• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.118-129
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• 1993

In order to approach the nursing care of clients who are using oriental medicine and to understand the perception of the client who uses oriental medicine practices and the need to develop a model of nursing related to oriental medicine it is important to examine the major nursing concepts as they are found in oriental medicine and as they are differently defined according to the basic thought, theory and philosophical perspectives between East and West. Oriental medicine developed based on Sung Confucianism the teachings of Chut-zu, especially Tai-Chi-Tu Shuo and energy thought which are similar to traditional Korean Sasang Constitutional medicine. The basic theory on which oriental medicine is build is the theory of the five elements of Yin / Eum-Yang Theory(cosmic dual forces) and Meridian Theory. The most important attribute of Yin Yang is the concept of duality, confrontation and dependence, within Yin Yang but which do not exist separately. That is, the universe is a vast, indivisible entity within which all things exist in harmonious interdependence and balance. Harmony is achieved only when the two primorial forces, Yin and Yang, are brought into perfect balance. Each is contained within the other and there is a continuing interchange between the two. This also applies to the human body including human health which is defined as balanced harmony. The most universal connection of Yin and Yang is found in the universe where the five elements of life, fire, water, earth, wood and metal can be explained as having either Yin or Yang and therefore being in a state of connectedness but systematically circulating between the two, that is essentalilly one (the control of the unified ) or as coexistant poles of individual wholes (the pluralism of Yin Yang Theory) so that it is all unified(balanced) in the Great Absoulte. Human beings also maintain a balance of Yin and Yang in the five elements and this relationship is very important in approaching ·oriental medicine, The meridians are the channels in the body through which the life force flow throughout the body. In oriental medicine the meridians are seen as the railroad, the acupuncture points on the meridians as the stations and energy as the train. In the normal healthy organism, all are maintained in balance and in a contiuous circulation of energy. illness is the result of the energy flow becoming disarranged. Although practitioners of oriental medicine approach the client differently than do practitioners of Western medicine and their method of examining the patient is different, the basic objectives of the examination are the same for practitioners of both types of medicine. Therefore if each could be used to supplement the defiencies in the other and achieve a harmonious cooperation between the two, a higher level of care which is culturally appropriate to korean culture could be achieved. The traditional korean concept of health is a naturalistic view which emphasizes being in harmony with nature. Any manifestation of disease is considered a sign that the body is in a state of disequilibrium and is thus no longer in harmony with the universe. The wholistic view of the world held by practitioners of oriental medicine can be used by nursing in the development of a world view of nursing in which the human being is seen within the macrocosm as part of the natural phenomenon of the universe and but also as a microcosm of the universe, a universe which is a vast and indivisible entity within which all things exist in harmonious interdependence and balance. Interaction between human beings and their environment and the relationship of this interaction to health are concepts that are also found in nursing. Nursing views human brings, not as an accumulation of separate cells and organs but, as unified wholes interacted in very close relationship nth their environment. Nursing also maintains a view of human beings in which emphasis is placed on the role of the mind in explaining the concepts of harmony and balance in health. Although there are differences between oriental medicine and nursing in approaches to clients, the basic point of view and philosophy have many fundamental similarites. An understanding of the basic thought and philosophy of oriental medicine if applied to nursing, would allow for the development, not only of nursing related to oriental medicine, but of a nursing theory appropriate to the korean context.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2002년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.287-290
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• 2002

To examine the denitrification process in an alluvial aquifer in the Cheonan site, hydrological and hydrogeochemical studies were carried out. Elevated levels of NO$_3$ (maximum 77.6 mg/L) were observed in shallow groundwaters of the area, as a result of poultry and agricultural activity. However, the nitrate concentrations were found to be consistently attenuated down to very low levels (<1.0 mg/L). The abrupt removal of nitrate coincided with the pattern of redox change and indicated that denitrification is the most plausible process. The hydrochemistry and mass balance approach using geochemical modeling (phreeqc 2.0) and redox chemistry indicated that chemo-autotrophic denitrification via pyrite oxidation is the key Process to control the nitrate attenuation in the study area.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제61권5호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

Due to the climate change the drought had been occurring more frequently in recent two decades as compared to the previous years. The change in the pattern and frequency of the rainfall have a direct effect on the farming sector; therefore, the quantitative estimation of water supply is necessary for efficient agricultural water reservoir management. In past researches, there had been several studies conducted in estimation and evaluation of water supply based on the irrigational water requirement. However, some researches had shown significant differences between the theoretical and observed data based on this requirement. Thus, this study aims to propose an approach in estimating reservoir rate based on empirical method that utilized observed reservoir rate data. The result of these two methods in comparison with the previous one is seen to be more fitted for both R2 and RMSE with the observed reservoir rate. Among these procedures, the method that considers the drought year data shows more fitted outcomes. In addition, this new method was verified using 15-year (2002 to 2006) linear regression equation and then compare the preceeding 3-year (1999 to 2001) data to the theoretical method. The result using linear regression equation is also perceived to be more closely fitted to the observed reservoir rate data than the one based on theoretical irrigation water requirement. The new method developed in this research can therefore be used to provide more suitable supply data, and can contribute to effectively managing the reservoir operation in the country.

• 한국지열·수열에너지학회논문집
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.24-32
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• 2016

Commercial buildings and institutions are generally cooling-dominated and therefore reject more heat to a borehole ground heat exchanger (BHE) than they extract over the annual cycle. Shallow ponds can provide a cost-effective means to balance the thermal loads to the ground and to reduce the length of BHE. This paper presents the analysis results of the impact of design parameters on the length of SWHE pipe and its application effect on geothermal heat pump (GHP) system using BHE. In order to analysis, we applied ${\varepsilon}-NTU$ method on designing the length of SWHE pipe. Analysis results show that the required pipe length of SWHE was decreased with the increase of approach temperature difference and with the decrease of pipe wall thickness. In addition, when the SWHE was applied to the GHP system, the temperature of BHE was more stable than that of standalone BHE system.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2019년도 학술발표회
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• pp.176-176
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• 2019

Thailand had issued a national strategic development master plan with issues related to water resources and water security in the entire water management. Water resources are an important factor of living and development of the country's socio-economy to be stable, prosperous and sustainable. Therefore, water management in both multidimensional and multi-sectoral systems is important and will supports socio-economic and environmental development. The direction of national development in accordance with the national strategic framework for 20 years that requires the country to level up security level in terms of water, energy and food. To response to the proposed goals, there is a subplan to increase water productivity of the entire water system for economical development use by evaluating use value and to create more value added from water use to meet international standard level. This study aims to evaluate the water productivity of Thailand in each basin and all sectors such as agricultural sector, service and industrial sectors by using the water use data from water account analysis and GDP data from NESDB during the past 10 years (1996-2015). The comparison of water productivity with other countries will also be conducted and in addition, the measures to improve water productivity in next 20 years will be explored to response to the National Strategic Master Plan goals. Water productivity is defined as output per unit of water depleted. The simplest way to compare water productivity across different enterprises is in monetary terms. World Bank presents water productivity as an indication of the efficiency by which each country uses its water resources. There are two data sets used for water productivity analyses, i.e., the first is water use data at end users and the second is Gross Domestic Product. The water use at end users are estimated by water account method based on the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Water (SEEA-Water) concept of United Nations. The water account shows the analyses of the water balance between the use and supply of each water resource in physical terms. The water supply and use linkage in the water account analyses separated into each phases, i.e., water sources, water managers, water service providers, water user at end user under water regulators of all kinds of water use activities such as household, industrial, agricultural, tourism, hydropower, and ecological conservation uses. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP), a well- known measuring method of the national economic growth is not actually a comprehensive approach to describe all aspects of national economic status, since GDP does not take into account the costs of the negative impacts to natural resources that result from the overexploitation of development projects, however, at present, integrating the environment with the economy of a country to measure its economic growth with GDP is acceptable worldwide. The study results will show the water use at each basin, use types at end users, water productivity in each sector from 1996-2015 compared with other countries, Besides the productivity improvement measures will be explored and proposed for the National Strategic Master Plan.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2022년도 학술발표회
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• pp.329-329
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• 2022

Accurate characterization of terrestrial precipitation variation from high spatial resolution satellite sensors is beneficial for urban hydrology and microscale agriculture modeling, as well as natural disasters (e.g., urban flooding) early warning. However, the widely-used top-down approach for precipitation retrieval from microwave satellites is limited in several hydrological and agricultural applications due to their coarse spatial resolution. In this research, we aim to apply a novel bottom-up method, the parameterized SM2RAIN, where precipitation can be estimated from soil moisture signals based on an inversion of water balance model, to generate high spatial resolution terrestrial precipitation estimates at 0.01º grid (roughly 1-km) from the C-band SAR Sentinel-1. This product was then tested against a common reanalysis-based precipitation data and a domestic rain gauge network from the Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA) over central South Korea, since a clear difference between climatic types (coasts and mainlands) and land covers (croplands and mixed forests) was reported in this area. The results showed that seasonal precipitation variability strongly affected the SM2RAIN performances, and the product derived from separated parameters (rainy and non-rainy seasons) outperformed that estimated considering the entire year. In addition, the product retrieved over the mainland mixed forest region showed slightly superior performance compared to that over the coastal cropland region, suggesting that the 6-day time resolution of S1 data is suitable for capturing the stable precipitation pattern in mainland mixed forests rather than the highly variable precipitation pattern in coastal croplands. Future studies suggest comparing this product to the traditional top-down products, as well as evaluating their integration for enhancing high spatial resolution precipitation over entire South Korea.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.747-753
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• 2010

본 연구는 바이오필터의 기질분해특성을 파악하기 위하여 휘발성유기화합물을 대상으로 임계부하량과 기질특성의 상관관계를 분석하였고, 탄소물질수지를 이용한 생물반응의 양론적 해석을 수행하였다. 반응기에 공급된 기질은 단일물질이며, toluene, styrene, MEK, MIBK를 선정하였다. 바이오필터의 기질임계부하량은 toluene은 $46.9\;g/m^3{\cdot}hr$, styrene은 $25.8\;g/m^3{\cdot}hr$, MEK는 $96.3\;g/m^3{\cdot}hr$, MIBK는 $66.5\;g/m^3{\cdot}hr$이었으며, 임계부하량은 옥탄올-물 분배계수(KOW)와 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 또한 기질부하량이 증가할수록 물질수지 중 $CO_2$에 의한 탄소회수율은 낮아졌고, 바이오매스에 의한 탄소회수율은 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 생물양론적 해석을 통하여 추정된 biomass yield (g biomass/g substrate)는 기질부하량이 증가할수록 커졌으며, toluene은 0.31~0.57, styrene은 0.29~0.57, MEK는 0.08~0.56, MIBK는 0.14~0.53의 변화폭을 보였다.

• 한국방재안전학회논문집
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2023

대다수의 개발도상국은 물수급 계획을 위한 수문 자료 부재로 장기유출량 산정이 불가능하며, 물 분배 의사결정을 진행하는데 합리적인 물수급 계획을 수립하기가 어려운 상황이다. 연구대상지역인 인도네시아 반둥지역은 급격한 도시화 및 인구집중으로 심각한 상수부족 상황이며 물수지 예측 방안이 구축되어 있지 않아 상수도 보급률이 약 20% 정도 수준이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 개발도상국에서의 물수지 예측접근방안을 제시하기 위해 MODSIM(Modified SIMYLD) 네트워크 모형 활용한 이수안전도 및 용수공급 가능량을 분석하였다. MODSIM 모형의 적정성을 검토하기 위해 비유량법을 적용하여 Pataruman 관측소의 19개년(2002~2020년) 유출량 자료를 기준으로 장기유출량을 산정하고 물수지 분석을 수행하였다. 분석결과 기존 월별 최적운영곡선과 일치하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 발전소의 발전용량을 분석한 결과 0.30~0.50% 정도 차이가 났으며, Pataruman 지점 이수안전도는 Q95% 유량 기준 1.64%, Q355 유량 기준 0.47% 높게 나타났다. 기존 저수지 최적운영곡선과 비교한 운영효율이 1% 내외로 유사하게 계측되어, 이를 통해 MODSIM 네트워크 모형을 이용한 용수공급 평가 가능성과 용수공급시설의 필요성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집 C: 기술과 교육
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 설계 인자가 지표수 열교환기 길이에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 또한 수직 밀폐형 지중열교환기와 지표수 열교환기를 같이 이용한다고 가정한 후, 지중 순환수의 온도 변화를 분석하였다. 지표수 열교환기 출구 온도와 연못 온도의 차이를 크게 하면, 열교환기 파이프 길이는 줄어들었다. 아울러 연못 온도가 높을수록 파이프 길이는 감소하지만, 파이프 바깥지름의 영향은 상대적으로 적었다. 또한 파이프 두께가 얇을수록 전도 열전달에서 열저항의 영향이 감소하기 때문에 파이프 길이는 감소하였다. 수직 밀폐형 시스템에 지표수 열교환기를 추가 적용하면, 지중열교환기 순환수 온도는 시간이 지날수록 감소하였다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2004

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a solid-liquid separation process that uses fine rising bubbles to remove particles in water. Most of particle-bubble collision occurs in the DAF contact zone. This initial contact considered by the researchers to play a important role for DAF performance. It is hard to make up conceptual model through simple mass balance for estimating collision efficiency in the contact zone because coupled behavior of the solid-liquid-gas phase in DAF system is 90 complicate. In this study, 2-phase(gas-liquid) flow equations for the conservation of mass, momentum and turbulence quantities were solved using an Eulerian-Eulerian approach based on the assumption that very small particle is applied in the DAF system. For the modeling of turbulent 2-phase flow in the reactor, the standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ mode I(liquid phase) and zero-equation(gas phase) were used in CFD code because it is widely accepted and the coefficients for the model are well established. Particle-bubble collision efficiency was calculated using predicted turbulent energy dissipation rate and gas volume fraction. As the result of this study, the authors concluded that bubble size and recycle ratio play important role for flow pattern change in the reactor. Predicted collision efficiency using CFD showed good agreement with measured removal efficiency in the contact zone. Also, simulation results indicated that collision efficiency at 15% recycle ratio is higher than that of 10% and showed increasing tendency of the collision efficiency according to the decrease of the bubble size.