• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2005

We surveyed the incidence of urinary calculi for feeding period, urinary lesion, composition of calculi and changes of serum chemistry with Korean native castrated steers, which are growing until 26 through 31 months. Without showing any clinical signs such as urethral obstruction, hydronephrosis and strangury for all group, $37.8\%$ (34 out of 90) of Korean native steers carried urinary calculi in carcass. The incidence of urine calculi far different feeding stages from 26 to 31 months were observed as $13.3-60.0\%$er, no significant differences were detected. The distribution of calculi were kidney $(24.4\%)$, kidney and bladder $(10\%)$ and kidney, bladder and urine $(3.3\%)$. Congestion of urinary bladder was shown in $26.6\%$ of Korean native steers. Korean native steers with urinary calculi $(41.2\%)$ had more possibilities (P<0.05) to bring outbreaks of congestion of urinary bladder than those of without calculi $(17.8\%)$. The main composition of calculi were struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals), calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, non-oxalate calcium, ammonia and phosphate. The distribution of urine pH was $71.7\%$(above pH 8.0), $12.2\%$ (between pH 7.0 and pH 8.0) and $16.6\%$ (under pH 7.0). Like shown in herbivores, most of the urine pH was distributed as alkaline urine. Serum creatinine was shown significant difference (P<0.05) according to incidence of calculi but other serum chemistry didn't show any difference in serum chemistry. These results suggest that feeding until 26 to 31 months in Korean native steers castrated at 6 months of the age elicits urinary calculi and congestion of urinary bladder, but not clinical abnormality. And adjustment of the dietary Can ratio to a level of 2:1 or greater during feeding period may reduce the possibility of incidence of urinary calculi in Korean native steers.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.264-269
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• 2004

A retrospective analysis was performed with 270 cases of canine urolithiasis examined at Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul Nat'l University in the period between January 2001 and December 2003. The Shih-Tzu (64 cases), Yorkshire terrier (60 cases), miniature schnauzer (41 cases) and maltese terrier (36 cases) had higher incidences than other breeds. Canine urolithiasis occurred from 4 months to 15 years of age, but the most prevalent age was 3 years. Mean age was $5.68\pm3.14$ years. The major mineral component. of calculi was struvite (54.1%) and calcium oxalate (30.4%). There was no sex prevalences: male 131 cases, female 132 cases. The most prevalent anatomic locations of calculi were urinary bladder (53 of 131 cases), urethra (24 of 131 cases) and bladder/urethra (45 of 131 cases) in males and urinary bladder (103 of 132 Cases) in females. The major mineral component of calculi in urinary bladder was struvite (102 of 160 cases), and that in urethra (13 of 25 cases) and multiple locations (29 of 62 cases) was calcium oxalate: The major components of calculi were not always consistent with the components which could be expected from urine pH and crystals. So it is suggested that the components of the calculi must be analyzed after surgical removal to prevent the recurrence when the calculi could not be dissolved by diets or urine pH modifiers.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.272-275
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• 2002

A retrospective analysis was performed with 30 cases of canine urolithiasis presented in the period between January and December 2001 The miniature schnauzer (6 cases), maltese (5 cases) and Shih Tzu (4 cases) had higher incidences than other breeds. Canine urolithiasis occurred from one year till 12 years, but the most prevalent age was 3 years. Urinary calculi occurred more often in males (63%) than females. The most prevalent anatomic locations of calculi were urinary bladder (8 of 22 cases) and urethra (13 of 22 cases) in males and urinary bladder (10 of 18 cases) in females. The major mineral component of calculi was struvite (72%). In male dogs, out of 15 cases, 10 cases were struvite and 5 cases were calcium oxalate uroliths. And, in female dogs, 8 of 10 cases were struvite. In some cases, mineral composition and urine pH was not matched. In conclusion, in the dogs with predisposing factors for urolithiasis, regular examination or proper diet should be added to prevent the disease. And the mineral composition of calculi should not be predicted solely by the pH or crystal component of urine.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.176-179
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• 2019

A giant prostatic urethral calculus has not been previously reported in dogs and should be distinguished from prostatic calculus. A 7-year-old castrated male Maltese dog with a 2-month history of relapsing hematuria and urinary incontinence with slowly progressing paraphimosis was referred. On abdominal radiography and ultrasonography, there was a giant calculus in the region of prostate or urethra, one left ureteral calculus, one urinary bladder calculus, and two penile urethral calculi. On computed tomography for evaluating the accurate location and planning the surgical approach, the giant calculus was located at the prostatic urethra. The calculi in urinary bladder, prostatic and penile urethra were surgically removed. These calculi were mixed-type of calcium oxalate monohydrate, struvite and calcium phosphate carbonate. On the basis of the urolith analysis and urine bacterial culture results, antibiotics and prescription diet were adjusted. At the 3-month follow-up, there were no clinical sings but paraphimosis was still remained, and ultrasonography revealed newly-formed, small urethral calculi at the prostatic urethra. This is the first report to describe the case of a canine giant prostatic urethral calculus and its clinical signs, diagnostic imaging findings, treatment, and outcome. CT may be useful to assess the accurate location and surgical approach for such calculi.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.371-375
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• 2014

다섯 마리의 개에서 복강경 보조 방광경을 이용하여 요로결석을 제거하였다. 모든 개에서 요로결석으로 인한 배뇨 장애를 보였으며, 수술 방법은 동일하다. 수술 전에 요도를 통해 도뇨관을 방광까지 장착한다. 배꼽 1-2 cm 위 정중선에 5 mm 캐뉼라를 장착하고, 복강경 카메라를 도입한다. 방광 선단 바로 위쪽의 복벽에 10 mm 캐뉼라를 장착하고, Babcock 포셉을 이용하여 방광 일부를 복강 밖으로 노출시킨다. 방광에 찌름절개하고 방광의 절개면과 복벽 절개면을 $360^{\circ}$ 단순 연속 봉합하여 일시적으로 고정시킨다. 2.7 mm 직경의 카메라를 sheath에 연결하여 방광 내부를 탐색하고 지속적인 세척 하에 요로결석을 제거한다. 술 후 주요한 합병증은 나타나지 않았으며, 7-21 개월 간의 추적검사 결과 배뇨장애나 어떠한 재발의 증거도 관찰되지 않았다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.66-71
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• 2004

2 Cases of nephrotomy for removal of calculi in dog were referred to veterinary teaching hospital of Konkuk University. In case 1, a 5 year-old, castrated male Yorkshire Terrier dog was referred because of intermittent hematuria, pain in urination for one month. Hematologic and chemical examination showed mild increased BUN and CPK. Radiographic findings revealed radiopaque materials in the urinary bladder, urethra, and left kidney. Retrograde hydropropulsion was performed to move the calculi into the bladder, and cystotomy was done to remove calculi. Nephrotomy was performed to removal of the calculi from the left renal pelvis and calyx. After operation renal function were recovered and preserved. In case 2, a 5 year-old, neutral female Schnauzer dog was referred because of persistant vomiting, anorexia, and celialgia for 20 days. Hematologic and chemical examination showed stress leucogram, moderate azotemia, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and increased ALP. Radiographic findings revealed enlargement of the left kidney and radiopaque materials in the both of the kidneys. On excretory urography, left kidney was no pyelogram. On ultrasonography, renal tissue was very thin and distended renal pelvis appeared. Nephrectomy of nonfunctional left kidney and nephrotomy for removal of calculi from the right renal pelvis and calyx were done. One week after operation, renal and hepatic functions were recovered. So, in cases of renal calculi, it is necessary that renal calculi are extracted actively as far as the patient's body condition endurable.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2005

To examine the prevalence and type of lesions in urinary bladder of Korean cattle, a random sampling survey was performed at a Jeonju abattoir in September 2000 and January 2001. Collected urinary bladder were examined grossly and histopathologically and the patterns of disease were investigated with season and sex. Of 735 cattle(99 bulls and 246 cows in September and 141 bulls, 3 steers, and 246 cows in January) surveyed, $26.3\%$ cattle with evident lesions were found. The most common gross finding was urolithiasis of urinary bladder($23.8\%$). Other lesions included hemorrhage($5.9\%$), congestion($4.1\%$), hematuria($2.7\%$), pyuria($0.7\%$), hyperplasia($0.5\%$). Urinary calculi collected in this study contained 80 to $90\%$ of calcium oxalate and 10 to $20\%$ of struvite, with or without $20\%$ of cystine and $10\%$ of uric acid. This study on urolithiasis and pathology of urinary bladder of slaughtered Korean cattle revealed subclinical aspects and management problem in Korean beef product.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.19-23
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• 1997

Ultrasonographic diagnosis of kidney and urinary bladder disease was performed in native Korea cattle. Ultrasonogaphic appearence of kidney and urinaryy baldder according to the growth were determined from 6 to 13 months by monthly examinations in 9 native Korean cattle. The kidney and urinary bladder were examined in standing position. The position, dimension, and structure of both kidneys were determined at 12 intercostal space and paralumbar fossa by use of ultrasonography. Ultrasonograms were obtained with 3.5 or 5.0-MHz sector transducer. The width and depth of the kidney, and the diameter of renal parenchyma and renal sinus were observed. Both kidneys were observedfrom the body surface until 8 months old age, but over the 9 months old age, only right kidney was easily accessible. The width of right kidney at the 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 months old age were 5.7, 6.3, 6.9, 7.6, 8.4, 9.3, 9.8 and 10.7 cm, respectively. The depth 5.8, 6.1 and 6.6 cm, respectively. The size of left kidney was similar to right kidney until 8 months old age. After the 9 months old age, only right kidney was easily accessible. The circumference of urinary bladder at the 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 months old age were 19.1, 21.7, 22.5, 23.0, 24.2, 25.3, 27.8 and 29.1 cm, respectively. Calculi in urinary bladder were observed by ultrasonography.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.59-61
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• 2007

Eosinophilic cystitis (EC) is a rare inflammatory disorder in dogs. Although EC has been associated with various etiological factors, the precise cause of this disease remains unclear in human and animals. A 7-year-old female Yorkshire terrier was presented with 3-week-history of hematuria, dysuria, and suprapubic pain. A bladder mass in ventral surface and urinary calculi were noted on ultrasonography and gross findings. Biopsy sample was taken from the protruded mass of bladder for histopathologic examination. Hyperplastic transitional epithelium with focal ulceration covered the bladder mass. A large nodule of fibrous tissue that contained fibrocytes, fibroblasts, Iymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, numerous eosinophils, and abundant blood vessels was occupied in lamina propria and submucosa of bladder mass. Based on the clinical, gross, and histopathologic examinations, this case was diagnosed as EC in a dog. In our knowledge, this is the first report of an eosinophilic cystitis in dog in Korea.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.163-166
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• 2009

Among benign proliferation of the urinary bladder, polypoid cystitis is a rare disease in dogs. It is characterized by epithelial proliferation, chronic inflammation in lamina propria, and development of a polypoid mass or masses without evidence of neoplasia. This report describes histopathologic features of polypoid cystitis in dog. A 10-year-old spayed female shihtzu-dog was presented with two-month history of hematuria. Abdominal ultrasonography confirmed the thickened bladder wall and calculi in both kidneys. Surgical biopsy sample was taken from the thickened bladder mucosa for the histopathologic examination. The mass was covered with irregular hyperplastic transitional epithelium with the projection into the lumen in multifocal areas as well as many Brunn's nests in lamina propria. Many inflammatory cells such as lymphocyte, plasma cell, and macrophage and few neutrophils were occupied in lamina propria and submucosa. Proliferated fibrous tissues in lamina propria were clarified by using special staining methods. These collagens were stained blue with Masson's trichrome and red with van Gieson, but negative for alcian blue. Based on the clinical, gross, and histopathologic examinations, this case was diagnosed as polypoid cystitis in a dog. In our best knowledge, this is the first report of polypoid cystitis in dog in Korea.