• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1133-1145
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• 2019

Successful launch requires state-of-the-art launch vehicle technology and constant test operations, However, the meteorological threat to the launch vehicle flight trajectory is also an important factor for launch success. Atmospheric stability above the Naro Space Center at the this time is very important, especially because the initial flight operation can determine the success of the launch. Moreover, during the flight of launch vehicle with rapid pressure and thrust into the atmosphere, convection activity in the atmosphere may create environmental conditions that cause severe weather threats such as thunderstorms. Hence, studies of atmospheric instability characteristics over the Naro Space Center are a necessary part of successful launch missions. Therefore, the main aims of this study were to (1) verify the atmospheric stability index and convection activity characteristics over the Naro Space Center using radiosonde data observed from 2007 to 2018 by the Naro Space Center, (2) analyze changes in the atmospheric stability index according to monthly and seasonal changes, and (3) assess how the calculated atmospheric stability index is related to actual thunderstorm occurrence using statistical analysis. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the atmospheric characteristics above the Naro Space Center through the distribution chart of the atmospheric stability index during summer, when convection activity is highest. Finally, we assessed the relationship between lightning occurrence and unstable atmospheric conditions, through predictability analysis performed using the lightning observation data of the Korea Meteorological Administration.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.2136-2142
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• 2011

Smart Device Communications using the development of anti-theft system for vehicles have been investigated. because Progress of Smart Device If someone get the Key for Vehicle theft, he can be easily stolen vehicle. We thought about the concept of dual security devices. Using vehicle's identifier ID of CAN, when Comparing Smat phone identifier ID value and identifier ID received from the Can in the Head, If the same ID is compared. At this point after the activity of the vehicle's ACC On/Off the system allows the vehicle's ignition.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.122-130
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• 2019

Collecting a rich but meaningful training data plays a key role in machine learning and deep learning researches for a self-driving vehicle. This paper introduces a detailed overview of existing open-source simulators which could be used for training self-driving vehicles. After reviewing the simulators, we propose a new effective approach to make a synthetic autonomous vehicle simulation platform suitable for learning and training artificial intelligence algorithms. Specially, we develop a synthetic simulator with various realistic situations and weather conditions which make the autonomous shuttle to learn more realistic situations and handle some unexpected events. The virtual environment is the mimics of the activity of a genuine shuttle vehicle on a physical world. Instead of doing the whole experiment of training in the real physical world, scenarios in 3D virtual worlds are made to calculate the parameters and training the model. From the simulator, the user can obtain data for the various situation and utilize it for the training purpose. Flexible options are available to choose sensors, monitor the output and implement any autonomous driving algorithm. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of the developed simulator by implementing an end-to-end CNN algorithm for training a self-driving shuttle.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hot water extract of peduncle obtained from Hovenia dulcis Thunb (HD) which is commercially developed for the protective effect on the alcoholic hepatotoxicity, on the endurance capacity for weight loaded forced swimming mice. The swimming times to exhaustion in mice fed 100 and 200 mg/kg HD for 2 weeks were prolonged 3.6 and 3.7 fold, and for 4 weeks 1.9 and 2.7 fold compared with each vehicle control ($42.8{\pm}20.5$ min and $67.7{\pm}47.8$ min, for 2 and 4 weeks), respectively. Blood biochemical parameters for ALT, AST, creatinine and BUN were not significantly different between from HD fed or control mice. Although HD fed mice swam over 2 fold longer time than vehicle control mice at 4 weeks, blood biomarkers of physical fatigue such as glucose, triglyceride and free fatty acid, lactate were not significant different and even tended to ameliorate. Hepatic lipid peroxidation and SOD activity did not significantly change in HD fed- and vehicle control exhausted swimming mice at 2 or 4 weeks. However, catalase activity in HD-fed mice was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner compared with vehicle control mice. The present study indicates that HD improved physical fatigue and exercise performance in mice. Therefore, it has a potential for the pharmacological effect of anti-fatigue.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 1989

The effects of an antiprogesterone (RU 486) and an antiestrogen (tamoxifen) on ovulatory response and oocyte morphology were examined in pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)-primed immatare female rats (28 days of age): a comparison has been made on two different regirnens primed with a "control" dose (4 IU) and a "superovulatory" dose (40 IU) of PMSG. Females for control control regimen received three consecutive injections of lmg RU486, lmg tamoxifen, or vehicle at 24, 36 and 48hr, and were killed at 72l'r after PMSG. Animals for superovalatory regimen received lmg RU486, 2.5mg tamoxifen, or vehicle fouowlag the injection schedule comparable to control regimen, and were killed at 60 and 72hr after PMSG. Compared to vehicle group, there was a significant reduction in ovulatory response as judged by the proportion of rats ovulating andi or by the mean number of oocytes per rat for each treatment of RU486 and tamoxifen in both regimens. The activity of tamoxifen in inhibiting the ovulatory response was greater in control, but less in superovulatory regimen than that of RU486 based on the dose employed for each antisteroid. In both regimens, RU 486 did not have any effect 6n the changes in the proportion of degenerate oocytes as well as ovarian weight, well tamoxifen treatment resulted in a marked promotion of oocyte degeneration as well as a great reduction in ovarian weight, compared to each parameter of vehicle group. RU486 treatment in each regimen did not alter the serum levels of any steroid hormones observed. Howerver, tamoxifen treatment was associated with significant increases in serum 17$\beta$-estradiol and decreases in progesterone in both regimens; also significant increases in androgens in superovulatory regimen. The results illustrate the relative inhibitory activity of RU486 and tamoxifen indicating major steroid hormone involved in PMSG-induced ovulation: 17$\beta$-estradiol for control and progesterone for superovulatory regimen. It also appears that tamoxifen-associated elevation of circulating 17$\beta$-estradiol andi or androgens could be in part, a contributing factor to the promotion of oocyte degeneration presumably by producing a hostile oviductal environment after ovulation.ent after ovulation.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.405-415
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to compare greenhouse gas emissions from road transportation by calculation methods (Tier 1, Teir 2, and Tier 3). Tier 1 based on 2006 IPCC guidelines default emission factor and amount of fuel consumption. The Tier 2 approach is the same as Tier 1 except that country-specific carbon contents of the fuel sold in road transport are used. Tier 2 based on emission factor of guidelines for local government greenhouse gas inventories (Korea Environment Corporation), the fuel consumption per one vehicle, and the registered motor vehicles. The Tier 3 approach requires detailed, country-specific data to generate activity-based emission factors for vehicle subcategories (National Institute of Environmental Research) and may involve national models. Tier 3 calculates emissions by multiplying emission factors by vehicle activity levels (e.g., VKT) for each vehicle subcategory and possible road type. VKT was estimated by using GIS road map and traffic volume of the section. The GHG average emission rate by the Tier 1 was 728,857 $tonCO_2eq$/yr, while Tier 2 and Tier 3 were 864,757 $tonCO_2eq$/yr and 661,710 $tonCO_2eq$/yr, respectively. Tier 3 was underestimated by 10.1 and 20.7 percent for the GHG emission observed by Tier 1 and Tier 2, respectively. Based on this study, we conclude that Tier 2 is reasonable GHG emissions than Tier 1 or Tier 3. But, further study is still needed to accurate GHG emission from Tier 3 method by expanding the traffic survey area and developing the model of local road traffic.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.304-310
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• 1995

This study was done to investigate the effect of vitamin C on hepatic biliary and microsomal function during ischemia and reperfusion. Rats were treated with vitamin C(20, 100, 400, 1600 mg/kg) or with vehicle(saline) and then subjected to 60 min no-flow hepatic ischemia in vivo. Control animals were time-matched sham ischemic animals. After 1 or 5 hr of reperfusion, bile was collected, blood was obtained from the abdominal aorta, and liver microsomes were isolated. In vehicle-treated ischemic rats, serum ALT and AST levels peaked at 5 hr and were significantly attenuated by vitamin C 20 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg treatment. Similarly, hepatic wet weight-to-dry weight ratio was decreased in the vehicle-treated ischemic group. Vitamin C 20 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg treatment minimized the increase in this ratio. Lipid peroxidation was elevated in vehicle-treated ischemic group, but this elevation was also inhibited by vitamin C 20 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg treatment. Bile flow and cholate output, but not bilirubin output, were markedly decreased by ischemia/reperfuzion. Vitamin C 20 mg/kg and 100mg/kg treatment restored the secretion but vitamin C 1600 mg/kg reduced the cholate output. Cytochrome P-450 content was decreased by ischemia/reperfusion and restored by vitamin C 20 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg treatment to the level of sham operated group but decreased by vitamin C 1600 mg/kg. Aminopyrine N-demethylase activity was decreased and aniline p-hydroxylase activity was increased by ischemia/reperfusion. The changes in the activities of aminopyrine were prevented by vitamin C 20 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg treatment, but not by 400 mg/kg and 1600 mg/kg treatment. Our findings suggest that ischemia/reperfusion diminishes hepatic secretory functions as well as microsomal drug metabolizing systems, small doses(20, 100 mg/kg) of vitamin C significantly ameliorates and large doses(400, 1600 mg/kg) of vitamin C aggravated these ischemia/reperfusion-induced changes.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.38C no.3
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• pp.227-232
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• 2013

Due to the development of ITS technology, various services related to transportation under vehicular environments have been provided. Especially, as wireless communication technology, WAVE has been established as a standard for vehicle-to-vehicle communications. WAVE has fast connection and excellent mobility characteristics. A VSC-A project is conducting by global automotive OEMs in USDOT. This project introduces the advanced safety services with vehicle-to-vehicle communications. In this paper, we presented the scenario of a do not pass warning service, which prevents an accident during overtaking activity by using vehicle-to-vehicle communications. In addition, we analyzed network performance under WAVE. In conclusion, we introduced the simulation results. Finally, we summarized the communication range and delay values for consideration factors for a overtaking model.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2009

Objectives : To investigate the effects of DL-HGF to hair growth activity in mouse, various kinds of ethosome and liposome formulations entrapped DL-HGF were produced and this study was carried out. Methods : The B16/BL6 mice were classified into five groups: vehicle control (Con) group, Et-1-applied group, Et-2-applied group, LP-1-applied group, LP-2-applied group. Active hair growth (anagen) was induced in the back skin by application of a waxosin mixture with subsequent depilation and the activity of hair growth was measured by macroscopic observation and histology. Results : In vehicle control group, there was no hair growth activity during experiment period. In Et-1-applied group, the rate of hair growth was about 100%, LP-1-applied group and Et-2-applied group showed 70-80% and 40-50% of hair growth rates, respectively. The rate of hair growth of LP-2-applied group was lower than other applied groups (20-30%). In H/E staining, Numerous hair folicles and hair shafts were observed in Et-1-applied group and other groups showed lower level of hair folicles and hair shafts formation than Et-1-applied group, Conclusion : Et-1 formulation showed highest hair growth activity than other ethosome and liposome formulations entrapped DL-HGF.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.2965-2972
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• 2011

The 21th century is carried out a rearing activity of green industries as a part of friendly echo policy for preservation of earth environment. Korean government is spreaded on a whole country to setting up a goal to a sustainable growth power of national for low carbon green growth. The recently rolling stock is received the footlights as a best friendly echo transportation of transport system of automobile, airplane, ship etc., also that is playing a big role to reduction of $CO_2$ greenhouse gas and a discharge of air pollution. This study was carried out the investigation and analysis for technology trend of the system light-weighting of a recently urban railway vehicle on commercial operating in domestic and foreign countries. As the results are proposed a short-term development technology and a long-term development technology of the system light-weighting to be developed for reduction weight of urban railway vehicle.