• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2007

Why do some countries walk on the right and others on the left? People have a dominant hand which leads to a natural tendency to favor one side of the road or another depending on the means of transportation being used. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the stereotype of Korean regarding preferred walking direction in encountering various facilities and provide the appropriate information to traffic policy makers. Six hundred Korean male and female subjects aging from 12 to 83 were selected to investigate the various statistics about their preferred walking direction and their employment characteristics on walking diverse facilities. The walking directions of eleven different facilities were asked along with other relative subjects' characteristics(e.g., age, gender, hand and foot dominance) to determine the relationship among these obtained data. The descriptive statistics showed that 73.7% and 26.3% were preferred walking right and left direction respectively. Moreover, various statistical analysis revealed that general tendency of walking direction was varied by hand and foot dominances. There were strong tendency that right-handed people prefer walking right side of the road and vise versa, hence this should be considered in setting up traffic policies. As a concluding remark, it is better to design traffic policies and regulations in the way that peoples' preference and expectation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2011

Purpose: To evaluate changes in lower extremity muscle activity caused by high heeled shoe wearing during normal, brisk, and upslope walking. Methods: Twenty healthy young women (age, $23.9{\pm}2.47$) participated in this study. Muscle activities of the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, soleus, hamstring, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis while walking normally, walking briskly, and walking up a slope. Results: When walking normally, the peroneus longus, gastrocnemius lateralis, soleus, and vastus lateralis evidenced higher activity when high-heeled shoes were worn (p<0.05). During brisk walking, the peroneus longus and gastrocnemius lateralis exhibited higher activity (p<0.05). Although the peroneus longus and vastus lateralis exhibited higher activity when walking up an incline with high-heeled shoes, the activity levels of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis were lower (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that increased heel height substantially reduces muscle effort when walking up a slope. From a therapeutic perspective, it is possible that using high heeled shoes over a short period might enhance muscle activity of ankle evertor, although it can cause mediolateral muscle imbalances in the lower extremities.

• 산업융합연구
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.213-217
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• 2022

본 연구의 목적은 한국인 대상의 국민건강영양조사(2018년) 자료 중 30세 이상의 인구를 대상으로 나이, 신체활동 (걷기, 근력운동), 주관적 체형 인식, 체중의 변화가 주관적 건강 상태와의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구의 대상과 연구방법은 제7기 3차년도 국민건강영양조사 (2018년)를 이용한 이차분석연구이다. 나이, 1주일간 걷기 일수, 1주일간 근력운동 일수, 주관적 건강 상태, 주관적 체형 인식, 그리고 1년 동안 체중 변화 유무를 변수로 이용하여 주관적 건강 상태와의 상관성 분석을 SPSS를 활용하여 통계적 유의성 있는 결과를 활용하였다(p<.01). 7일(매일) 걷기를 한다는 응답율은 30-45세는 21.9%, 50-64세는 27.2% 그리고 65세 이상은 26.6%이며, 5일 근력운동을 한다는 응답율은 30-45세는 3.6%, 50-64세는 8.4% 그리고 65세 이상은 7.9%이다(p<.001). 주관적 건강 상태는 나이 (.091), 1주일간 걷기일수(.739), 1주일간 근력운동 일수 (.530), 주관적 체형인지(.256), 1년간 체중 변화(.303)에 대해서는 양의 상관관계가 있었다(p<.01). 본 연구에서는 주관적 건강 상태는 '나쁨'이라고 응답한 연령대는 65세 이상이 21.4%로 가장 높았으며, 그 다음으로는 50-64세는 15.7%, 30-45세는 11.0% 순으로 나타났다. 이는 걷기, 근력운동을 함으로써 주관적 건강 상태가 좋아질 것으로 기대할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 연령에 따른 개인의 주관적 건강 상태 향상을 위한 건강 관련 프로그램을 마련하는데 기초자료로 제공하고자 한다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2005

To compare the effects of forward walking and backward walking on surface electromyographic analysis of quadriceps muscles at treadmill grades of 0%, 5% and 10%, subjects were randomized to eleven athletics (5 females, 6 males), with a mean age of 17.8 years, and a SD of 4.66 years. The values of the surface electromyographic (SEMG) activity of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis oblique (VMO) were measured during forward walking and backward walking on a treadmill at grades of 0, 5 and 10%. The subjects walked for approximately 10 seconds at 4.0 km/h. The data were analyzed by repeated measuring of the two-way ANOVA and analyzed by a paired t-test between forward walking and backward walking. The SEMG activity levels of the RF, VL and VMO were the highest when both the forward walking and backward walking increased incrementally for treadmill grades of 0% to 10%, but the VMO/VL ratio had no significant changes. The SEMG activity levels of the RF, VL and VMO were significantly different between directions. However, SEMG activity levels of the RF, VL, VMO and VMO/VL ratio did not show significant difference among the treadmill grades. No statistically significant interactions were detected between the direction of walking and treadmill grade. Backward walking on the treadmill at 4 km/h and grades of 0%, 5%, 10% elicited a greater SEMG activity on the quadriceps muscles than did forward walking under the same conditions. The results suggest that the quadriceps may be effectively activated by performance at treadmill grades of 10%. This investigation confirms that backward walking up an incline may place additional muscular demands on individuals.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2013

The first purpose was to identify the plantar pressure distributions (peak pressure, pressure integral time, and contact area) during level walking, and stair ascent and descent in asymptomatic flexible flatfoot (AFF). The second purpose was to investigate whether peak pressure data during level walking could be used to predict peak pressure during stair walking by identifying correlations between the peak pressures of level walking and stair walking. Twenty young adult subjects (8 males and 12 females, age $21.0{\pm}1.7$ years) with AFF were recruited. A distance greater than 10 mm in a navicular drop test was defined as flexible flatfoot. Each subject performed at least 10 steps during level walking, and stair ascent and descent. The plantar pressure distribution was measured in nine foot regions using a pressure measurement system. A two-way repeated analysis of variance was conducted to examine the differences in the three dependent variables with two within-subject factors (activity type and foot region). Linear regression analysis was conducted to predict peak pressure during stair walking using the peak pressure in the metatarsal regions during level walking. Significant interaction effects were observed between activity type and foot region for peak pressure (F=9.508, p<.001), pressure time integral (F=5.912, p=.003), and contact area (F=15.510, p<.001). The regression equations predicting peak pressure during stair walking accounted for variance in the range of 25.7% and 65.8%. The findings indicate that plantar pressures in AFF were influenced by both activity type and foot region. Furthermore the findings suggest that peak pressure data during level walking could be used to predict the peak pressure data during stair walking. These data collected for AFF can be useful for evaluating gait patterns and for predicting pressure data of flexible flatfoot subjects who have difficulty performing activities such as stair walking. Further studies should investigate plantar pressure distribution during various functional activities in symptomatic flexible flatfoot, and consider other predictors for regression analysis.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2000

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different weaning age on feeding performance and behaviour of piglets. Sixty crossbred(YLxD) litters of piglets were randomly alloted to be 15 pens with 4 piglets per pen and 5 pens per treatment by weaned at 14, 21, and 28 days. Pens were video-taped for 24 hours immediately at 7 weeks and 8 weeks of age. The piglets weaned at 14 and 21 days were significantly (P<0.05) much intake than piglets weaning at 28 days. The piglets weaning at 14 days were significantly lighter than piglets weaning at 14 and 21 days fro m2 weeks to 8 weeks age. However, feed conversion ration was significantly(P<0.05) improved according to late weaning days. Times spent engaged in Feeding, lying and walking were similar in piglets across weaning age. They also showed similar occurrence of drinking and agonistic behaviour at 7 weeks and 8 weeks of age. Piglets weaned at 14 days exhibited more belly-nosing behaviour at 7 weeks of age, but similar in piglets at 8 weeks of age across weaning age. We concluded that piglets performance influenced by weaning day, however time spent for feeding, lying and walking behaviour were no significance. Drinking, Agonistic and belly-nosing were not significantly different by weaning age.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2020

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of treadmill walking training using the metronome on the gait pattern. METHODS: A total of 33 healthy persons were studied consisting of 17 female and 16 male in the 20-30 age group. A gait analysis program was installed on a treadmill with a built - in gait analysis sensor and laptop. After 9 minutes of treadmill walking, gait analysis was performed for 1 minute. The mean values of the differences in the step length, angle of COP, separation line standard deviation and step force of the lower legs affecting walking symmetry were calculated for treadmill walking and treadmill walking using the metronome. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normality of the collected data and a paired t-test was performed to analyze the difference in walking before and after using the metronome. RESULTS: As a result of the analysis, the mean of difference between the measured values of the bilateral lower extremity for step length, angle of COP, separation line standard deviation and step force were statistically significant before and after treadmill walking using the metronome. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the treadmill walking training using the metronome is effective in decreasing the difference in the foot width, gait angle, gait distribution, and foot pressure. Because of this, the treadmill walking training using the metronome has a significant effect on walking symmetry among the elements for correct walking, which is a means for enabling efficient and continuous walking.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.93-101
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• 1992

Gait parameters for the Korean normal adults were compared with sex and age. Time-distance measurements and ground reaction force parameters were studied in relation to walking speed. Regression analysis was performed to establish functional relations between walking speed and various gait parameters. It is found that cardence and stride length varied linearly with walking velocity whereas time of double support was inversely proportional to walking velocity. The amplitude of ground reaction force was increased with increasing velocities of gait due to the greater heel-strike force and toe-off forces associated with these higher velocities. The results of this study can be usefull utilized as basic data to design and evaluate prosthetic devices, and to detect abnormal gait performances.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.237-244
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• 2018

Objective: Flat-footed people struggle with excessive ankle joint motion during walking and running. This study aimed to investigate the effects of customized three-dimensional 3D-printed insoles on the kinematics of flat-footed people during daily activities (walking and running). Method: Fifteen subjects (height, $169.20{\pm}2.61cm$; age, $22.87{\pm}8.48years$; navicular bone height, $13.2{\pm}1.00mm$) diagnosed with flat feet in a physical examination participated in this study. Results: The customized 3D-printed insoles did not significantly affect 3D ankle joint angles under walking and running conditions. However, they shifted the trajectory of the center of pressure (COP) laterally during fast walking, which enhanced the load distribution on the foot during the stance phase. Conclusion: The customized 3D-printed insoles somewhat positively affected the pressure distribution of flat-footed people by changing the COP trajectory. Further research including comparisons with customized commercial insoles is needed.

• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of Danjeon Breathing exercise and walking exercise on blood lipids, physical symptoms and hemoglobin of middle-aged women to determine which of these two exercises was more beneficial. Methods: The Danjeon breathing exercise group(20) took health management counseling and performed an eighty-minute Danjeon breathing exercise three times a week for 12 weeks while the walking exercise group(25) took health management counseling and performed a walking exercise seven hours per week for 12 weeks. The control group(20) received only health management counseling. The groups were homogeneous on age, religion, marital status, education, profession, monthly income per household, menopause, smoking, drinking, fat intake and cholesterol intake. Likewise, the groups were homogeneous on total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol,atherogenic index, hemoglobin and physical symptoms. The collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS PC program and $x^2$-test, ANOVA, repeated measures of ANOVA and LSD. Results: 1. Total cholesterol of the Danjeon breathing exercise group and the walking exercise group were lower than that of the control group. 2. HDL- cholesterol of the Danjeon breathing exercise group and the walking exercise group were not higher than that of the control group. 3. Atherogenic index of the Danjeon breathing exercise group was lower than that of the control group, but atherogenic index of the walking exercise group was not lower than that of the control group. 4. Hemoglobin of the Danjeon breathing exercise group and the walking exercise group were not higher than that of the control group. 5. Physical symptom score of the Danjeon breathing exercise group was lower than those of the walking exercise group and the control group, but Physical symptom score of the walking exercise group was not lower than that of the control group. Conclusion: Danjeon breathing exercise and walking exercise are effective for decreasing total cholesterol of middle-aged women. Danjeon breathing exercise is more effective for decreasing atherogenic index and physical symptoms of middle-aged women than walking exercise.