• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.250-256
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• 1982

A series of studies were conducted to find out the possibility of utilizing grape seed as resources of food fats and proteins, and the results of the studies are as follows: The grape seed contained 25.1%, of crude fat and 12.0% of crude protein. The lipid, fractions obtained by silicic acid column chromatography were mainly composed of about 95.5% neutral lipid, whereas compound lipid was only 4.5% level. Among the neutral lipid by thin layer chromatography, triglyceride was 91.89%, sterol ester, sterol, diglyceride and free fatty acid were 3.24%, 2.87%, 1.20% and 0.80%, respectively The predominant fatty acids of total and neutral lipids were linoleic acid $(69.72{\sim}71.72%)$ and oleic acid $18.09{\sim}19.46%)$, but those of glycolipid and phospolipid were linoleic acid $(31.49{\sim}38.18%)$, oleic acid $(20.20{\sim}35.27%)$ and palmitic acid $(26.80{\sim}39.98%)$. The major fatty acids of triglyceride separated from neutral lipid were oleic acid (43.08%), linoleic acid (38.42%) and palmitic acid (11.60%). The salt soluble protein of grape seed was highly dispersible in 0.02M sodium phosphate buffer containing about 1.0M $MgSO_4$, and the extractability of seed protein was 31%. Glutamic acid was the major amino acid in salt soluble protein, followed by arginine and aspartic acid. The electrophoretic analysis showed 3 bands in grape seed protein, and the collection rate of the main protein fraction purified by Sephadex G-100 and G-200 was 82%. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine were the major amino acids of the main grape seed protein. The molecular weight for the main protein of the grape seed was estimated to be 81,000.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.40-50
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• 1990

The purpose of this paper is to develop a colorant from krill, Euphausia superba, process wastes for use in food products. Carotenoproteins were extracted from preboiled krill processing offal(PKPO) and raw frozen krill processing offal(RKPO) with the aid of proteolytic enzymes. The long-term stability of the astaxanthin associated with the carotenoprotein by the addition of pretense inhibitor and antioxidant to the product were also investigated. Total astaxanthin contents of PKPO and RKPO were $35.1mg\%,\;22.1mg\%$ and those in carotenoproteins were $98.6mg\%,\;61.9mg\%$, respectively. The chitin contents of PKPO and RKPO were $6.9\%,\;4.5\%$, however, those of carotenoproteins were not determined. When $0.5\%$ trypsin was added to the extraction medium containing 0.5M $Na_3EDTA$ at $4^{\circ}C,\;74\%$ of astaxanthin and $83\%$ of the protein of PKPO were recovered as carotenoprotein in 24hrs. The amino acid profile in carotenoprotein was mainly composed of glutamic acid, methionine, aspartic acid and isoleurine. Their contents amounted to about 40% of the total amino acids, followed by alanine, phenylalanine, Iysine, leucine, threonine and tyrosine in that order, with a small amount of cysteine and tryptophan. The levels of essential amino acids were high as much as $38.3\%\~43.6\%$ of the total amino acids. The maximum observance of the carotenoid fraction from krill processing offal and from carotenoprotein was 469nm in petroleum ether. The separated components of carotenoprotein by TLC had Rfs $0.20\~0.23\;0.56\~0.60$ and $0.88\~0.91$. The carotenoids were comprised of astaxanthin, astaxanthin monoester and asthaxanthin diester in $25\~30\%\;,35\~40\%$and $40\~45\%$, respectively. The loss of carotenoids in the carotenoprotein can be prevented by the addition of pro-tease inhibitor(trasylol) and antioxidant(BHT) below $4^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.513-524
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• 2005

This study was conducted to introduce recycling procedures of food waste(FW) as feed according to the dehydration, semi-dehydration fermentation and liquid fermentation methods through the on-site survey of companies related, to trace physico-chemical components and nutritional losses depending upon the processing stage for each method and finally to suggest more desirable methodology for the efficient utilization of FW as animal feed. For the dehydration method, dewatering of FW alone reduced(P<0.05) moisture(approximately 10%) and ether extract contents and increased(P<0.05) fiber contents. Dewatering and subsequent dehydration of FW decreased(P<0.05) contents of ether extract, limiting amino acids such as lysine, methionine and histidine, pepsin digestibility of protein by half, and NaCl content by 40%, increased(P<0.05) contents of fiber, crude ash, Ca and P, and did not alter(P>0.05) pH. The semi-dehydration fermentation method of FW did not affect(P>0.05) the chemical components, pepsin digestibility of protein, pH and NaCl content. For the liquid fermentation method, pasteurization and fermentation of FW decreased(P<0.05) contents of dry matter, ether extract, crude fiber, lysine and NaCl; however, it did not affect(P>0.05) other chemical components, pepsin digestibility of protein and pH. Among the processing methods, nutrient losses were highest for the dehydration method(25% of metabolizable energy loss, 12% of organic matter loss) and little for the semi-dehydration and liquid fermentation methods. The on-site survey of companies related revealed that the existence of foreign materials in FW products were problematic for all the three companies surveyed, thus it was necessary to develop a more efficient screener. Before feeding FW-containing diets to pigs, high quality of protein and energy feedstuffs needed to be fortified for the dehydration method. For the semi-dehydration fermentation method, the scientific diet formulation technology was required at the initial mixing stage. For the liquid fermentation method, possibly most energetic and proteinaceous feeds needed to be supplemented for the normal animal growth.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.13 no.1 s.32
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• pp.119-128
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• 2007

Volatile flavor compounds of sauces made from shrimps, crabs or lobsters were analyzed by the combination of canister system, gas chromatography(GC) and mass selective detector(MSD). Of 72 total volatile compounds from 4 kinds of sauces, 45 compounds were identified from shrimp sauce(SS). Ten alkanes, 5 ketones, 3 aldehydes were obtained from SS. Especially, 3-methyl-2-butanone, 2-pentanamine, isobutane, 3-methyl-2-butanol, carbon disulfide and dimethyl sulfide were predominant compounds in SS. In crab sauce(CS), there were 18 compounds identified, including 4 alcohols, 4 alkanes, 3 aldehydes, 2 ketones, acid and amine. 2-Methoxy ethanol, trimethyloxirane and 3-buten-1-ol were special volatile compounds in CC. Volatile compounds from lobster head sauce(LHS) or lobster shell sauce(LSS) were 16 or 18 kinds respectively. The major volatile compounds of LHS were formic acid, 1-propanethiol, $\beta$-pinene and allyl sulfide, and those of LSS were acids, pentane, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone. It was thought that the volatile compounds identified from sauces as well as shrimps, crabs or lobsters might come from wine, onions, bay leaves or celery used as minor ingredients.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1995

A lot of water soluble proteins and lipids are released from minced mackerel meat and lost into the washing waste during the leaching process of Kamaboko or surimi manufacture. The removed proteins and lipids are not only an edible things but also a big burden for treating the wastewater. In order to recover the proteins from the effluent and to use as food stuff, the "pH-shifting" treatment, a modified isoelectric point precipitation method, was tried. This method is based on a myogen-aggregation phenomenon, which occurs when a solution of sarcoplasmic proteins is acidified or alkalified beyond the critical pH zone of 2∼3 or 12∼13 respectively and then neutralized. The maximum amount of precipitation was obtained by shifting the pH of the wastewater from original pH to isoelectric point (pH 4) or alkali pH 12 and then changing to neutral pH. The precipitates were easily collected by filteration or centrifuging at 10,000rpm. The oils which were only floating in the washing wastewater are easily recovered by seperating with oil separator after pouring. The recovered proteins were slightly denaturated during this pH shifting precipitation process, while the composition of amino acids was good balance as a food.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.583-591
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• 2002

Biodegradation of fat, oil, and grease (FOGs) plays an Important role in wastewater management and water pollution control. However, many industrial food-processing and food restaurants generate FOG-containing waste waters for which there Is no acceptable technology for their pretreatment. To solve these problems, this study evaluated the feasibility of effective FOG-degrading microorganisms on the biodegradation of olive oil and FOG-containing wastewater. Twenty-two strains capable of degrading FOGs were isolated from five FOG-contaminated sites for the evaluation of their FOG degradation capabilities. Among twenty-two strains tested, the lipase-producing Pseudomonas sp. strain D2D3 was selected for actual FOG wastewater treatment. Its biodegradability was performed at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and pH 8. The extent of FOG removal efficiency was varied for each FOG tested, being the highest for olive oil and animal fat (94.5% and 94.4%), and the lowest for safflower oil (62%). The addition of organic nitrogen sources such as yeast extract, soytone, and peptone enhanced the removal efficiency of FOGs, but the addition of the inorganic nitrogen nutrients such as $NH_4$Cl and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ did not increase. The $KH_2PO_4$ sources in 0.25% to 0.5% concentrations showed more than 90% degradability. As a result, the main pathway for the oxidation of fatty acids results in the removal of two carbon atoms as acetyl-CoA with each reaction sequence: $\beta$-oxidation. Its lipase activity showed 38.5 U/g DCW using the optimal media after 9 h. Real wastewater and FOGs were used for determining the removal efficiency by using Pseudomonas sp. strain D2D3 bioadditive. The degradation by Pseudomonas sp. strain D2D3 was 41% higher than that of the naturally occurring bacteria. This result indicated that the use of isolated Pseudomonas sp. strain D2D3 in a bioaugmentating grease trap or other processes might possibly be sufficient to acclimate biological processes for degrading FOGs.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2013

In this study, euryhaline marine microorganism, Bacillus sp. strain EBW4 isolated from polychaete (Perinereis aibuhitensis) of Suncheon Bay was physiologically, biochemically and genetically characterized. Based on 16S rRNA sequence, EBW14 was found to share 98.25% similarity with Bacillus hemicentroti $JSM076093^T$, 97.96% similarity with Bacillus hwajinponensis SW-$72^T$ and 96.28% similarity with B. algicoa $KMM3737^T$, respectively. The temperature range for the growth of strain EBW4 was $4-40^{\circ}C$, NaCl concentration range 0-17% and pH range pH 5-9, revealing that EBW4 was euryhaline bacterium. Major fatty acids in strain EBW4 were composed of anteiso $C_{15:0}$ (48.2%), iso $C_{16:0}$ (12.1%), anteiso $C_{17:0}$ (11.6%) and iso $C_{14:0}$ (9.4%). EBW4 was found to have DNase, amylase, protease and lipase for the degradation of macromolecules such as DNA, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, etc. The enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), leucine arylamidase and ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin were also found in strain EBW4. Analysis of the biodegradation ability of EBW4 for organic hydrocarbons under different salinity conditions using synthetic water waste revealed that EBW4 exhibited the ability to degrade organic hydrocarbons very quickly, suggesting strain EBW4 may be a good candidate for the application to various industries.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.487-498
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• 2010

This article presents an effect of deicer such as $CaCl_2$(calcium chloride) and EFD(Eco-Friendly Deicer) composed by organic acids on the survival and growth of plant. Pine and bush clover which are main natural species on the road side, and young radish and kidney bean which are cultivation species used in this test that responses of survival and growth were analyzed as grade concentration of deicers. Bush clover showed the most sensitive survival response among 4 species to the deicer. Pine growth didn't have statistical significance as the kind of deicers and concentration variation, but growths of bush clover and kidney bean showed growth inhibition in concentration more than 3% of $CaCl_2$ and EFD1. The results of survival and growth for $CaCl_2$(calcium chloride) demonstrated that young radish and pine are tolerant species and bush clover and kidney bean are sensitive species. Although EFD1 manufactured by chemical showed the negative effect on the survival and growth of plants, EFD2 made with waste compost was confirmed that it has the positive influence to the survival and growth of the both sensitive and tolerant plant species for chloride.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.249-255
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• 1993

To minimize the waste amount of surface layer kochujang during aging, the effects of the three finishing methods(nothing, salt scatering and Polyethylene film on the kochujang surface) and sunning(conventional aging method) or nonsunning aging(cap covering) on water content, redness and spreadability, film forming yeast occurance and salinity of surface layer kochujang during 120 days aging were investigated. In the case of sunning aging, film forming yeast was not visually found on the surface. The surface layer kochujang was so low spreadability(zero) and very high salinity(18-30%) that could not eat. However, the aging method after PE-film covering on the kochujang surface, and then cap covering(nonsunning) was very effective in keeping of soundness of surface layer kochujang without film forming yeast growth on the surface kochujang, especially was greatly effective in keeping of redness, moderate moisture content and spreadability. The PE-film and cap covering aging were effective in prevention of water evaporation and $CO_2$ release, and in accumulation of ethanol and organic acids between the PE-film and surface layer of kochujang.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.47-56
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• 1997

To examine of possibility protein recycling of shaving scraps contained chrome generated from manufacturing process of leather, the characteristics of hydrolyzed protein that differently treated with MgO as alkaline agent were investigated. In alkaline hydrolysis of saving scraps treated with MgO, MgO had to be treated over 5.0% to maintain over pH 8.0 that is insoluble of chrome. Under the condition of alkaline treated with MgO, the solubility of chrome is low with about 60%. The average molecular weight of hydrolyzed proteins from shaving scraps treated with MgO was about 80~100 KD. The amino acid contents of that were largely collagen proteins such as glycine, alanine and proline, and acidic amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutatamic acid. The contents of Mg, Ca and Na in hydrolyzed protein were too much as liquid fertilizer, and chrome contents was 30~40 ppm that largely decreased in comparing with raw materials (40,000~42,000 ppm).