• 동남아시아연구
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-52
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• 2017

이 글에서는 2차 세계대전의 승전국의 식민지였던 필리핀과 패전국의 식민지였던 한국의 건국 대통령을 당시 이들이 건국 과정에서 직면했던 공통의 과제들을 중심으로 비교한다. 이를 위해 한국의 건국대통령인 이승만과 필리핀의 자치를 주도하며 커먼웰스 정부를 세운 케손을 중심으로 이후 7명의 대통령의 삶을 두 나라의 건국과정과 교차시키며 구체적으로 살펴본다. 한국과 필리핀은 독립 혹은 자치 후 미국의 영향을 받아 강력한 권한을 가진 대통령제 중심의 헌법을 채택하였다. 다음, 독립 후 두 국가는 냉전의 최전선에서 반공노선을 기본으로 국가를 운영했다. 나아가서, 두 국가는 반공을 뒷받침하기 위해 농민을 체제 내부로 포섭하기 위한 토지개혁도 실시하였다. 마지막으로, 두 국가는 일본의 식민지배 혹은 점령에 따른 유산을 청산하는 문제도 공통적으로 겪었다. 따라서 첫째, 헌법의 제정, 둘째, 반공노선의 확립, 셋째, 토지개혁 문제, 넷째, 일본 식민지 혹은 점령을 청산하는 문제가 각각의 나라에서 어떻게 전개되었는지를 중점적으로 살펴본다. 필리핀은 미국의 식민지배 기간인 1935년에 '헌법적 독립'을 이루면서 당시 식민지배를 받고 있었던 아시아의 어느 국가보다 빠른 정치적 발전을 겪었다. 하지만 케손과 오스메냐 등 건국 초기의 국가지도자들은 헌법제정을 제외하고 농민운동으로부터 비롯된 공산주의 운동, 토지개혁과 일본점령 청산 등과 같은 건국의 핵심 과제들을 적절히 수행하지 못했다. 토지개혁에 실패하면서 소수의 지주가문이 농민을 경제적으로는 물론 정치적으로 지배하게 되었고, 근대적 시민계급이 형성되지 못한 필리핀은 이후 경제적으로는 물론 정치적으로도 후퇴를 거듭하게 되었다. 한국의 경우 분단과 전쟁이라는 어려운 상황이 있었지만, 건국대통령 이승만은 위의 당면한 과제들을 미루지 않고 해결하고자 했다. 그 결과 공산주의에 대항하는 자유민주주의라는 트랙을 깔 수 있었으며 친일청산도 여건이 허락하는 수준에서 이루었다. 특히 농지개혁을 통해 국민국가 형성과 경제발전의 기틀을 마련했으며, 경제의 나아갈 바를 시장경제로 잡아 오늘의 한국 경제를 낳는 대들보를 놓았다. 물론 공과(功過)가 없었던 것은 아니지만 다른 나라의 지도자와 비교해, 특히 필리핀의 대통령들과 비교해 건국대통령으로서 국가의 기틀을 잡는 데 큰 역할을 한 것에는 틀림이 없다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.54-66
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• 2016

This paper examines the transition of the Hungarian men's costume. Transition of the Hungarian men's costume can be divided into pre-eighteenth century, eighteenth century, and since the nineteenth century. Hungarian costume was derived from the Magyar who settled in Hungary in the ninth century. Hungry had begun to accept Western culture in the tenth century, so when the prototype of Hungarian costume was completed, it consisted of Dolman, Mente, pants, and boots combining traditional Magyar style with Western European style. In particular, Dolman shows the uniqueness of the Hungarian men's costume; it has a high, stand-up collar in the back center, closes on the left, has a right front plate with a diagonal cut at the waist, and a wide front closure. In the eighteenth century, Hungarian men's costumes played an important role in displaying national pride while living under the oppression of the Habsburg Empire. In particular, Dolman was worn as a uniform at the battle of independence (1703~1710). This dress of male courtiers became the distinctive style of the eighteenth century and then became the basic style of men's costumes. Since the nineteenth century, Hungarian men's costumes have acted as an means to promote the national consciousness of Hungary through the Citizen Revolution (1848), the War of Independence (1849), and the formation of the Dual Empire (1867). Looking at evolution of the Hungarian men's dress style, it reveals that resistance and struggles against other nations, a history of aggression, and living under oppressed are factors that impact on important clothing transitions.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제42호
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• pp.251-276
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• 2015

본 논문의 목적은 이스라엘의 정보활동이 정체성 즉 국민들의 자의식의 형성과 변화, 그리고 국가건설 과정에서 미친 영향력을 분석하는데 있다. 19세기말 유대인들은 역사의 희생자 이미지를 공유하고 있었으며 이들에 대한 박해는 정치적, 신앙적 공동체인 독립국가 이스라엘 건설을 추동하는 요인이 되었다. 당시 이스라엘의 정보요원들은 유대인들을 팔레스타인으로 이주시키는 한편, 아랍인들과 투쟁하면서 국가건설에 매진했다. 다시 말해서, 정보활동은 유대인들의 국가건설을 위한 민족주의인 시오니즘을 구현하는 수단인 셈이다. 1948년 독립이후에도 정보기관은 아랍 국가들의 방해에도 불구하고, 미국과 소련 등 국가들과 협상을 통해 UN에서 공식적으로 국가승인을 획득하는데 큰 역할을 담당하였다. 그럼에도 이스라엘은 아랍 국가들로부터 '사라져야할 국가'로 인식되면서 국가정체성이 부인되었다. 이후 4차례에 걸친 전쟁에서 승리와 이집트와 정상회담을 통해 비로소 국가성을 인정받게 되었다. 이스라엘은 이를 성서상의 '약속의 땅'의 회복이라는 예언의 성취로 이해하며 승리자로서의 정체성을 공유하게 되었다. 결론적으로 이스라엘에서 정보활동은 국가의 독립과 건설, 그리고 국민들의 자의식의 형성과 변화를 유발한 기제였다.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제4호
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• pp.123-144
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• 2006

Foreigners who arrived in Korea after the age of enlightenment were Japanese, Chinese and 'Westerners' who were Europeans and Americans. The westerners were diplomats who visited Korea for colonization or for increasing their economical profits by trading after the spread of imperialism, and tourists curious of back countries, artists, explores and missionaries to perform their roles for their religious beliefs. They contacted with Korean cultural and educational people as missionaries and instructors during Japanese colonial period. In 1945, the allied forces occupied Korea under the name of takeover of Japanese colony after Japan's surrender and the relation between foreigners and Korean cultured men enter upon a new phase. For 3 years, American soldiers enforced lots of systems in Korea and many pro-American people were educated. This relationship lasted even after the establishment of the government of Korean Republic and especially, diplomats called as pro-Korean group came again after Korean War. Among them, there were lots of foreigners interested in cultures and arts. In particular, government officials under American Forces who were influential on political circles or diplomats widened their insights toward Korean cultural assets and collected them a lot. Those who were in Korea from the period of independence to 1950s wrote their impressions about Korean cultural assets on newspapers or journals after visiting contemporary Korean exhibitions. Among them, A. J. McTaggart, Richard Hertz and the Hendersons were dominant. They thought the artists had great interests in compromising and uniting the Orient and the West based on their knowledge of Korean cultural assets and they advised. However, it was different from Korean artist's point of view that the foreigners thought Korean art adhered oriental features and contained western contents. From foreigners' point of view, it is hard to understand the attitude Korean artists chose to keep their self-respect through experiencing the Korean war. It is difficult to distinguish their thought about Korean art based on their exotic taste from the Korean artists' local and peninsular features under Japanese imperialism. We can see their thought about Korean art and their viewpoint toward the third world, after staying in Korea for a short period and being a member of the first world. The basic thing was that they could see the potentialities through the worldwide, beautiful Korean cultural assets and they thought it was important to start with traditions. It is an evidence showing Korean artists' pride in regard to the art culture through experiencing the infringement of their country. By writing about illuminating Korean art from the third party's view, foreigners represented their thoughts through it that their economical, military superiority goes with their cultural superiority. The Korean artist's thought of emphasizing Korean history and traditions, reexamining and using it as an original creation may have been inspired by westerners' writings. 'The establishment of national art' that Korean artists gave emphasis then, didn't only affect one of the reactions toward external impact, 'the adhesion of tradition'. In the process of introducing Korean contemporary art and national treasure in America, different view caused by role differences-foreigner as selector and Korean as assistant-showed the fact evidently that the standard of beauty differed between them. By emphasizing that the basis to classify Korean cultural assets is different from the neighborhood China and Japan, they tried to reflect their understanding that the feature of Korean art is on speciality other than universality. And this make us understand that even when Korean artists profess modernism, they stress that the roots are on Korean and oriental tradition. It was obviously a different thought from foreigners' view on Korean art that Korean artists' conception of modernism and traditional roots are inherent in Korean history. In 1950s, after the independence, Korea had different ideas from foreigners that abstract was to be learned from the west. Korea was enduring tough times with their artists' self-respect which made them think that they can learn the method, but the spirit of abstract is in the orient.

• Strategy21
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• 통권46호
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• pp.205-238
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• 2020

The origin of mission command can be traced to the era of the Prussian military reforms led by General Gerhard von Scharnhorst after defeats in battle of Jena and Auerstadt in 1806 against Napoleon I. Mission Command is the conduct of military operations through decentralized execution based upon mission-type orders. Commanders issue mission-type orders focused on the purpose of the operation rather than details of how to perform assigned tasks. The mission command has become the command philosophy of the German military and recently many countries in the west accept it as a command philosophy. This study compare and analyze the Battle of St. Vincent and the Battle of Jutland to make sure if the army-initiated mission commands were also useful for the navy. From the late 18th century, represented by the era of Nelson, Royal navy changed from the inherited rigid command culture to guaranteeing the disciplined initiative of its subordinate commanders. In the Battle of St. Vincent in 1797, Nelson acted contrary to the commander's orders at the crucial moment, which gave Britain a decisive victory. On the contrary more than 100 years later, the command culture of the Royal navy changed into a centralized command culture. In the Battle of Jutland in 1916, Royal Navy couldn't win because the rigid command culture did not guarantee initiative of subordinate commanders and subordinate commander's passive attitude of waiting for the commander's instructions even at critical moments. Therefore, a mission command that guarantees the initiative of subordinate commanders is a useful concept even in the navy because it makes subordinate commanders to take full advantage of a sudden change in battle. Today's advanced information and communication technologies have raised questions about mission command. But even advanced technology can't completely eliminate the fundamental nature of the war-the fog of war. War is chaotic and unpredictable. In the flood of lots of informations, senior commander's judgement is not always right because he(she) is also human, he(she) can make mistakes. In the age of informatization, mission command is still effective because it involves increasing interaction and synergy between senior and subordinate commanders by ensuring their independence. Therefore ROK navy also needs to activate mission command. ROK navy must dismantle the zero-defect mentality and apply from educations as Prussian did to establish a mission command culture.

• 기록학연구
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• 제23호
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• pp.257-297
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• 2010

미국 정부는 생산하고, 수집하고, 보관하는 정보를 비밀로 분류 관리하는 오랜 역사를 가지고 있다. 독립 이전 식민지 시기에는 특별한 법적 권위 없이 주로 관례적으로 정보에 대한 비밀유지와 접근 제한을 공공연히 행했고, 미국 최초의 헌법으로 간주되는 연맹규약 (Articles of Confederation)의 제정과 연이어 미국헌법 (United States Constitution)이 수립되면서 부터는 명명된 입법적 권위에 기대어 기록의 비밀유지가 행해졌다. 그러나 미국의 비밀기록 체계가 그 기본적인 틀이 형성되기 시작한 것은 미국이 1차 세계대전에 가담하면서 부터였고, 중요한 군사적 외교적 비밀문서의 급증이라는 현실적 요구의 반영이기도 했다. 2차 세계대전을 겪으면서 원자력 개발과 이후 소련과의 냉전체제의 성립은 미국으로 하여금 비밀기록 체계를 한층 강화시키는 계기가 되었고, 이때의 구상은 현재 미국의 비밀기록관리의 정착으로 이어진다. 미국의 비밀기록관리 체제는 특화된 전문 법안 없이 현재까지 냉전시기에 제정된 비밀기록관련 입법적 근거와 일련의 변화를 거듭하는 대통령령(Executive Order)에 의해 관리된다고 볼 수 있다. 이 글은 미국 초기의 역사에서부터 냉전시기까지 미국의 전반적인 비밀기록관리체제를 검토하고자 한다. 이를 위해 미국의 비밀기록관리의 역사를 세 시기로 구분하여 고찰한다: 비밀기록관리의 전통 수립 시기(식민지 시대 ~ 1차 세계대전 직전); 비밀기록 관리체제의 구축 시기 (1차 세계대전 ~ 2차 세계대전 직전); 비밀기록 관리체제의 현재적 구상 시기 (2차 세계대전 ~ 냉전시기). 이러한 시기 구분의 척도는 각 시기가 비밀기록 관련 법령들과 비밀기록관리의 실제 적용방식에 있어 드러낸 차별성이다.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.159-163
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• 2008

최근의 우리나라 타이포그래피의 트랜드가 다양해지고 있다. 그 중에서 2005년 이후에 나타난 트랜드가 캘리그라피인데 일반적인 담론은 우연의 현상으로 보고 있는 것이 현실이다. 그러나 한글캘리그래피의 태동은 한글타이포그라피에 관심이 있어 지켜보는 관점에서는 전혀 그렇지가 않다. 그 이유는 한글의 기계화가 미국이나 일본보다 늦어서이다. 우리나라는 일본에 병합되고 6.25민족동란을 겪으면서 경제적 자립이 늦어지고 그에 맞는 문화적인 발전도 늦어졌다. 우리글인 한글이 자립한 시점도 1990년 초반으로 컴퓨터의 도입과 함께 한글의 원도를 스캔하여 기본적인 기틀을 구축함과 시기를 같이한다. 80년대 후반부터 한글에 자주화에 많은 노력이 있었으나 소프트웨어적인 문제보다 한글은 하드웨어적인 부분의 어려움을 겪었다. 90년대 초반에는 주로 기본적인 글자생활을 하기위한 명조나 고딕체등 최정호의 서체를 컴퓨터라는 하드웨어에 끼워 맞추는 것이 전부였다면 그 이후 90년대 후반까지는 새로운 아이디어와 기획되어진 서체를 디자인적으로 양식화된 서체를 만들어 보급하는데 중점을 두었던 시대라 할 수 있다. 2000년대에 들어서서는 한국서체회사의 양대 메이저라고 할 수 있는 산돌글자은행과 윤디자인연구소가 새롭게 만들어 선보인 서체들이 산돌글자은행의 '옛멋글씨'(주로 한글개발이후 목판본)를 윤디자인연구소는 서예느낌이 나는 '필' 시리즈를 내놓음으로 손 글씨의 맛을 디자인 시장에 맛보였다. 이러한 반복된 과정은 지금의 캘리그래프로 나가는 자연스러운 원동력이 되었고 이 양대 메이저의 회사의 역할은 지금의 캘리그래피의 시대를 낳는 자연스러운 산파역할을 했다.

• 영어영문학
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.409-427
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• 2010

In this paper, I revisit and problematize "blackness" in THH by building on Toni Morrison's call for the theorization of "blackness" in American literature. THH has received much critical attention in the decades that followed its revival, but this paper argues that the meaning of "Africanist presence" has not been adequately addressed in 19th-century women writers' works. This paper is an effort to fill in this gap, and examines the ways in which "blackness" informed and shaped this most popular text of 19th-century America. This paper argues that THH demonstrates contemporary America's fear of "blackness," and rather than celebrating Capitola's feminist credentials or criticizing the lack of sensitivity to racial issues in THH, shows that the significance of the text lies in the ways in which it prophesies an impending national crisis mediated through the disruptive force of Capitola and Black Donald. THH certainly reiterates the popular, contemporary racial paradigms and excludes blacks from the conceptualization of "manhood," and it may seem that the issue of race is subsumed under gender issues when the text continuously privileges gender over race. However, at the same time, Black Donald and Capitola's disruptive energies signify the fear of explosive "blackness," and the disruptive stirrings of "blackness" permeate the novel as the energy that might rupture the seemingly tranquil order of antebellum South. The novel encodes and reflects the fear of blackness in the minds of its readers, and the popularity of this novel foretells nothing less than the explosion of Civil War.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.103-124
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• 2017

Korea and Japan have been influenced by one another through various points in their respective histories. During ancient times and throughout the Middle Ages, many aspects of culture and modern civilisation were conveyed from China to Japan via Korea. This trend changed in the second half of the $19^{th}$ century, as Japan opened its ports to foreign trade, completely reforming its own society before Korea followed suit. The aspects of modern civilisation and culture were thus subsequently conveyed to Korea from Japan. Not unlike Western cultures of the time, Japan also engaged in a pursuit of imperialism that resulted in its subjugation of Korea during the Japanese occupation. After Korea regained its independence following the Second World War, Koreans rebuilt their country largely on the basis of the social system Japan had left behind. 70 years later, differences from the Japanese model may nevertheless be observed in various areas. Library legislation is no exception. This paper provides a comparison of Korean and Japanese library laws. The comparison and consideration of the enactment and revision processes of library legislation of both countries reveals how differences in legislation developed and provides an analysis of the implementation of these differences.

• 분석과 대안
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.163-202
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• 2020

This paper examines how Japanese society produced and reproduced a distinctively gendered history and memories of the experience of WWII and colonialism in the postwar era. We argue that these gendered narratives, which were embedded in postwar debates about the Peace Constitution and comfort women, have engendered contradictions and made the historical conflicts with neighboring countries challenging to resolve. On the one hand, this deepens conflict, but on the other, it also generates stability in East Asia. After Japan's defeat in WWII, the American Occupation government created the Peace Constitution, which permanently "renounces war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes." The removal of the state's monopoly on violence - the symbol of masculinity - resulted in Japan's feminization. This feminization led to collective forgetting of prewar imperialism and militarism in postwar Japan. While collectively forgetting the wartime history of comfort women within these feminized narratives, the conservative movement to revise the Peace Constitution attempted to recover Japan's masculinity for a new, autonomous role in international politics, as uncertainty in East Asia increased. Ironically, however, this effort strengthened Japan's femininity because it involved forgetting Japan's masculine role in the past. This forgetting has undermined efforts to achieve masculine independence, thus reinforcing dependence on the United States. Recurrent debates about the Peace Constitution and comfort women have influenced how Japanese political elites and intellectual society have constructed distinctive social institutions, imagined foreign relations, and framed contemporary problems, as indicated in their gendered restructuring of history.