• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2007

For a conventional natural-circulation type solar water heater, the pressure head is limited by the height between the storage tank and hot water tap. Therefore, it is difficult to provide sufficient hot water flow rate for general usage. This study deals with a design modification of the storage tank to utilize the tap-water pressure to increase hot-water supply Based on fluid dynamic and heat transfer theories, a series of modeling and simulation is conducted to achieve practical design requirements. An experimental setup is built and tested and the results are compared with theoretical simulation model. The storage tank capacity is 240 l and the outer diameter of piping was 15 mm. Number of tube turns tested are 5, 10, and 15. Starting with initial storage tank temperature of $80^{\circ}C$, the temperature variation of the supply hot water is investigated against time, while maintaining minimum flow rate of 10 1/min. Typical results show that the hot water supply of minimum $30^{\circ}C$ can be maintained for 34 min with tap-water supply pressure of 2.5 atm, The relative errors between modeling and experiments coincide well within 10% in most cases.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권11호
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• pp.3635-3642
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• 2021

Natural circulation systems (NCSs) are extensively applied in nuclear power plants because of their simplicity and inherent safety features. For some passive natural circulation systems in floating nuclear power plants (FNPPs), the ocean is commonly used as the heat sink. Condensation induced water hammer (CIWH) events may appear as the steam directly contacts the subcooled seawater, which seriously threatens the safe operation and integrity of the NCSs. Nevertheless, the research on the formation mechanisms of CIWH is insufficient, especially in NCSs. In this paper, the characteristics of flow rate and fluid temperature are emphatically analyzed. Then the formation types of CIWH are identified by visualization method. The experimental results reveal that due to the different size and formation periods of steam slugs, the flow rate presents continuous and irregular oscillation. The fluid in the horizontal hot pipe section near the water tank is always subcooled due to the reverse flow phenomenon. Moreover, the transition from stratified flow to slug flow can cause CIWH and enhance flow instability. Three types of formation mechanisms of CIWH, including the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, the interaction of solitary wave and interface wave, and the pressure wave induced by CIWH, are obtained by identifying 67 CIWH events.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.826-833
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• 2022

A two-phase natural circulation test using SMART integral test loop (SMART-ITL) was conducted to explore thermo-hydraulic phenomena of two-phase natural circulation in the SMART reactor. Specifically, the test examined the natural circulation in the primary loop under a stepwise coolant inventory loss while keeping the core power constant at 5% of the scaled full power. Based on the test results, three flow regimes were observed: single-phase natural circulation (SPNC), two-phase natural circulation (TPNC), and boiler-condenser natural circulation (BCNC). The flow rate remained steady in the SPNC, slightly increased in the TPNC, and dropped abruptly and maintained in the BCNC. Using a natural circulation flow map, the natural circulation characteristic in the SMART-ITL was compared with those in pressurized water reactor simulators. In the SMART-ITL, a BCNC regime appeared instead of siphon condensation and reflux condensation regimes because of the use of once-through steam generators.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2000년도 THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ENGINEERING. V.III
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• pp.639-646
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• 2000

Hot air heater with light oil combustion is the most common heater for greenhouse heating in the winter season in Korea. However, since the heat efficiency of the heater is about 80%, considerable unused heat in the form of exhaust gas heat discharges to atmosphere. In order to capture this exhaust gas heat a heat recovery system for plant bed heating in the greenhouse was built and tested in the hot air heating system of greenhouse. The system consists of a heat exchanger made of copper pipes, ${\phi}\;12.7{\times}0.7t$ located inside the rectangular column of $330{\times}330{\times}900mm$, a water circulation pump, circulation plastic pipe and a water tame The total heat exchanger area is $1.5m^2$, calculated considering the heat exchange amount between flue gas and water circulated in the copper pipes. The system was attached to the exhaust gas path. The heat recovery system was designed as to even recapture the latent heat of flue gas when exposing to low temperature water in the heat exchanger. According to performance test it can recover 45,200 to 51,000kJ/hr depending on the water circulation rates of 330 to $690{\ell}$/hr from the waste heat discharged. The exhaust gas temperature left from the heat exchanger dropped to $100^{circ}C$ from $270^{circ}C$ by the heat exchange between the water and the flue gas, while water gained the difference and temperature increased to $38^{circ}C$ from $21^{circ}C$ at the water flow rate of $690{\ell}$/hr. And, the condensed water amount varies from 16 to $43m{\ell}$ at the same water circulation rates. This condensing heat recovery system can reduce boiler fuel consumption amount in a day by 34% according to the feasibility study of the actual mimitomato greenhouse. No combustion load was observed in the hot air heater.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.947-954
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• 2015

Dielectric barrier discharge plasma is a new technique in water pollutant degradation, which that is characterized by the production of chemically active species such as hydroxyl radicals, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, etc. If dissolving of plasma gas generated in the plasma reaction has increased, it is possible to increase the contaminant removal capacity. In this study, the improvement on the dissolving performance of plasma gas was evaluated by the indirect method measuring the overall oxygen transfer coefficient. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of nozzle type, distance from water surface, air supply rate and liquid circulation rate. The experimental results showed that the $K_{La}$ value of the 3-prong nozzle is 2.67 times higher than the diffuser. The order of $K_{La}$ value with nozzle type ranked in the following order: 3-prong nozzle (inner diameter, less 1 mm) > circular nozzle (inner diameter, 1.5 mm) > ellipse nozzle (short diameter 1 mm, long diameter 2.5 mm) > circular nozzle (inner diameter, 3 mm). Optimal liquid circulation rate was appeared to be 1.7 L/min, the value of $K_{La}$ was 0.510 1/min. The value of $K_{La}$ with increasing air supply rate was revealed in the form of an exponential such as $K_{La}=0.3581e^{0.2919^*air\;flow\;rate}$.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2001년도 기술교육위원회 창립총회 및 학술대회 의료기기전시회
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• pp.13-18
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• 2001

The ECMO system, including umbilical cord and membrane type oxygenator was connected with extracorporeal circulation unit, was applied to the fetus growth model of goat. The maximum survival time of goat fetus was 48 hours. Average blood rate for the extracorporeal circulation was $223{\pm}15.2 ml/min.$ The survival time of fetus was deeply related to body temperature, blood circulation and water temperature, anesthetized time, and fetus weights. Extern variables that are composed of anesthetized time, fetus weights, change of hemoglobin, circuit pressure, related to the survival time for fetus corrected the problem of previous ECMO model that is controlled by roller pump. It is directly delivered to heart on load. Applying the results from new ECMO model, further research will provide to the system of ECMO for human.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 1976

A series of physical oceanographic investigations of the circulation in the Kwang Bay' were carried out seven times from May 1974 to May 1975 every other month. The average water transports through the southern entrance of the' Kwang Yang Bay were approximately $1,014{\times}I0^6m^3$/half-tide in ebb current and $278{\times}10^6m^3$$405.6{\times}I0^6m^34/half-tide in ebb current, and $282{\times}10^6m^3 $/half-tide in flood current, at the maximum current intensity. The water from Seomjin River flows into the bay at an annual average rate of $84{\times}I0^6m^3$/half-tide, the rate being fluctuated from month to month from $6.0\times}10^6m^3 $to $11. 5{\times}I0^6m^3 $per half-tide.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.209-221
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 파랑에너지를 이용하여 항외의 해수를 항내로 유도하여 항내의 해수순환을 향상시키는 방법에 대하여 검토하였다. 파랑에너지를 활용하여 항내의 해수순환을 도모하기 위한 해안구조물로서는 월류제를 채택하여 제주외항에 적용하고 그 효과를 확률적인 관점에서 정량적으로 평가하였다. 월류제를 통한 해수유입량은 파고와 조위에 의하여 결정되는 것으로 가정하였으며 해수유입율과 파고 및 조위간의 함수관계는 수리모형실험 결과로부터 구하였다. 파랑수치모형의 후산자료와 검조소의 조위관측자료로부터 계산된 파고와 조위의 확률분포로부터 월류제를 통한 해수유입량의 확률분포를 구하는 방법을 제시하여 제주 외항에 적용한 결과 월류제를 통한 유량의 확률분포는 Gamma 함수에 근접하는 것으로 나타났으며 월류제의 최적위치에 대해서도 논의하였다. 그리고 월류제의 유무에 따른 항내오염확산을 계산하여 월류제에 의한 항내수질정화효과를 평가하였다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2010

This study was conducted to find the capability of comparison of overall oxygen transfer coefficient in the membrane coupled high performance reactor (MPHCR) in treating high organic loading wastewater. Effluent quality had been analyzed while the influent organic loading rate was changed from 2 to $7kg\;COD/m^3{\cdot}day$. The oxygen transfer coefficients had been investigated using two-phase nozzle for operating variables which were internal circulation flowrate (5~8 L/min), air flow rate (0.0125~0.2 L/min), liquid temperature ($10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$), and pure-oxygen flow rate (0.0125~0.2 L/min). The overall oxygen transfer coefficient was increased with flowrate of internal circulation and air and high temperature. Especially, internal circulation flow rate showed distinct effect on overall oxygen transfer coefficient due to an increase of gas holdup and air-liquid contract area by two-phase nozzle. In the high range of organic loading rate from 4 to $7kg\;COD/m^3{\cdot}day$, the removable efficiency of COD was 91%. Conventional activated sludge process usually treat organic loading from 0.32 to $0.64kg\;COD/m^3{\cdot}day$ however, the MPHCR can treat 10 to 20 times higher if it would be compared to the conventional activated sludge process. Foaming problem often happened and caused biomass wash out of the reactor, therefore, the foaming should be controlled for the enhanced operation.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.529-537
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• 1992

본 실험은 에어리프트 펌프의 펌핑 성능과 에어레이션 능력을 조사하기 위해 수행했다. 펌프로는 2, 3, 4, 6인치 내경의 PVC 파이프를 사용했으며 펌프의 길이는 34.5인치였다. 공기 공급장치로는 정격 1 마력의 불로워를 사용하였다. 공기 유량 계측은 유량 게이지(풍속계)를 사용하였으며, 공기 압력은 물이 펌핑될 때 수위 변화로 측정했다. 펌프에 의한 에어레이션 성능 시험은 표준 에어례이션 테스트 방법으로 수행했다. 그 때 펌프출구의 중심선의 위치는 물 표면으로부터 3인치 위가 되도록 설정하였다. 수중의 산소농도는 에어레이션율을 산출하기 위하여 측정되었다. 탱크 속에서 수위 설정은 에어리프트 점프의 위치를 상하로 변경시켜 조절했다. 그 결과 수면에서 펌프의 위치가 높은 상태에서 물의 토출양은 공기의 공급량이 증가함에 따라 감소했다. 물 토출량의 감소율은 4인치와 6인치 펌프에서 높았으며, 직경이 작은 펌프에서 감소율은 그 정도가 미미했다. 시간의 변화에 따라 측정한 각 펌프의 에어레이션 성능은 2인치 펌프를 제외하고 3, 4, 6인치 펌프에서 비슷한 결과를 보았다. 6인치 펌프는 점핑 수두를 최소로 했을 때 가장 우수한 물 순환 효과를 얻을 수 있었다.