• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.168-172
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• 2006

Soy sauce was fermented at $20^{\circ}C$ for 100 days in onggi containers (ethnic Korean earthenware) which had been fabricated using three different glazing treatments: unglazed, glazed only on the outside, and glazed on both surfaces. The changes in microstructure and permeability characteristics of onggi containers were examined after fermentation of soy sauce. The effect of repeated use of onggi containers on the fermentation was analyzed by the contact between an aqueous model solution and the onggi containers used once for soy sauce fermentation. The levels of reducing sugar and free amino acids produced from the dissolved starch and protein, respectively, in the solution were compared between the new and reused onggi containers. The moisture permeance and gas permeabilities of the onggi jars were progressively reduced with continuing use for soy sauce fermentation, probably due to clogging of micropores by solid materials. After having been used once for fermentation, the microbial cells and/or enzymes immobilized on the surface or in the micropores of the onggi containers seemed to contribute to accelerating the hydrolytic reactions of starch and protein.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2007

Background and Objectives：Microvascular free flap reconstruction has been revolutionized in last two decades, and became a standard option in the reconstruction of head and neck defects. We intended to review our experiences of 51 microvascular free flap for head and neck defects during 5-year period and to analyze the types of flaps according to primary sites, success and complication rates. Subjects and Methods：From Oct. 2001 through Dec. 2005, fifty one free flap reconstructions were performed in forty nine patients at ENT department of Soonchunhyang university bucheon hospital. Primary sites, pathology, T-stage, operative time, time interval of oral feeding, and various reconstructive factors such as recipient and donor vessels, free flap related complications, failure rates and salvage rates were retrospectively analyzed. The relation between complication rates and preoperative risk factors were statistically analyzed. Results：Methods of reconstruction were radial forearm free flap(RFFF)(n=28, 54.9%), anterolateral thigh free flaps(n=9, ALTFF)(17.6%), rectus abdominis free flap(n=7, RAFF)(13.7%), jejunal free flap(n=5, JFF)(9.8%), and miscellanous(n=2, 4.0%) in order. In free flap related complications, failure of free flap occurred in seven cases(13.7%) and pharyngocutaneous fistula occurred in five cases(9.8%) among fifty one free flaps. The overall success rate of free flaps was 86.3%. Salvage of free flaps was possible only one among eight cases(12.5%). In positive preoperative risk factor groups, failure of free flap was higher than in negative risk factor group. However, it was not statistically significant. Conclusion：We confirmed that free flap reconstructions are highly versatile and reliable options for use in the reconstruction of various soft tissue defects of the head and neck. Free flaps have gained great popularity given its versatility, ability for a two-team approach, and minimal donor site morbidity. However, complications related to microvascular surgery may be overcome by increased surgical experience and by intensive flap monitoring in early postoperative period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.807-815
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• 2015

The present study aimed at evaluating the intensity of Tifton 85 conditioning using a mower conditioner with free-swinging flail fingers and storage times on dehydration curve, fungi presence, nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of Tifton 85 bermudagrass hay dry matter (DM). The dehydration curve was determined in the whole plant for ten times until the baling. The zero time corresponded to the plant before cutting, which occurred at 11:00 and the other collections were carried out at 8:00, 10:00, 14:00, and 16:00. The experimental design was randomised blocks with two intensities of conditioning (high and low) and ten sampling times, with five replications. The high and low intensities related to adjusting the deflector plate of the free iron fingers (8 and 18 cm). In order to determine gas exchanges during Tifton 85 bermudagrass dehydration, there were evaluations of mature leaves, which were placed in the upper middle third of each branch before the cutting, at every hour for 4 hours. A portable gas analyser was used by an infrared IRGA (6400xt). The analysed variables were photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), internal $CO_2$ concentration (Ci), transpiration (T), water use efficiency (WUE), and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi). In the second part of this study, the nutritional value of Tifton 85 hay was evaluated, so randomised blocks were designed in a split plot through time, with two treatments placed in the following plots: high and low intensity of cutting and five different time points as subplots: cutting (additional treatment), baling and after 30, 60, and 90 days of storage. Subsequently, fungi that were in green plants as well as hay were determined and samples were collected from the grass at the cutting period, during baling, and after 30, 60, and 90 days of storage. It was observed that Tifton 85 bermudagrass dehydration occurred within 49 hours, so this was considered the best time for drying hay. Gas exchanges were more intense before cutting, although after cutting they decreased until ceasing within 4 hours. The lowest values of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen were obtained with low conditioning intensity after 30 days of storage, 64.8 g/kg DM. The in vitro dry matter of Tifton 85 bermudagrass did not differ among the storage times or the conditioning intensities. There was no fungi present in the samples collected during the storage period up to 90 days after dehydration, with less than 30 colony forming units found on plate counting. The use of mower conditioners in different intensities of injury did not speed up the dehydration time of Tifton 85.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.162.1-162.1
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• 2010

Cavitation phenomenon has long been a difficult problem that regarded as negative event to fluid machines or industrial facilities. In the latest, however, some engineers became to understand the power of cavitation and use it to cleaning wall after developing cavitation nozzle. In this paper, we introduce new concept for power-generation system using cavitation jet flow maid by nozzle and impulse turbine in vacuum condition. The vacuum needed to make cavitation is generated naturally by Torricelli's vacuum, 10.23m effective head drop without additional power. We analyzed water's boiling and the steam's mean free path according to vacuum purity levels for nozzles and turbine blades. The nozzles make water accelerate in the neck and boil in expansion section of the nozzles. The shape of the impulse turbine is designed for absorption of the molecule's kinetic energy of the steam.

• Mycobiology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.121-123
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• 2005

Extracellular keratinase isolated from Aspergillus flavus K-03 was immobilized on calcium alginate. The properties and reaction activities of free and immobilized keratinase with calcium alginate were characterized. The immobilized keratinase showed proteolytic activity against soluble azo-casein and azo-keratin, and insoluble feather keratin. Heat stability and pH tolerance of keratinase were greatly enhanced by immobilization. It also displayed a higher level of heat stability and an increased tolerance toward alkaline pHs compared with free keratinase. During the durability test at $40^{\circ}C$, 48% of the original enzyme activity of the immobilized keratinase was remained after 7 days of incubation. The immobilized keratinase exhibited better stability, thus increasing its potential for use in industrial application.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.43-53
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• 2004

The future society, a knowledge and information society and at the same time a lifelong learning society, may be defined as the society that will embody the concept of human nature to help all the members of the society live together. The conclusions on the analysis of the types of classrooms $vis-\grave{a}-vis$ the special skills and aptitude training for students, lifelong education programs, and direction of spaces with free access after school hours are as follows : The spaces for school facilities in each domain are elaborated in Table 5. and Table 6. For spaces for special skills, aptitude programs, and lifelong education programs, there are general lecture rooms, special classrooms, and arts and physical fitness classrooms since most of the educational programs consist of culture, jobs, and hobby-related activities. Spaces are divided further into those exclusively for specific subjects and those for common use that can be utilized after school hours. They are presented in Table 8. Based on the conclusion with respect to the laying out of spaces in regular high schools, exclusive spaces for each subject and spaces for common use after school hours should be separately arranged.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.302-309
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• 2019

BACKGOURND/OBJECTIVES: Vascular inflammation is an important feature in the atherosclerotic process. Recent studies report that leaves and branches of Carpinus turczaninowii (C. turczaninowii) have antioxidant capacity and exert anti-inflammatory effects. However, no study has reported the regulatory effect of C. turczaninowii extract on the arterial inflammatory response. This study therefore investigated modulation of the arterial inflammatory response after exposure to C. turczaninowii extract, using human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs). MATERIALS/METHODS: Scavenging activity of free radicals, total phenolic content (TPC), cell viability, mRNA expressions, and secreted levels of cytokines were measured in LPS-stimulated (10 ng/mL) HAoSMCs treated with the C. turczaninowii extract. RESULTS: C. turczaninowii extract contains high amounts of TPC ($225.6{\pm}21.0mg$ of gallic acid equivalents/g of the extract), as well as exerts time-and dose-dependent increases in strongly scavenged free radicals (average $14.8{\pm}1.97{\mu}g/mL$ $IC_{50}$ at 40 min). Cell viabilities after exposure to the extracts (1 and $10{\mu}g/mL$) were similar to the viability of non-treated cells. Cytokine mRNA expressions were significantly suppressed by the extracts (1 and $10{\mu}g/mL$) at 6 hours (h) after exposure. Interleukin-6 secretion was dose-dependently suppressed 2 h after incubation with the extract, at $1-10{\mu}g/mL$ in non-stimulated cells, and at 5 and $10{\mu}g/mL$ in LPS-stimulated cells. Similar patterns were also observed at 24 h after incubation with the extract (at $1-10{\mu}g/mL$ in non-stimulated cells, and at $10{\mu}g/mL$ in the LPS-stimulated cells). Soluble intracellular vascular adhesion molecules (sICAM-1) secreted from non-stimulated cells and LPS-stimulated cells were similarly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner after 24 h exposure to the extracts, but not after 2 h. In addition, sICAM-1 concentration after 24 h treatment was positively related to IL-6 levels after 2 h and 24 h exposure (r = 0.418, P = 0.003, and r = 0.524, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that C. turczaninowii modulates the arterial inflammatory response, and indicates the potential to be applied as a therapeutic use for atherosclerosis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2009

This study was undertaken to evaluate how ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol (bME), an exogenous antioxidant, interacts with preantral follicles cultured in vitro. Mouse primary or secondary follicles were cultured in glutathione (GSH)-free or GSH-containing medium supplemented with bME of various concentrations, and the growth of preantral follicles, the maturation of intrafollicular oocytes and preimplantation development after parthenogenesis were monitored. In experiment 1, 0, 25, 50 or 100 ${\mu}M$ bME was added to culture medium supplemented with 100 ${\mu}M$ GSH or not. When secondary follicles were cultured in GSH-free medium, no significant change in follicle growth was detected after bME addition. However, exposure to bME in the presence of GSH significantly inhibited both follicle growth and oocyte maturation. Such detrimental effect became prominent in primary follicles and bME strongly inhibited follicle growth in the absence of GSH. In conclusion, there are stage-dependent effects of bME on follicle growth and oocyte maturation, and selective use of antioxidants contributes to establishing an efficient follicle culture system.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 1983

Valve replacement in children, aging up to 15 years [Mean 11.g years], has been done at Seoul National University Hospital over the past 14 years since 1968. Fifty-one patients have received 59 artificial valves: 55 bioprosthetic and 4 prosthetic valves. Thirty-one patients [60.8%] had rheumatic heart disease and the remainder [39.2%] had congenital heart disease. Forty-two patients [82.4%] survived operation: 9 patients [17.7%] died within one monfi3 postoperatively and 4 patients [7.8%]during the follow-up period with the overall mortality rate of Thromboembolic complication occurred in 3 patients with 2 deaths: 5.9% embolic rate or 4.68% emboli per patient-year. One patient who had been on coumadin anticoagulation died from cerebral hemorrhage. One mitral Ionescu-Shiley valve failed 19 months after first replacement and this was successfully re-replaced with the same kind of valve. Actuarial survival rate was 59.9% at 4 years after surgery. Thromboembolism-free and valve failure-free survivals were 80.0% and 93.1% respectively. These clinical results in the pediatric age group suggested that valve replacement in children was a serious undertaking with a higher mortality rate than in adults. However, the main superiority on the low thrombogenecity of the xenograft valve over the mechanical one warrants its continuing use until the question of its durability would otherwise be answered by a further study of clinical follow-up.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 1991

Photoxynthetic properties of polyvinylalcohol (PVA)-immobilized chloroplast especially regarded to stability of photosynthetic electron transport and the fluorescence induction pattern were studied. When isolated spinach chloroplasts were immobilized with PVA, it showed good preservation of photosynthetic electron transport activity, especially PS II activity, during storage at -15$^{\circ}C$, 4$^{\circ}C$ and 2$0^{\circ}C$. And immobilized chloroplasts revealed similar thermostability of whole chain electron transport to free chloroplsts. And the absorption peak of red band of chloroplasts showed the blue-shift of 2-4 nm after immobilization. Fv/Fm ratio of chlorophyll fluorescence slightly decreased after immobilization. White light pulse after continuous light do not induced the additional fluorescence rise. This means chlorophyll fluorescence at room temperature reached to Fmax under continuous light in the immobilized chloroplasts. It seems that PVA may be a good candidate for immobilization matrix for the preservation of photosynthetic function of thylakoids and for the continuous use of chloroplast membranes of higher plants for solar energy storage and conversion.