• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.749-754
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of farrowing month (FM), parity and sex on the growth performance of Berkshire swine raised in alternative production systems. Methods: A total of 40 farrowing records from 27 sows and 1,258 body weight (BW) records from 274 piglets collected over a two-year period were used for the analysis. The BWs were recorded at birth, weaning (28 d), 56, 84, 112, and 140 days. Any BW not recorded on schedule was recalculated to conform the days of age among corresponding BW records, using growth curves drawn with polynomial functions whose power was determined by the number of existing observations for each individual. Results: The mean parity (${\pm}$standard deviation) of the sows was $3.42{\pm}2.14$. The sows that farrowed in June had the lowest number of total born with an average of $6.25{\pm}2.22$ piglets per sow. However, the lowest average number of piglets weaned at day 28 was found in sows that farrowed in May, as well as the highest number recorded for the stillborn piglets with an average of 2.67 piglets per sow. Moreover, the smallest increase in weight from birth to weaning occurred in piglets that were farrowed in May, which also corresponds with the average daily gain (ADG) of 0.29 kg and the last recorded weight measurement on day 140 of $41.69{\pm}1.45kg$. Contrastingly, the highest growth rate was found among pigs farrowed in June, with the largest increase in weight of 7.55 kg from birth to weaning, the highest ADG of 0.51 kg from birth to 140 day of age and the highest BW of $74.70{\pm}1.86kg$ recorded on day 140. Conclusion: Pigs farrowed in June also had the least number of piglets that died between birth and weaning. The zone of thermal comfort found in sows reared in indoor confinement systems did not improve the reproductive performance of the sows reared in an outdoor, alternative production system, while the growth performance of the piglets was improved when the ambient temperature was consistently hot or consistently cold.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.1617-1623
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary probiotic blend and liquid feed program at different nutritional densities on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal score of weaning piglets. Methods: A total of 120 weaning pigs with an initial body weight of 7.05±0.93 kg per pig (21 days of age) were randomly allocated into 1 of the following 8 dietary treatments (3 replicates per treatment with 5 pigs per replicate) in a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement (nutrition levels: apparent metabolic energy [AME] = 3,500 kcal/kg, crude protein [CP] = 20% vs AME = 3,400 kcal/kg, CP = 19.42%; feed types:dry vs wet; probiotics levels: 0 mg/kg vs 300 mg/kg). Results: During d 5 to d 15, greater average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05) were observed in probiotics treatments. During d 15 to d 25, gain:feed (G:F) ratio (p<0.05) were significantly improved in probiotics, wet feed and high nutrition diet. Moreover, two interactions i) between nutrition levels and feed types, and ii) between nutrition levels and probiotics were found in G:F ratio. Furthermore, there was a significant positive interaction on G:F among those 3 factors (p<0.05). Overall, increasing ADG, ADFI, and G:F ratio were detected in probiotics treatment significantly (p<0.05). Besides, an obvious reduction on fecal score was observed in probiotics treatment from d 0 to d 5 (p<0.05). There was an interactive effect on fecal score between feed types and nutrition concentrations from d 5 to d 25 (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicated that probiotics supplementation could benefit growth performance and reduce the frequency of watery feces. Besides, wet feed program (feed:water = 1:1.25) could improve the G:F. The effect of liquid feed or probiotic could be influenced by dietary nutrition density in weaned piglets. An increased value of G:F was obtained when wet feeding a high nutrition diet (100 kcal higher than NRC 2012 recommendations) was supplemented with probiotics for 15 to 25 days.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.861-867
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of exogenous ghrelin on the behaviors, weight gain, and feed intakes of weanling piglets. A total of 25 pairs of Duroc$\times$Landrace$\times$Large White piglets weaned at 21 days of age were used in this experiment which finished on day 36. Each pair of healthy piglets from the same litter with similar body weight and of the same gender were selected and randomly arranged to ghrelin or control groups. Thus, there were 50 piglets (ghrelin 25; control 25) kept in 10 pens (ghrelin 5; control 5) and 5 piglets per pen. Initial body weight of the pigs did not differ between the control and ghrelin treatment ($7.43{\pm}0.17kg$; p = 0.81). Experimental pigs were infused with ghrelin ($1{\mu}g/d$ pig) via the marginal ear vein between 0750 and 0800 h at 22, 23, 24 days of age. Control pigs were infused with 0.9% saline. Feed consumption was measured on days 23, 24, 25, 29 and 36. Body weight was measured on days 22, 23, 24, 25, 29 and 36. Behavior data of individual piglets were collected by real-time observation from 0800-1500 h through remote supervisory equipment at 22, 23 and 24 days of age. The results indicated that ghrelin infusion could increase drinking (p<0.05) and lying behaviors (p<0.01) and decrease mounting behaviors (p<0.05). No significant influence of ghrelin was found on average daily weight gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in this experiment (p>0.05). In conclusion, exogenous ghrelin by the method above and at the dosage of $1{\mu}g/d$ pig could cause a variety of behavioral effects, but not improve performance of weanling piglets.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.221-228
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• 2010

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of Fe-soy proteinate chelate (Fe-SP) on sows milk, piglet blood parameters and performance. A total of 15 sows of 3 wk before parturition and pigs after births to 3 wk were assigned to three dietary treatments: control (sow-basal diet, piglets with Fe injection); Fe-SP 100 (Fe 100 ppm as Fe-SP in sow and piglet diet); Fe-SP 200 (Fe 200 ppm as Fe-SP in sow and piglet diet). Each treatment had 5 replicates (sows) of six piglets per sow randomly selected from the same offspring. For this experiment, Fe-SP was manufactured. There were no significant differences among treatments in number of pigs born in total or alive per litter, birth weight, number of pigs weaned per litter and weaning weight. However, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio significantly (p<0.05) decreased as the supplementation level of Fe-SP increased. There were no significant differences among treatments in Fe content at 3 wk before parturition in sow blood. However, Fe content at 2 wk before parturition in sow blood significantly (p<0.05) increased as the supplementation of Fe-SP. While there were no significant differences among treatments in Fe content at 1 wk before parturition in sow blood, it tended to increase as the supplementation level of Fe-SP increased. There were no significant differences among treatments in Fe content of sow milk. However, it tended to increase as the supplementation level of Fe-SP increased. Iron content in the blood of piglets was significantly (p<0.05) higher in control (Fe injected) than Fe-SP 100 and Fe-SP 200 treatments at $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ wk but it was significantly higher in Fe-SP 200 than others in $3^{rd}$ wk. Zinc content in the blood also significantly (p<0.05) increased as the Fe-SP supplementation level increased in $3^{rd}$ wk. In conclusion, Fe-SP supplementation significantly affected Fe content in the blood of piglets. Iron injection was more effective at $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ wk, while Fe-SP 200 supplementation was effective at $3^{rd}$ wk in improving blood Fe level in piglets.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.341-352
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• 2011

Colibacillosis in pigs remain a major swine industry bruden worldwide. Although some progress has been made in treating collibacillosis in pigs by using biosecurity and antimicrobials, it still remain a considerable problem. The use of host-specific bateriophages as a biocontrol is one possible alternative. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of bacteriophage against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 infection in piglets. Twenty-eight piglets were randomly divided into four groups and each group was allocated with 7 pigs. Group B, C and D were inoculated with 5 ml of ETEC K88 ($1{\times}10^8$ CFU/ml) per head of piglet via oral. Group C and D were fed with bacteriophages (Group C, $1.0{\times}10^6$ PFU/g; Group D, $1.0{\times}10^8$ PFU/g; CJ CheilJedang Corp., Korea) orally as treatment. In piglets administrated bacteriophages and challenged with ETEC K88 (Group C and D), Clinical signs and the growth performance were improved and antibody titers were maintained low level compared with piglets challenged with ETEC K88 (Group B, P<0.05). Group B were shown high pH in the alimentary tracts compared with other piglets (P<0.05). In quantitative analysis by real-time PCR, the results of Group C and D were lower than those Group B in faecal and intestinal samples (P<0.05). Severe villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia were observed in Group B consequently V/C ratio increased, compared with other piglets. These results indicate that feeding with bacteriophage has effect to prevent ETEC K88 infection in piglets and suggest that use of bacteriophage can be considered a valid antibiotic alternative.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1268-1273
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• 2011

The present study was conducted to determine a feasible method of protein concentrate extraction from rice bran (RBPC) and its effect as a substitution for skim milk in early weaning pig diets. An investigation to extract protein concentrate from full fat rice bran was undertaken to determine the best ratio of water and rice bran, the amount of NaOH and a HCl solvent to use in a simple paddle-type mixer with modified spinning to produce RBPC. The results stated that the best ratio for water mixing in the RBPC extraction process was 1:5 with 20 g NaOH and 30 min in a paddle-type mixer at 300 rpm. A mix of 250 ml 0.2 N HCl was optimum for neutralization and protein precipitation. After the fluid was spun out with a washing machine, the sediment was left for 12-14 hours to complete the filtration. One kilogram of rice bran could produce an average of 324.5 gram RBPC and it contained 3.40% ash, 496.48 kcal of GE/100 gram, 1.94% crude fiber, 28.20% ether extract, 7.64% moisture and 16.66% crude protein, respectively. A total of 45 crossbred piglets, weaned at 3 weeks of age were allotted into control diet (A) and dietary treatments formulated with a four different rates of RBPC substitution for skim milk at a percentage of 25 (B), 50 (C), 77 (D) and 100 (E) respectively, in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. All piglets had free access to feed and water until 8 week of age when the experiment ended. Feed intake, average daily gain, growth rate and feed efficiency were not affected by dietary treatments. Blood test parameters after completion of the growth trial indicated normal health. Even though the mean of cell hemoglobin concentration was significantly different between treatments (p<0.05) it was still within the normal range. The cost difference for BW gain of 100% RBPC substituted for skim milk in the weaning diet was approximately 35% lower than that of the control and the relative cost of production was 96.67, 92.85, 70.75 and 64.48% lower for the replacement of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of skim milk respectively. These results implied that this technology is feasible for use by small scale farmers to improve their self-reliance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.974-979
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• 2000

A total of 80 weaned piglets (Landrace $\times$ Yorkshire $\times$ Large White) were used in a 28-day growth assay to detennine the optimal inclusion level of sodium sulfite ($Na_{2}SO_{3}$) as an extrusion enhancer of soybean meal for nursery piglets. piglets (21 d of age, 6.04 kg of BW) were grouped into 4 treatments in a completely randomized block design. Treatments were: 1) Extruded SBM (Control), 2) Extruded SBM with 0.5% $Na_{2}SO_{3}$ (0.5 ESBM), 3) Extruded SBM with 1.0% $Na_{2}SO_{3}$ (1.0 ESBM) and 4) Extruded SBM with 1.5% $Na_{2}SO_{3}$ (1.5 ESBM). Each treatment has 4 replicates of 5 heads per pen. In phase I (d 0 to 14), diets supplied 3,400 kcal ME/kg, 23% crude protein, 1.65% lysine, 0.50% methionine, 0.9% Ca and 0.8% P. Phase II (d 14 to 28) diets contained 3,300 kcal ME/kg, 21% crude protein, 1.45% lysine, 0.45% methionine, 0.9% Ca and 0.8% P. For d 0 to 14, piglets fed 1.5 ESBM had greater ADG, ADFI and FCR compared to piglets fed control and 0.5 ESBM diet. ADG was significantly higher in piglets fed 1.5 ESBM diet than other groups (p<0.05) except 1.0 ESBM. In phase II (d 14 to 28), there was no significant differences in production traits among treatments. For overall period (d 0 to 28), piglets fed diets with high sodium sulfite grew faster than piglets fed control and 0.5 ESBM diets. The highest ADG and the best FeR were obtained in piglets fed diets with 1.5 ESBM during the entire period. Piglets fed 1.5 ESBM diet showed significantly higher crude protein digestibility than 0.5 ESBM (p<0.05) at d 14 post-weanling, but not at d 28 post-weanling. There were no significant differences in digestibilities of total amino acids. In conclusion, the addition level of 1~1.5% sodium sulfite for SBM extrusion could be favorable for rate and efficiency of growth in weaning pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.548-555
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was conducted to investigate whether asparagine (Asn) could improve liver energy status in weaning pigs when challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Methods: Forty-eight weaned pigs ($Duroc{\times}Large\;White{\times}Landrace$, $8.12{\pm}0.56kg$) were assigned to four treatments: i) CTRL, piglets received a control diet and injected with sterile 0.9% NaCl solution; ii) lipopolysaccharide challenged control (LPSCC), piglets received the same control diet and injected with Escherichia coli LPS; iii) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)+0.5% Asn, piglets received a 0.5% Asn diet and injected with LPS; and iv) LPS+1.0% Asn, piglets received a 1.0% Asn diet and injected with LPS. All piglets were fed the experimental diets for 19 d. On d 20, the pigs were injected intraperitoneally with Escherichia coli LPS at $100{\mu}g/kg$ body weights or the same volume of 0.9% NaCl solution based on the assigned treatments. Then the pigs were slaughtered at 4 h and 24 h after LPS or saline injection, and the liver samples were collected. Results: At 24 h after LPS challenge, dietary supplementation with 0.5% Asn increased ATP concentration (quadratic, p<0.05), and had a tendency to increase adenylate energy charges and reduce AMP/ATP ratio (quadratic, p<0.1) in liver. In addition, Asn increased the liver mRNA expression of pyruvate kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase ${\beta}$ (linear, p<0.05; quadratic, p<0.05), and had a tendency to increase the mRNA expression of hexokinase 2 (linear, p<0.1). Moreover, Asn increased liver phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK)/total AMP-activated protein kinase (tAMPK) ratio (linear, p<0.05; quadratic, p<0.05). However, at 4 h after LPS challenge, Asn supplementation had no effect on these parameters. Conclusion: The present study indicated that Asn could improve the energy metabolism in injured liver at the late stage of LPS challenge.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.168-179
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• 2007

배경: 최근 관상동맥 질환의 증가로 심근경색으로 인하여 약물에 반응하지 않는 급성 심인성 쇼크 및 만성 울혈성 심부전 환자가 증가하는 추세에 있으며, 개심술 후 여러 가지 원인으로 인공심폐기로부터의 이탈이 불가능한 경우도 상당수에 이르고 있어서 이에 적절히 대처할 수 있는 한국인의 체형에 맞고 경제적인 심실보조기의 개발이 필요하다. 이에 저자는 돼지에서 허혈성 전처치의 개념을 이용하여 관상동맥 결찰을 통한 급성 심인성 쇼크 상태를 유발시키고, 여기에 단국대학교 의과대학 의공학교실과 흉부외과학교실에서 공동으로 개발한 DKUH-75 공압식 박동형 심실보조기를 구동시켜, 실제 생명을 위협하는 심한 심근경색 상태와 유사한 환경에서 심실보조기 구동이 실험동물의 혈역학적 수치 및, 심초음파도 상 심기능 수치 등 급성 심인성 쇼크 상태에서 악화되는 지표들을 호전 시킬 수 있는지를 확인하여 DKUH-75 좌심실보조기의 유용성에 대하여 평가 하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 10마리의 몸무게 50 kg 전후의 잡종돼지를 사용하여 허혈성 전처치의 개념을 이용한 관상동맥 좌전하행지 결찰을 통해 급성 심인성 쇼크 상태를 유발하고, 이들 중 5마리의 실험동물에 DKUH-75 좌심실 보조기를 장착하였다. 10마리의 실험동물 모두에서 관상동맥 결찰 전, 결찰 후 1시간에 혈역학적 수치와 심초음파도상 심기능 수치를 측정하였고 심실보조기를 장착한 5마리의 실험동물에서는 심실보조기 구동 후 1시간에 동일한 수치들을 추가 측정하였다. 결과: 관상동맥 결찰을 통하여 급성 심인성 쇼크를 유발한 10마리의 실험동물에서 관상동맥 결찰 전, 결찰 후 1시간의 혈역학적 측정결과 체동맥압(수축기, 이완기, 평균)은 결찰 후 통계적으로 유의하게 하강하였다. 페동맥압도 수축기, 이완기, 평균 모두 상승하였고 좌심실 이완기 말기압도 결찰 후 상승하였으며, 심박출 지수는 유의하게 감소하였다. 또한 심외막 심초음파도로 측정한 좌심실 수축기말 내경도 결찰 후 유의하게 증가하였으며 분획단축 및 좌심실구혈률은 감소하였다. 심실보조기를 장착한 5마리의 실험동물에서 관상동맥 결찰 1시간 후와 심실보조기 작동 1시간 후의 혈역학적 측정치를 비교하였을 때 수축기 체동맥압과 평균 체동맥압이 유의하게 상승하였으며 폐동맥압은 수축기, 이완기, 평균 모두에서 하강하였고 좌심실 이완기 말기압도 심실보조기 구동 후 유의하게 하강하였다. 심박출 지수는 심실보조기 구동 후 통계적으로 의미 있게 증가하였다. 또한 심외막 심초음파도로 측정한 좌심실 수축기말 내경은 심실보조기 구동 후 유의하게 감소하였으며 분획단축 및 좌심실구혈률은 통계적으로 의미 있게 증가하였다. 결론: DKUH-75 심실보조기는 관상동맥 결찰을 통한 심근경색으로 유발시킨 급성 심인성 쇼크 상태의 실험동물에 장착하여 단기간 구동한 결과 각종 혈역학 수치 및 심초음파도 상 심기능 수치를 개선시키고 이를 통하여 심근 기능 회복에 기여할 것으로 사료되었다. 이는 광범위한 심근경색으로 인한 급성 심인성 쇼크 상태에서 DKUH-75 심실보조기의 단기적 유용성을 의미하는 것이라 하겠다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2011

보온막 설치가 이유자돈의 성장, 설사 발생빈도 및 혈중 호르몬과 면역성분 농도에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 시험 개시시부터 4주까지의 평균 일당 증체량은 대조구가 396 g인데 비해 TRT구는 425 g으로 증체 효과는 없었다(p>0.05). 2. 4주간 평균 사료섭취량은 대조구가 651g 이었고 TRT구는 698 g으로 차이가 없었으며, 사료요구율은 대조구가 1.74였는데 TRT구는 1.68로 차이가 없었다 (p>0.05). 3. 이유시부터 2주까지의 설사 발생빈도는 대조구가 10.0인 반면 TRT구는 3.8로 낮았으나 (p<0.05), 전 기간에서는 대조구와 TRT구가 각각 28.8과 27.3으로 차이가 없었다 (p>0.05). 4. 돈방의 최고온도는 대조구가 $27.3^{\circ}C$ 인 반면 TRT구는 $28.7^{\circ}C$ 로 $1.4^{\circ}C$ 높았고, 최저온도도 대조구가 $25.3^{\circ}C$ 였는데 TRT구는 $26.1^{\circ}C$로 $0.8^{\circ}C$ 높았다. 5. 혈중 Cortisol 농도는 대조구와 TRT구가 개시시 $6.23{\mu}g/dl$와 $4.95{\mu}g/dl$였고, 종료시에도 각각 $3.99{\mu}g/dl$와 $3.38{\mu}g/dl$로 차이가 없었다 (p>0.05). 이상의 결과로, 이유자돈사의 보온막 설치가 돈방의 적정온도를 유지하여 이유초기 자돈의 설사 발생 빈도를 낮추므로 농가활용 가능성이 있을 것으로 판단되며 보온막 설치기간에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.