kimchi 'through friends'. Most subjects recognized Kimchi as a 'Korean traditional food' (92.6%), a 'delicious food' (53.2%), and a 'fermented food' (38.0%). Baechu Kimchi was found to be the most well-known Kimchi, followed by Kkakdugi, Oi Kimchi, Yoelmu Kimchi and Nabak Kimchi. Additionally, 69.1% of the subjects knew how it was prepared, most of whom reported that they learned how Kimchi was prepared through 'Korean movie and/or drama'. Moreover, 88.9% of the subjects had eaten Kimchi. Overall, 43.8% of the subjects reported that they ate Kimchi $1{\sim}2$ times per month, while 32.1% reported that they ate Kimchi $1{\sim}2$ time per year. The most common places that Kimchi was eaten were a 'Korean restaurant' (67.6%) or with a 'colleague' (32.8%). The primary reasons for not having eaten Kimchi were 'no knowledge or dislike of Kimchi by family' (30.3%), 'difficulty purchasing Kimchi' (21.2%), 'high priced Kimchi' (21.2%), and 'dislike the smell and shape of Kimchi' (12.1%).

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.157-183
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• 2014

The aim of this study is to establish a detailed strategic countermeasure for Korean west coast ports(Pyeongtaek Dangjin Port, Incheon Port, and Gwangyang Port) to be developed into core ports in the Pan-Yellow Sea area as the results such as strategic partnership ports analysis through the container volume analysis in Korean ports are comprehensively taken into account between west coast ports and other major ports in the Pan-Yellow Sea area. This study utilized related data which import and export data by Office of Customs Administration and SPIDC by Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries for analyzing container volume between two ports. Strategic partnership ports were selected based on in-depth analysis on 5 standards such as container volume in 2012, increase rate of trading, occupancy rate, variance rate, and contribution of container volume. As a result of selection strategic partnership port in Pan-Yellow Sea area, Lianyungang, Tianjin, Yantai, Qingdao, Dalian port in Pyeongtaek Dangjin Port, Shidao, Weihai, Qingdao, Tianjin, Dalian port in Incheon, Qingdao, Yantai, Dalian, Lianyungang port in Gwangyang port. Also this study proposed implications of countermeasure to establish strategic partnership ports for each of west coast ports.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.351-361
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• 2019

In our previous study, pyrrolnitrin produced in Pseudomonas chlororaphis G05 plays more critical role in suppression of mycelial growth of some fungal pathogens that cause plant diseases in agriculture. Although some regulators for pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis were identified, the pyrrolnitrin regulation pathway was not fully constructed. During our screening novel regulator candidates, we obtained a white conjugant G05W02 while transposon mutagenesis was carried out between a fusion mutant $G05{\Delta}phz{\Delta}prn::lacZ$ and E. coli S17-1 (pUT/mini-Tn5Kan). By cloning and sequencing of the transposon-flanking DNA fragment, we found that a vfr gene in the conjugant G05W02 was disrupted with mini-Tn5Kan. In one other previous study on P. fluorescens, however, it was reported that the deletion of the vfr caused increased production of pyrrolnitrin and other antifungal metabolites. To confirm its regulatory function, we constructed the vfr-knockout mutant $G05{\Delta}vfr$ and $G05{\Delta}phz{\Delta}prn::lacZ{\Delta}vfr$. By quantifying ${\beta}-galactosidase$ activities, we found that deletion of the vfr decreased the prn operon expression dramatically. Meanwhile, by quantifying pyrrolnitrin production in the mutant $G05{\Delta}vfr$, we found that deficiency of the Vfr caused decreased pyrrolnitrin production. However, production of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid was same to that in the wild-type strain G05. Taken together, Vfr is required for pyrrolnitrin but not for phenazine-1-carboxylic acid biosynthesis in P. chlororaphis G05.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.135-156
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• 2016

This study, with reference to data on economic conditions in Shandong Province, China, looked into trade and investment activities in Korea and major cities of Shandong - Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai and Jinan - and investigated claim cases between the two countries by type. In addition, we investigated the matter empirically by conducting a survey administered to 300 Korean companies investing in Shandong Province and, based on the data, tested hypotheses for inferential analysis. The findings are as follows: i) while hypotheses in which the size of a firm, represented by import and export volume, has a positive relation with the frequency of trade claim filings (H1) and with the financial value of the trade claims (H2) were quoted, company size proved to have a significantly negative relation with the time required to obtain a claim decision, which rejects the third hypothesis (H3) in which the relation was thought to be positive: ii) while products, as represented by the type of business, showed a clearly significant difference with the frequency of trade claim filings (H4) and with methods of preventing and responding to claims (H6), they did not show a significant link to the type of trade claim (H5). This study is a theoretical and empirical overview of Korean companies based in Shandong Province of China, and can be used to address the practical needs of the Korean companies looking to start business in Shandong Province.