• KCID journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.15-24
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• 2011

This study was carried out to analyze characteristics of water quality and correlation among water quality parameters in Idong reservoir used for agricultural water. The pH and concentrations of DO, SS, BOD, COD, TP, Chl-a in Idong reservoir almost met the water quality standards for agricultural water, but TN concentration exceeded the water quality standards for agricultural water. All of water quality items had no significant difference between horizontal points at 95% confidence level and the Idong reservoir was possible to be treated as the single water body. As NIP ratio of the Idong reservoir is 52, TP is a limiting nutrient salt. As TN exceeds the water quality standards, it is required to preserve TP below current state to prevent water bloom by eutrophication. Therefore, reduction of phosphorus from the watershed is necessary for controlling the eutrophication of Idong reservoir.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.152-158
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of modified fasting therapy using Gamrosu and herbal medicine on the changes of body compositions in women. We analyzed the medical records of 11 patients, who carried out modified fasting therapy at Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University. Body compositions (body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, skeletal muscle mass, basal metabolic rate, extracellular water ratio, abdominal circumference, thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat, visceral fat area) were reviewed before and after modified fasting therapy. The body composition values (body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, skeletal muscle mass, basal metabolic rate, extracellular water ratio, abdominal circumference, thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat, visceral fat area) decreased after modified fasting therapy. Results from this investigation showed that modified fasting therapy using Gamrosu and herbal medicine has positive effects on changes of body compositions.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.228-238
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• 2011

Two urostyloid ciliates, collected from brackish water in Korea, were identified as Diaxonella pseudorubra pseudorubra (Kaltenbach, 1960) Berger, 2006 and Pseudokeronopsis flava (Cohn, 1866) Wirnsberger, Larsen and Uhlig, 1987. The description was based on living, protargol impregnated specimens. These species are described as follows: Diaxonella pseudorubra pseudorubra: body size in vivo $145-230{\times}40-60\;{\mu}m$, elongated ellipsoidal in shape. Cytoplasm reddish and flexible. Adoral zone of membranelles occupied 30-40% of the body; composed of 33-44 membranelles; 1-3 frontoterminal cirri, 1-4 frontal row cirri, 4-6 buccal cirri, 6-10 transverse cirri. Midventral rows composed of 14-24 cirri, four left marginal rows, one right marginal row. Two kinds of cortical granules; the larger one is yellowish and the smaller one is reddish. Pseudokeronopsis flava: body size in vivo $150-210{\times}30-45\;{\mu}m$, elongated ellipsoidal shape. Cytoplasm yellowish and flexible. Adoral zone of membranelles occupied 25-30% of body; composed of 44-58 membranelles in number. Frontal cirri forming bicorona composed of 5-7 cirral pairs, 2-3 frontoterminal cirri, one buccal cirrus, and 2-3 transverse cirri. Midventral rows composed of 18-33 cirri, 34-53 left marginal cirri, and 40-58 right marginal cirri. Two kinds of cortical granules; the larger one is colorless and "blood-cell-shaped," and the smaller one is yellowish. Diaxonella pseudorubra pseudorubra is different from the most similar subspecies, D. pseudorubra pulchra, in cytoplasmic color and number of midventral cirri. Pseudokeronopsis flava is different from its most similar congeners in pigment granular color, number of bicorona, number of midventral cirri, and position of the contractile vacuole.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.215-222
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• 2003

As the obesity has been known to be related with the hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, cerebral apoplexy, fatty liver, and other chronic diseases, recent researches have focused on the functional food materials and their anti-obesity activities. This study was performed to study the effects of vanilloid family capsaicin, major pungent ingredient of hot chillies and peppers, on anti-obesity activities. ICR male mice were fed one of the pellet diet, basal diet, and high fat diet with capsaicin (45 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day) solution for 5 days. Mice in the corresponding control groups were given water for 5 days. In results, capsaicin reduced body weights in any diet groups. Percent weight and cell size of the abdominal white adipose tissue in mice on the high fat diet with capcaicin were significantly lower compared with those in mice on the high fat diet with water. However, percent brown adipose tissue weight per body weight in mice on the high fat diet was not affected by capsaicin. Capsaicin reduced the levels of s-triglyceride and s-total cholesterol in the pellet diet or high fat diet groups. There was no difference in the s-protein levels between the capsaicin group and the control water group. These data indicate that 1) orally administered capsaicin has a reducing effect on the blood triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, and 2) capsaicin has lowering effects on the body weight, percent weight and cell size of the abdominal white adipose tissue.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.126-131
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of beverage temperature and composition on weight retention and fluid balance upon voluntary drinking following exercise induced-dehydration. Eight men who were not acclimated to heat participated in four randomly ordered testing sessions. In each session, the subjects ran on a treadmill in a chamber maintained at $37^{\circ}C$ without being supplied fluids until 2% body weight reduction was reached. After termination of exercise, they recovered for 90 min under ambient air conditions and received one of the following four test beverages: $10^{\circ}C$ water (10W), $10^{\circ}C$ sports drink (10S), $26^{\circ}C$ water (26W), and $26^{\circ}C$ sports drink (26S). They consumed the beverages ad libitum. The volume of beverage consumed and body weight were measured at 30, 60, and 90 min post-recovery. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise as well as at the end of recovery in order to measure plasma parameters and electrolyte concentrations. We found that mean body weight decreased by 1.8-2.0% following exercise. No differences in mean arterial pressure, plasma volume, plasma osmolality, and blood electrolytes were observed among the conditions. Total beverage volumes consumed were $1,164{\pm}388$, $1,505{\pm}614$, $948{\pm}297$, and $1,239{\pm}401$ ml for 10W, 10S, 26W, and 26S respectively ($P$ > 0.05). Weight retention at the end of recovery from dehydration was highest in 10S ($1.3{\pm}0.7kg$) compared to 10W ($0.4{\pm}0.5kg$), 26W ($0.4{\pm}0.4kg$), and ($0.6{\pm}0.4kg$) ($P$ < 0.005). Based on these results, carbohydrate/electrolyte-containing beverages at cool temperature were the most favorable for consumption and weight retention compared to plain water and moderate temperature beverages.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.1164-1171
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• 2019

Dietary supplements derived from natural sources are an essential factor in optimizing athletic performance. It has been proposed that the extract of Momordica charantia (M. charantia) that is known as a bitter melon can be potentially used as a novel supplement for health promotion. This pilot study aimed to examine the effects of the M. charantia extract when administered in the form of a sports drink, and we evaluated changes in body composition and metabolic factors in tennis players after 4-week consumption of the extract. Eight male college tennis players were instructed to consume an M. charantia extract 6 times per day (3 in the morning and 3 in the afternoon, and the total daily intake was 600 ml). Collected data were analyzed using paired t-tests to examine the changes over time after consumption of the M. charantia extract. The results revealed a significant increase in the trunk muscle mass, basal metabolic rate, and daily calorie intake (p < 0.05). Levels of protein, minerals, and total body water showed an increased tendency (not statistically significant), whereas intracellular water and extracellular water showed a decreased trend. Furthermore, fat-free mass, skeletal muscle mass, and muscle mass showed an increased tendency. In conclusion, consumption of the M. charantia extract caused an increase in parameters related to protein, muscle mass, and metabolism. It seems that follow-up studies related to fatigue, inflammation, and stress hormones related to the M. charantia extract consumption would be needed.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.185-188
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• 2011

To develop health food and alternative medicine, water and ethanol extracts from Hypsizygus marmoreus (white cultivar) fruiting body were prepared, and its physiological functionalities were investigated. Antihypertensive angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor activity from water extract was showed higher of 60.5% than ethanol extract and SOD-like activity and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity were also showed 24.1% and 23.0%, respectively. The other functionalities were very low or not detected. The maximal ACE inhibitory activity (80.5%) was obtained when the fruiting body of Hypsizygus marmoreus was extracted with distilled water (dilution 1 : 30) at $50^{\circ}C$ for 12 h.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2007

The water-soluble materials extracted from fruit bodies and mycelium of H. erinaceum were prepared. In-vitro anticancer activities on cancer cells and In-vivo proliferation effect on mouse peritoneal exudate cell and spleen cell of samples were investigated. Also, nitric oxide (NO) generation of peritoneal exudate cell, IL-2 production capacity of spleen cells and phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages were examined. The water extracts of H. erinaceum suppressed the proliferation of cancer cell (HeLa, Raw264.7, Jurkat, KATO3, EL4, LyD9) with concentration-dependent. The water extract from fruit body showed better suppression effect than that from mycelium in most of cancer cells used. The anticancer effect of water extract of fruits body in the range of 0.01 and 10 mg/ml for Raw 264.7 and EL4 cell lines were the same as the Taxol with one thousandth equivalent of fruit body concentration. Water extracts of fruit body and liquid-cultured products of H. erinaceum induced nitric oxide (NO) generation of peritoneal exudate cell and increased NO generation by stimulus of lipopolysaccharide. Water extracts alone did not induce the proliferation and IL-2 production capacity of spleen cells. However, spleen's proliferation and IL-2 production were induced significantly by the addition of lipopolysaccharide and Con A (concanavalin A) or Con A alone, and the effectiveness of mycelium extract with water were more active than those from fruit body.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2014

Microwaves are non-ionizing electromagnetic waves of frequency between 300MHz to 300GHz and positioned between the X-ray and infrared rays in the electromagnetic spectrum. In recent years, the use of microwave for extraction of ingredient from plant material has shown remarkable research interest and potential. Scutellaria radix has been used as a traditional medicine for a variety of diseases. It has been reported to exert beneficial health effects, such as anti-bacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and free-radical scavenging. Oxidative stress or the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads neuronal cellular death and dysfunction, and it contributes to neuronal degenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke. In this study, we aimed to compare the neuroprotective and antioxidant effect of Scutellaria radix extracted by different methods using hot-water extraction (SBE-DW) or microwave extraction (SBE-DW-MW). As a result, we first examined HPLC analysis of hot-water and microwave extracts of Scutellaria radix. The hot-water and microwave extracts of Scutellaria radix showed the discernible difference patterns of HPLC analysis. Microwave-water extracts of Scutellaria radix increased DPPH radical scavenging activity more than hot-water extraction. Microwave-water extracts of Scutellaria radix also showed neuroprotective effects and ROS inhibition against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells, but hot-water extraction not showed. In addition, the phosphorylation of MAPKs induced by glutamate insult was prevented by microwave-water extracts of Scutellaria radix. Thus, these results suggested that microwave extraction can be utilized for improving the extraction efficiency and biological activity of Scutellaria radix.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.284-289
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• 1999

A 15-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of formulated diet or macroalgae (Undaria pinnatifida) on the survival, growth and body composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) under the different rearing environmental conditions (four shelter types and two water temperatures). Water temperature was maintained to $16.4^{\circ}C$ by heated and $13.7^{\circ}C$ by not heated natural sea water. The survival rate, weight gain and shell growth of abalone were affected by diet and water temperature (P<0.001). Survival rate of abalone fed the formulated diets was higher than that of abalone fed the Undaria pinnatifida at natural sea water (P<0.05), but this value was not influenced within abalone stocked at heated sea water in each shelter group (P>0.05). Weight and shell growth of abalone fed the formulated diets were significantly higher than those of abalone fed the Undaria pinnatifida at each temperature or shelter (P<0.05). Moisture, lipid and ash contents of the soft body were mainly affected by feeding diet than temperature or shelter (P<0.05). This study indicate that formulated diet used in this experiment could improve the growth of abalone independent of water temperature or shelter. and heated water could show a better growth of abalone in winter season.