• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.161-165
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• 2007

Objective : Percutaneous approach to the middle thoracic vertebra through the transpedicular route for the patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures is difficult due to the small size of the pedicle and parasagittally oriented vertebra body anatomy. The percutaneous vertebral body access [PVBA] technique utilizing the posterolateral extrapedicular approach avoids the pedicle and provides direct access to the vertebral body. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the vertebroplasty utilizing PVBA technique for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in the middle thoracic vertebrae. Methods : A retrospective review was done on 20 patients who underwent vertebroplasty utilizing PVBA technique performed for painful osteoporotic compression fracture in the middle thoracic vertebrae at 22 levels from May 2003 to June 2006. The average amount of the injected cement was 1.5-2.5ml. The postprocedural outcome was assessed using a visual analogue scale [VAS]. Results : The treated vertebrae were T5 [1 level], T6 [5 levels], 17 [7 levels], and T8 [9 levels]. The compression rate and kyphotic angle were improved after procedure from $18%{\pm}13.4$ to $16%{\pm}13.8$ [p > 0.05] and from $6.9^{\circ}{\pm}6.7$ to $6.6^{\circ}{\pm}6.2$ [p>005], respectively. Preprocedural VAS was $8.2{\pm}0.70$ and was decreased to $2.1{\pm}1.02$ [p < 0.01] after treatment. Postprocedural cement leakage was noted in 3 levels [13.7%]. There were no cases of leakage to epidural space or neural foramen, segmental artery injury, and pneumothorax. Conclusion : These results suggest that the complication rates are low and good results can be achieved with vertebroplasty utilizing PVBA technique for the osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures especially in the middle thoracic vertebrae.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.551-559
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• 2007

This study was to investigate if cervical vertebrae maturation stages are as useful as hand-wrist maturation stages in evaluating the mandibular growth. The subject consisted of 292 girls aged from 8 to 16 years with normal occlusion. They were classified according to diagnosis by using studycast, lateral cephalogram, and handwrist X-ray film. The results were as follow: 1. Cervical vertebrae and hand-wrist maturation stages increased with age. 2. All mandibular measurements (Ar-Go, Go-Me, N-Go, S-Gn, N-Me) increased linearly with cervical vertebrae maturation stages. 3. Ar-Go, Go-Me, N-Go, S-Gn increased linearly with hand-wrist maturation stages. 4. Ar-Go, Go-Me, N-Go, S-Gn increased relatively rapidly between cervical vertebrae maturation stages 3 and 4. Go-Me and S-Gn increased relatively rapidly between hand-wrist maturation stages 6 and 7. 5. Ar-Go, Go-Me, N-Go, S-Gn, N-Me had high correlations with cervical vertebrae maturation stages as well as hand-wrist maturation stages. These results suggest that cervical vertebrae maturation stages are reliable on evaluating the mandibular growth.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.108-113
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• 2004

This study was to evaluate and compare differences of the cervical vertebral skeletal maturity of normal occlusion and skeletal Class III malocclusion. Normal occlusion (172 girls) and skeletal Class III malocclusion(191 girls) were classified according to diagnosis stone model and lateral cephalogram of Korean girls aging from 8 to 12 years. The concavity of inferior border, vertico-horizontal ratio of cervical vertebrae were observed and measured according to age. Differences of the cervical vertebral skeletal maturity were evaluated. The results were as follows : 1. The concavity of inferior border of the 2nd to 6th vertebrae of normal occlusion and skeletal Class III had uniformly increased with age. 2. The vertico-horizontal ratio of the 3rd to 6th vertebrae of girls with normal occlusion and skeletal Class III had uniformly increased with age. 3. There was no significant difference in cervical vertebral skeletal maturity between normal occlusion and skeletal Class III malocclusion in the concavity of inferior border of the 2nd to 6th vertebrae and in the vertico-horizontal ratio of the 3rd to 6th vertebrae. The results in the study indicate that there is no significant difference of cervical vertebral skeletal maturity between girls with normal occlusion and skeletal Class III malocclusion.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.2 s.67
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• pp.285-295
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• 1998

In clinical orthodontics, it is significant to understand the stage of growth in a growing patient. In order to assess the skeletal maturity of the patients, the hand-wrist radiograph and the cervical vertebrae (Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Indicators : CVMI) was evaluated from the lateral cephalograph and the skeletal maturity determined from the hand-wrist X-ray (Skeletal Maurity Indicators : SMI) taken on the same day in the same patients, and its interrelationship examined to come up with the following results: 1. The skeletal maturity evaluated from the hand-wrist radiograph and the maturation of the cervical vertebrae from the lateral cephalograph showed a significant interrelationship with each other. 2. In the evaluation of the skeletal maturity using the SMI and CVMI, the CVMI 1 showed a siginificant correlation with SMI 1, 2, the CVMI 2 with SMI 3, 4, CVMI 3 with SMI 6, 7, CVMI 4 with SMI 7, 8, CVMI 5 with 9, 10 and CVMI 6 with SMI 11. 3. When the morphological changes in the 2nd and 3rd cervical vertebrae were separately observed, it was seldom that the concavity appeared in the lower border of the 2nd cervical vertebra and at the same time not appear in the 3rd cervical vertebra (CVMI 2 : 10.38%, CVMI 3 : 6.56%) 4. In each of the skeletal maturation stage evaluated from the hand-wrist and the cervical vertebra, the average age and its standard deviation in male and female patients appeared to have large differences among individuals. Skeletal maturation seemed to appear earlier for the girls than for the boys, and its termination 24 months faster for girls.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.22 no.3 s.38
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• pp.603-615
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• 1992

This study was undertaken to investigate the interrelationship between the growth change of mandible and the developmental age of growing girls in the longitudinal data from 7 years to 15 years. The data were obtained from maturation stage of cervical vertebrae through the serial lateral cephalogram, height increment records which was taken at one year interval, menarche date through interview. On the basis of findings of this study, the following conclusions were obtained. 1. In general the growth of mandible (Ar-Pog, Ar-Go, Go-Pog) showed two peaks of growth velocity. 2. The maximum growth of mandible (Ar-Pog, Ar-Go, Go-Pog) almost appeared between stage 3 and stage 4 in maturation of cervical vertebrae. 3. It showed the tendency that the maximum increment of height appeared faster than that of mandible (Ar-Pog, Ar-Go, Pog-Go). 4. The maximum growth of height almost appeared between stage 2 and stage 3 in maturation of cervical vertebrae. 5. It showed the tendency that the menarche appeared later than the maximum growth of mandible (Ar-Pog, Ar-Go, Pog-Go). 6. The menarche almost appeared at stage 4, stage 5 in maturation of cervical vertebrae.

• Journal of International Society for Simulation Surgery
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2016

Background Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is a benign condition. With early diagnosis and appropriate management, it can be cured completely, leaving no residual deformity. However, long-standing, untreated CMT can lead to permanent craniofacial deformities and asymmetry.Methods Nineteen patients presented to the author with congenital muscular torticollis. Three dimensional computed tomography (3-D CT) scans was obtained upon patient’s admission. Adjustment of skull’s position to Frankfort horizontal plan was done. Cervical vertebral segmentation was done which allowed a 3D module to be separately created for each vertebra to detect any anatomical or positional changes.Results The segmented vertebrae showed an apparent anatomical changes, which were most noticeable at the level of the atlas and axis vertebrae. These changes decreased gradually till reaching the seventh cervical vertebra, which appeared to be normal in all patients. The changes in the atlas vertebra were mostly due to its intimate relation with the skull base, while the changes of the axis were the most significantConclusion Cervical vertebral segmentation is a reliable tool for isolation and studying cervical vertebral pathological changes of each vertebra separately. The accuracy of the procedures in addition to the availability of many software that can be used for segmentation will allow many surgeons to use segmentation of the vertebrae for diagnosis and even for preoperative simulation planning.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.450-456
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• 2021

Objective: Studies confirming the lumber spine kinematics of direct or indirect segmental mobility under the application of joint mobilization, which induces passive force on the spine, are insufficient.Therefore, this study aims to obtain the underlying clinical data by identifying direct or indirect segmental mobility produced by Maitland's PA mobilization technique. Design: Randomized controlled trial design. Methods: Thirty subjects with no back pain participated in this study. X-ray testing equipment (SIG-40-525, Ecoray Inc., Korea) was used to verify the segmented movement of their lumbar. Joint mobilization was performed by physiotherapists with more than 10 years of experience in prescription therapy, and radiography was performed once without PA joint mobilization and once without the mobilization for comparing the lumbar vertebrae before and after the mobilization. The radiographs taken were analyzed using the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) program to measure the spinal displacement, intervertebral height, intervertebral angle, and lumbar lordosis angle. Results: Significant differences were observed in the lumbar displacement, intervertebral angle, and lumbar lordosis angle in all lumbar vertebrae before and after the mobilization. The intervertebral height indicated significant differences in all ventral vertebrae and only in L3-L4 and L4-L5 in dorsal vertebrae. Conclusions: This study suggests that the segmental mobility produced through indirect approaches plays an important role in inducing therapeutic effects in patients with back pain.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.448-455
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• 2023

The azygos vein can be formed as a single root, two roots, and three roots, namely lateral, intermediate and the medial roots respectively. The hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein are the tributaries of azygos vein rather than its left side equivalents. Its variations, especially in young persons without any relevant risk factors, may result in thromboembolic illness. This study aimed to describe the morphological and morphometric variations of azygos system of veins. The present study was conducted on thirty formalin fixed adult human cadavers by dissecting azygos vein from formation to termination and variations were noted. The azygos vein was formed by a single root in 56.7%, by two roots: the lateral root and intermediate root in 36.7% cases and by the lateral root and medial root in 6.6%. The vertebral level of termination of azygos vein was seen at the level of T4 vertebrae in 70% cases, at the level of T3 vertebrae in 20% of cases and at the level of T5 vertebrae in 10% cases. The course of azygos vein was varying in 13.3%. These morphological variations can be useful while performing mediastinal surgery, mediastinoscopy, surgery of the deformations of the vertebral column, neurovascular surgeries of the retroperitoneal organs, disc herniation and fracture of thoracic vertebrae.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.134-141
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• 2018

Purpose: To measure the head tilting angle creating initial condylar cut-off and to find the head position inducing the superimposition of the cervical vertebrae over the mandibular ramus on panoramic radiograph. Materials and Methods: The panoramic radiographs were taken with Didactic skull on cervical spine model (Scientific GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) using Kodak 8000c Digital Panoramic radiography. For the inherent radiolucency of the plastic skull model, radiopaque 1 mm diameter lead wires were attached along the margin of the mandibular condyle, ramus, mandibular body, cervical vertebrae, and FH plane of the skull model. For measuring the head tilting angle creating the condylar head cutoff, panoramic radiographs were taken by tilting the FH plane downward in 5 degree increments. For finding the distance between transverse process of the third cervical vertebra and gonion inducing superimposition of cervical vertebrae on the mandibular ramus, panoramic radiographs were taken by decreasing the distance in 0.5 cm increments. Result and Conclusion: The condylar cutoff began to appear when the head of skull model was tilted downward by 15o. As the head tilting angle increasing, the condylar cutoff became more prominent. The superimposition of cervical vertebrae over the mandibular ramus began to appear when the distance between the gonion and third cervical vertebra was 1.0 cm. As the distance decreasing, the superimpostion became more prominent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.892-895
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• 2005

This study investigated changes of mechanical characteristics in the trabecular and cortical bone of the lumbar vertebrae of the ovariectomised(OVX) rat. In previous researches, there were many studies for morphology of osteoporotic bones based on Micro-CT (Micro - Computed Tomography). However, there were few studies for detecting and tracking changes of mechanical characteristics in the trabecular bone and cortical bone of the lumbar vertebrae for the OVX rat. For this study, one female Sprague-Dawley rat was used: an OVX rat. The 4th lumbar of the OVX rat was utilized as a specimen. Detecting and tracking changes of mechanical characteristics could be investigated in the trabecular and cortical bone of the lumbar vertebrae for an OVX rat using In-vivo Micro-CT. An OVX rat was scanned at week 0 (just before surgery), at week 4, and week 8 after surgery. Micro finite element(${\mu}\;FE$) analysis was used to investigate mechanical characteristics in the trabecular and cortical bone of the lumbar vertebrae for an OVX rat.