• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2009

Xenotransplantation of pig organs into humans is a potential solution for the shortage of donor organs for transplantation. However, multiple immune barriers preclude its clinical application. In particular, the initial type of rejection in xenotransplantation is an acute cellular rejection by host $CD8^+$ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cells that react to donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein Unique Short (US) 2 specifically targets MHC class I heavy chains to relocate them from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to the cytosol, where they are degraded by the proteasome. In this study we transfected the US2 gene into minipig fetal fibroblasts and established four US2 clonal cell lines. The integration of US2 into transgenic fetal cells was confirmed using PCR and Southern blot assay. The reduction of Swine Leukocyte Antigen (SLA)-I by US2 was also detected using Flow cytometry assay (FACS). The FACS analysis of the US2 clonal cell lines demonstrated a substantial reduction in SLA-I surface expression. The level (44% to 76%) of SLA-I expression in US2 clonal cell lines was decreased relative to the control. In cytotoxicity assay the rate of $CD8^+$ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was significantly reduced to 23.8${\pm}$15.1% compared to the control (59.8${\pm}$8.4%, p<0.05). In conclusion, US2 can directly protect against $CD8^+$-mediated cell lysis. These results indicate that the expression of US2 in pig cells may provide a new approach to overcome the CTL-mediated immune rejection in xenotransplantation.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.41-50
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze various energy platforms using data in the US and to suggest directions and implications. Some of the leading energy platforms are selected and analyzed based on the opening platform model. We focus on the case analysis of the US utility companies. In case of the horizontal open platform, Green Button sponsor's 'Connect My Data (CMD)' driven by the government invites the utility companies to jointly develop the sponsor's data solution. In case of the vertical open platform, the certification program 'Share My Data (SMD)' allows backward compatibility, because the technical improvement is minimal. The utility companies benchmark Amazon's three-sided market mediation and prefer platform and category exclusivity. For the former, they have data analytics companies like Enervee, Opower and for the latter, they have electronics manufactures and energy service providers (ESPs) like Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). Based on this US case study, we suggest the energy platforms to open their platform for renewable energy supply, energy conservation, high-efficiency products, and residential DER dissemination. To successfully implement the government's energy transition policy, the US platforms should be benchmarked as a business model. Especially, it is needed for them to coordinate a platform ecosystem. To ensure trust in the products and services offered on the marketplace platform, platform's certification program is helpful.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.79.1-79.1
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• 2015

We describe our ongoing project, Intensive Monitoring Survey of Nearby Galaxies. This survey is designed to study transients such as Supernovae (SNe) in nearby galaxies. Our targets are UV-bright (MUV < -18.4) and nearby (d < 50 Mpc) 50 galaxies selected from a GALEX catalog, whose star formation rates are larger than normal galaxies. High star formation in these galaxies ensures that core-collapse supernova explosions occur more frequently in them than normal galaxies. By monitoring them with a short cadence of a few hours, we expect to discover 5 SNe/yr events. Most importantly, we hope to construct very early light curves in rising phase for some of them, which enables us to understand better the physical properties of progenitor star and the explosion mechanism. To enable such a high cadence observation, we constructed a world wide telescope network covering northern, southern hemisphere distributed over a wide range of longitudes (Korea, US, Australia, Uzbekistan and Spain). Data reduction pipe line, detection and classification algorithms are being developed for an efficient processing of the data. Using the network of telescopes, we expect to reach observe not only SNe but also other transients like GRBs, Asteroid, variable AGNs and gravitaional wave optical counter part.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.409-424
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• 2002

The historico-genetic principle has been advocated continuously, as an alternative one to the traditional deductive method of teaching and learning mathematics, by Clairaut, Cajori, Smith, Klein, Poincar$\'{e}$, La Cour, Branford, Toeplitz, etc. since 18C. And recently we could find various studies in relation to the historico-genetic principle. Lakatos', Freudenthal's, and Brousseau's are representative in them. But they are different from the previous historico- genetic principle in many aspects. In this study, the previous historico- genetic principle is called as classical historico- genetic principle and the other one as modern historico-genetic principle. This study shows that the differences between them arise from the historical views of mathematics and the development of the theories of mathematics education. Dewey thinks that education is a constant reconstruction of experience. This study shows the historico-genetic principle could us embody the Dewey's psycological method. Bruner's discipline-centered curriculum based on Piaget's genetic epistemology insists on teaching mathematics in the reverse order of historical genesis. This study shows the real understaning the structure of knowledge could not neglect the connection with histogenesis of them. This study shows the historico-genetic principle could help us realize Bruner's point of view on the teaching of the structure of mathematical knowledge. In this study, on the basis of the examination of the development of the historico-genetic principle, we try to stipulate the principle more clearly, and we also try to present teaching unit for the logarithm according to the historico- genetic principle.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.196-206
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• 2013

On September 24th of 1945, the existing Health Department under the Bureau of Economy and Trade was abolished complying with the Article 1 of the Ordinance of US military occupation "Establishment of Health Bureau". After the establishment of the Health Bureau, one of its first priorities was to select South Korean medical doctors and send them away to the US for training "in order to educate the talents necessary for the Health Bureau to address the public hygiene and health issues of Korea". Under the sponsorship of Rockefeller Foundation, the US Military Government sent 10 Korean medical doctors to three universities. After they came back to Korea from the training in the US, they played significant roles in building and managing the Korean health and medical system under the US Military Government as well as during the post-war of Korea and in the 1960s-1970s. Furthermore, they made a great contribution to expanding and transplanting the 'American-style' health and medical system in heath administration, health research and medical education in Korea. On the one hand, this means the limitation and elimination of an independent, progressive idea in the health and medical field as the influence of the US within the country after the liberation expanded. The lives of 10 doctor represent an important symbol of how the Korean health and medical field has been established under the domestic and overseas political conditions, 'colonization-liberation-military occupation of the Powers', and one part of the concrete history.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.33-41
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• 2014

The bra is one of the most essential pieces of women's underwear which gives support for the breasts and holds them in position to make better outer appearance of upper body. Despite being worn by most women of all ages, brassiere manufacturers often use brassiere sizes and shapes that are close to the body measurements of women in their 20s, which raises questions whether the bras are suitable for older women's physique. Also, many lingerie markets tend to center on designs and tastes of younger women, leaving those of older women are largely ignored in the manufacturing process despite the fact that their purchasing power and market shares are expected to grow in conjunction with the aging of the global population. Against this backdrop, this study attempts to provide information about bra preferences and breast perceptions of the middle-aged and older US women over the age of 40 years to help manufacturers better understand the bra purchasing priorities and bra elements of older women and prompt them to design bras with a high level of fit and comfort that are appreciated by the population groups as a means to ultimately acquire competitive edge in the fast growing aging market. An email survey and interviews were conducted with 301 US women who live in New York City. The findings of this study suggest that there are internal and external factors such as changes in body and breast shapes with age influence the level of fitness and effectiveness of bra components, and thus the responses to the questions on bra preferences and breast perceptions varied between the researched age groups.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 2020

Chinese youth films fall into the dilemma of continuous development after experiencing rapid development from 2013 to 2017. How to update the creative ideas and methods of the films, arouse the audience's interest in watching and stimulate a new aesthetic experience has become a focal point for the creators who concern about the Chinese film market. "Us and Them" is a successful youth film in 2018. Its creative practice proves that defamiliarization can provide theoretical and methodological basis for the creation of Chinese youth films. Therefore, taking the current situation of Chinese youth film as the research background, treating "Us and Them" as the research object, the defamiliarization of narrative discourse and narrative content used in the film are analyzed. First, the defamiliarization of narrative discourse composed of scenes, characters and plots makes the film "stand out" from the real world. Second, the defamiliarization of narrative content composed of metropolis adoration, self-identity and hometown affection makes the film "stand out" from the existing context. These methods of creation not only meet the needs of the contemporary, but also provide an effective reference for the creation of other youth films. Research will be needed to utilize the elements of defamiliarization through the analysis of the successful case in spite of the time change.

• Strategy21
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• s.42
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• pp.318-346
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• 2017

Currently, security environmental instability is getting worse than ever in the East Asia including to Republic of Korea(ROK). Unlike several conventional issues such as maritime dispute -sometimes with islands- and competitions for getting natural resources, contemporary security dilemma issues followed by arms races among states deepens the power gap between strong and weak state within the region. It is notable that the arms races is the East Asia are mainly focused on naval power. As navy is the very possible force that influences neighboring states, submarine power is usually valued for its nature of stealth, mobile and aggression. Moreover, the submarine power is believed to be one of the highest valued weapon system since it shows actual effectiveness for influencing the other states while avoiding direct military conflicts compared to surface power. As a result, all states within the region are accelerating for getting such power these days. Japan, Most of all, is one of the leading state that aims to ensure self-survival and enlarge military influences under the US-Japan alliance by decisively supporting its power to the American containment strategy against China. In this regard, such movement surely sill influence on ROK both directly and indirectly as we sue the common field, the sea. Though, it has lots of restrictions for us to confront them with military forces as such confrontations within US-led alliances is not desirable upon considering current China and nK threats. As a result, ROK needs to limit the realm of alliance within the region while maintaining ROK-US alliance for getting national interests with both legal and justice superiority against Japan. This paper, as a result, is focused on suggesting the way to utilize submarines as a mean of naval power for both current security environments and the rising maritime threats in the East Asia. I concluded to participate ROK submarines in US-led military strategy against China by dispatching them into the East-China Sea and the North-East area of the Korean peninsula to protect both national interests and justice at the same tome. It should be one of the preemptive measure for confronting with neighboring states by utilizing strategic benefits of submarines while strengthening ROK-US alliances upon participating American Containment Strategy against China.

• Journal of Applied Reliability
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.111-118
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• 2007

In 2000, US Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) released the status of reliability requirement levels and achievements for the military equipment which evaluated through the operational tests from 1985 to 1990 and from 1996 to 2000. The rates of military equipments that do not meet reliability requirements are 59% from 1985 to 1990 and 80% from 1996 to 2000. Thus, the US Army has figured out causes, taken steps and put them into practice, This paper is about the recent reliability problems and the latest tendency about US military equipment to acquirere liability level.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.349-388
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• 2020

The US-China trade war forced a reluctant semiconductor industry into someone else's fight, a very different position from its leading role in the 1980s trade conflict with Japan. This paper describes how the political economy of the global semiconductor industry has evolved since the 1980s. That includes both a shift in the business model behind how semiconductors go from conception to a finished product as well as the geographic reorientation toward Asia of demand and manufactured supply. It uses that lens to explain how, during the modern conflict with China, US policymakers turned to a legally complex set of export restrictions targeting the semiconductor supply chain in the attempt to safeguard critical infrastructure in the telecommunications sector. The potentially far-reaching tactics included weaponization of exports by relatively small but highly specialized American software service and equipment providers in order to constrain Huawei, a Fortune Global 500 company. It describes potential costs of such policies, some of their unintended consequences, and whether policymakers might push them further in the attempt to constrain other Chinese firms.