• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2009

The metals such as Al, Ag, Au, Cu, Cd, Co, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, etc are present at very low concentration in seawater and are classified as so-called trace metals. Whiles some of them are used in metabolism of living organism as a micronutrient, they may show toxic effects on organisms in case of a limited threshold concentration of them Plenty of studies on trace metals have been performed bemuse trace metals have a persistent influence and an adverse effect on marine environment and ecosystem. For long years, when the concentration of trace metals in natural waters such as seawater and fresh water are measured with high precision and accuracy, some systematic errors have been recognized to be present in measurements. Since 1975 in US and European countries, the measured concentration of trace metals in seawater have been found to be lower by factors of 10-1,000 than the previous data of trace metals measurements and the vertical profiles of the measurements have been shown to reflect well-known biological, physical and geochemical processes. These results are attributed to great advances in analytical instrumentation and methodology for trace metals measurements. Precautions against the contamination of samples are required to be taken in the process of sampling, storage, and analysis of samples. However, in Korea, erroneous data of trace metals with regard to ocean and marine environment related survey and investigations are reported The lock of exact understanding and information regarding precautions in sampling, storage and analysis of samples lead to the deterioration of data quality, especially in the analysis of trace metals. The major procedures to obtain the accurate data of trace metals in natural waters are introduced for applying to the study and assessment of marine environments.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1-5
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• 2014

The following research was initiated in order to compare the relationship between the amount of gunfire shot and its resulting heavy metal pollution rate. The research was conducted at two firing ranges located inside a military unit stationed in the rear strategical area, where one full distance firing range is used by soldiers in active service, and the other is used by recruits and reserves. The heavy metal pollution rate was measured also on water sample collected from the target zone while raining. Based on values such as the real amount of gunshot fired, amount of heavy metal in the soil of the target zone, and the degree of heavy metal pollution for each firing range, the research showed that although pollution rate was higher when more gunshots were fired, there was no close correlation between the two. The water samples showed that this might result from the soils containing heavy metals eroded and transported by rain due to the target zone having no vegetation.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.406-419
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• 2018

In planning public service systems such as waterworks, the design population is very important factor. Owing to the limitations of the indirect method, two new models, which take into consideration urban characteristics, were developed to accurately predict external migration rate (EMR), which is an essential component in estimating reliably the design population. The root mean square error (RMSE) between the model values and observed values were 10.12 and 15.58 for the metropolitan cities and counties respectively and were lower compared to RMSE values of 27.31 and 28.79 obtained by the indirect method. Thus, the developed models provide a more accurate estimate of EMR than the indirect method. In addition, the major influencing factors for external migration in counties were development type, ageing index, number of businesses. On the other hand, the major influencing migration factors for cities were project scale, distance to city center, manufacturing size, population growth rate and residential environment. Future medium and long-term studies would be done to identify emerging trends to appropriately inform policy making.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.13-20
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• 2013

Buildings in Korea have been getting higher recently and been being changed environmentally since the Korean fire standard was released in 1968. It should be established to make a appropriate correspondence of fire fighting against the those environmental changes. Most of all, fire water capacity which is basis of fire fighting service is a very significant factor. In this paper, the Korean fire water capacity and fire water duration were compared with China, Japan and the United states. Furthermore, fire water capacity, fire water duration, flow rate were compared by hazard classification, occupant use, number of floor and area with water based fire suppression system. This study has been surveyed to show what are difference, similarity, advantage and disadvantage on fire water capacity in the Korean standard comparing with neighboring countries like China, Japan as well as the United states. This study could be found what level the Korean fire water capacity is. So it suggests about more developed standard on fire water capacity with the result of analysis and comparison.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.21-39
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• 2010

In this paper, water consumption annually for industries in Korea was estimated for the first time and based on this, an input-output model was prepared for water consumption analysis. Also making use of this, the direct and indirect water consumption effect according to industrial activities was analyzed and the total effect based on volume was broken down into each factor. The amount of water consumed for industries in Korea (excluding agriculture, forestry and fishery) was estimated about 7 billion and 692 million ton in 2003(excluding sea water). Classifying by industry, the one for electric power & water service accounted for almost half, 49.5%, metalworking industry for 24.3% and chemical industry for 5.0%. As the result of estimation for the direct and indirect water consumption inducement coefficients, the amount of water consumed per the production of one million won ranked the highest for electric power & water service as 113.8 ton and the next highest ones ranked as 49.6 ton for the first metalworking, 16.8 ton for textile and leather goods, and 11.9 ton for general machinery respectively. In the meantime, as the result of breaking down into each factor of total amount of water consumed by industry, it appeared that the ripple effect having on other industries was more than the direct effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.102-114
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• 2013

The basin of Lake Shihwa is one of highly industrialized region of Korea and a current environmental issue of study area is the operation of tidal power plant (TPP) to improve water quality. The application of water quality index (WQI) which integrates five physiochemical parameters (transparency, DO, DIN, DIP and chlorophyll-a) of water quality in Lake Shihwa and outer sea during 2011~2012 were performed not only to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of the water quality but also to assess the effect of water quality improvement by the operation of tidal power plant. The higher WQI values were observed in monitored sites near the industrial complexes in Lake Shihwa and the outfall of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in outer sea. This indicates that the quality of seawater is influenced by diffuse non-point sources from industrial, municipal and agricultural areas in Lake Shihwa and by point sources from the effluence of municipal and industrial wastewater throughout WWTPs in outer sea. Mean WQI value decreased from 53.0 in 2011 to 42.8 in 2012 of Lake Shihwa. Water quality has improved significantly after TPP operation because enhancement of seawater exchange between Lake Shihwa and outer sea leads to improve a hypoxic condition which is primarily a problem in Lake Shihwa. Mean WQI of outer sea showed similar values between 2011 and 2012. However, the results of hierarchical cluster analysis and the deterioration of water quality in summer season indicate that the operation of tidal power plant was not improved the water quality in the upper most area of Lake Shihwa. To successfully improve overall water quality of Lake Shihwa, it is urgently necessary to manage and reduce of non-point pollution sources of the basin of Lake Shihwa.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.229-230
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• 2010

The Carbonation, one of the main deterioration factors of concrete, reduces capacity of members with providing rebar corrosion environment. Consequently it suggested standards of all countries of world, carbonation depth prediction equation of respective researchers and time to rebar corrosion initiation. As a result of carbonation depth prediction equation calculation, difference of time to rebar corrosion initiation is 149 years and difference of carbonation depth prediction equation is 162 years when water cement ratio is 50%. So a study on rebar corrosion with carbonation depth will need existing reliable data and verifications by experiment.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.231-236
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• 2002

We studied the residual patterns of two fungicides, dichlofluanid and iprodione, in cherry tomato greenhouse after applying with the recommended and double dose. Also, the degradation patterns during storage periods of up to ten days were compared between at room temperature (20$^{\circ}C$) and at cold temperature (4$^{\circ}C$). Removal rates of fungicides by washing with tap-water and detergent solution (0.1%, 0.2%) were measured. Half-lives of dichlofluanid and iprodione in greenhouse cherrytomato were 2.2$\sim$3.5 and 3.3$\sim$5.4 days, respectively. During the storage period, the residues were dissipated more slow. Removal rates were 62.8$\sim$80.3% by tap-water, 60.4$\sim$83.1% by 0.1% detergent solution, and 65.3$\sim$77.6% by 0.2% detergent solution. So, we can predict of terminal residues from cultivation period to marketing, storage and consuming.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

Recently, due to worldwide industralization and urbanization, natural environment has been severly damaged and global warning is worsening. Heat wave, torrential rainfall, typhoon and other natural disasters continuously occur due to global warming. Policies such as carbon emission regulation are taken into effect to solve such problems. Such global trend has affected interest to natural ecosystem and developed as a concept of ecosystem-services. This study particularly focused on ground water storage capacity among various ecosystem-services such as climate control and soil formation. It is because Korea suffers from drought and flood every year. Therefore, this study aims to understand objective numerical value of ecosystem-services value regarding ground water storage capacity of biotop classes based on relationship among precipitation, amount of evapotranspiration, and runoff of 7 regions of Chilgok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do and to convert the value into economic value. The study calculated ground water storage capacity based on relationship among precipitation, amount of evapotranspiration, and run off. Calculated amount of each capacity was 29.26 million ton($30.2mm/m^2$), 430.46 million ton($140.4mm/m^2$), 11.30 million ton($150.1.0mm/m^2$), 33 milion ton($3.0mm/m^2$). Economical value of ecosystem-service by each biotop classes appeared 4,128,800 thousand KRW ($21.32KRW/m^2$) for agricultural biotop, and 60,403,600 thousand KRW ($98.52KRW/m^2$) for forest biotop, 1,572,800 thousand KRW ($104.4KRW/m^2$) for grassland biotop, and 47,600 thousand KRW ($2.18KRW/m^2$) for bare ground biotop. The result of this study like above, it will be used as important evidentiary material to preserve natural resource effectively from various development business and policies that damages natural eco-system. Also, it is judged that ecosystem-service value by each land coverage will be used as important material for preparing legalistic institution such as establishing natural environment preservation plan, budget for alternative forest resource creation cost.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.53-59
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• 2005

The environment of If is, currently, on its developing process to the period of Web Service, Ubiquitous, and Telemetics which not only enable computer and internet to be utilized like the water or the air, but also be a new motivating force for its advance. In the respect of various interactions and User Interface, however, it is requiring more demands from its users, and additional functions which cannot be provided by the Web Browser. It is required a new model for supplementary of the limitation of Web_based according to their customers' requirement, to enrich the good aspects of Client-Server System, and accept such various intricate requirements. It is X-Internet, which has born with these requirements. In this study, therefore, it will be suggested a productive development framework and a method to perform the project on Rich-Thin Client Platform of X-Internet Based.