• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.113-123
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• 2009

This study was carried out to determine effects of long-term supply of Cordyceps militaris mycelia on cordycepin content in milk in dairy cows. Ten Holstein cows in the early stages of lactation were divided into two groups. Control group received no supplement whereas treatment group received 6% of C. militaris mycelia of their dry matter intake for 6 months. Feed intake, milk urea nitrogen and somatic cell counts were not affected by long-term supply of C. militaris mycelia for the whole period. In addition, milk yield and milk composition were not affected by long-term supply of C. militaris mycelia at any time of the periods with the exception of milk protein content and yield. The average of milk protein content and yield from the whole period was higher for C. militaris mycelia supplement group than for the control group. As expected, cordycepin in whole blood and milk was not detected in the control group. The range of cordycepin content in the treatment was 0.31~0.38µ/ml and 0.18~0.26(µ/ml for whole blood and milk, respectively. Individual variation was found to be very high and, furthermore cordycepin was undetected in some milk samples. Thus, no clear pattern could be seen in cordycepin content in milk throughout the whole period. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that the transfer efficiency of cordycepin to milk by supplementing C. militaris mycelia in dairy cows was unpredictable and low.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.97-123
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• 1965

Observations were made on the blood picture of total 196 heads of healthy Korean cattles, including 98 males and females in the purpose of determination of blood chemical values and their sex differences and seasonal variations during one year period from December, 1963 to November, 1964. The blood sampling were scheduled by random in four different seasons and the sample size of both sex included in each season were designated to be same size. The ranges, averages or mean values of the blood glucose, total serum protein, serum globulin, serum albumin, total non-protein nitrogen, blood urea nitrogn, total serum cholesterol, serum inorganic phosphorus and serum calcium were determined in this studies and their respective standard deviation, standard error of means, sex differences and seasonal variations were as follows. 1. The blood glucose values for the male ranged from 32.8 to 70.0 mg/100cc. with a mean of $49.781{\pm}0.823mg/100cc$; for the female the range was 32.0 to 64.0mg/100cc. with a mean of $47.235{\pm}0.782mg/100cc$. Sex difference showed significant at 5% level and seasonal variation was highly significant at 1% level. 2. The total serum protein values for the male ranged from 5.61 to 8.83 gm/100cc with a. mean of $7.366{\pm}0.062gm/100cc$; for the female ranged from 5.53 to 8. 43 gm/100cc. with a mean of $6.832{\pm}0.063gm/100cc$. Sex difference and seasonal variation was not significant. 3. The serum globulin values for the male ranged from 2.97 to 4.78 gm/100cc. with a mean of $3.961{\pm}0.039gm/100cc$.; for the female ranged from 2.87 to 4.41 gm/100cc. with a mean of $3.699{\pm}0.037gm/100cc$. Sex difference showed highly significant at 1% level and seasonal variation was not significant. 4. The serum albumin values for the male ranged from 2.58 to 4.21 gm/100cc. with a mean of $3.405{\pm}0.029gm/100cc$.; for the female ranged from 2.39 to 4.10 gm/100cc. with a mean of $3.204{\pm}0.031gm/100cc$. Sex difference showed highly significant at 1% level and seasonal variation was not significant. 5. The total non-protein nitrogan values for the male ranged from 19.1 to 44.8 gm/100cc. with a mean of $31.166{\pm}0.582mg/100cc$.; for the female the range was 15.2 to 50.5 mg/100cc. with a mean of $28.89.6{\pm}0.673mg/100cc$. Sex difference showed significant at 5% level and seasonal variation was highly significant at 1 % level. 6. The blood urea nitrogen values for the male ranged from 6.4 to 28.3 mg/100cc. with a mean of $13.371{\pm}0.466mg/100cc$.; for the female the range, was 6.0 to 26.9 mg/100cc. with a mean of $13.631{\pm}0.321mg/100cc$. Sex difference was not significant and seasonal variation showed highly significant at 1 % level. 7. The total serum cholesterol values for the male ranged from 60.0 to 238.6 mg/100cc. with a mean of $140.897{\pm}2.826mg/100cc$.; for the female ranged from 50.0 to 243.0 mg/100cc. with a mean of $124.840{\pm}3.553mg/100cc$. Sex difference and seasonal variation showed highly significant at 1% level. 8. The serum inorganic phosphorus values for the male ranged from 3.5 to 7.8 mg/100cc. with a mean of $5.426{\pm}0.096mg/100cc$.; for the female ranged from 3.1 to 8.8 mg/100cc. with a mean of $5.570{\pm}0.128mg/100cc$. Sex difference and seasonal variation showed no significant. 9. The serum calcium values for the male ranged from 7.8 to 12.8 mg/100cc. with a mean of $10.761{\pm}0.102mg/100cc$.; for the female ranged from 8.0 to 13.0 mg/100cc. with a mean of 10. $756{\pm}0.097mg/100cc$. Sex difference was not significant and seasonal variation showed highly significant at 1% level. 10. The age of test group ranged from 2 years to 6 years in both sex and the averageage were, $4.45{\pm}0.114$ years in male and $4.50{\pm}0116$ years in female. Sex difference and seasonal variation of age were not found to be significant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.885-891
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• 2009

To examine stability of a violet red pigment in a Salicornia herbacea L., several tests for pH, sugar, organic acid, ascorbic acid, amino acid, salt and temperature effect were carried out. A violet red pigment in Salicornia herbacea L. was the most stable in the range of pH 4 to 6. Each of the violet red pigments in Salicornia herbacea L. added with different amounts of sugar showed higher retention rate according to storage time than those of the control group. After 10 days of storage, especially the retention rate of the experimentals with 0.5 M sucrose was higher than the controls by about 11.1% while fructose, maltose, glucose and galactose were less higher in order. Also, adding organic acid reduced retention rate of the experimentals over the controls irrespective of sort and concentration of organic acid; also, the retention rate of the experiment with 0.5 M organic acid, the highest amount of all, reduced radically to 13.1 to 15.9% after 10 days storage. The retention rate of the experimentals added 1,000 ppm ascorbic acid and thio urea respectively after 10 days was 48.4%, which is higher than the controls by around 23.1%. As to amino acid, treatment on the pigment with aspartic acid 50 mM marked the highest retention rate of 41.5% and treatment with 2.0 M NaCl showed 31.6% retention rate, which was higher than the controls. While low temperature like $5^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ kept the stability of the pigment in storage, as temperature increased the stability of the pigment dropped rapidly.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2009

Purpose: Present evidences suggest that Ureaplasma urealyticum is a cause of pneumonia, septicemia, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in newborn infants, particularly those born prematurely. The purpose of this work was to examine the relationship between Ureaplasma urealyticum in the tracheal aspirates and adverse outcomes, such as BPD and early onset neonatal sepsis in premature infants. Methods: A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on tracheal aspirates collected within 24 hour after birth in 176 premature infants less than 35 weeks of gestation and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Bundang CHA Hospital. Results: U. urealyticum was detected in 37 of 176 preterm infants (21.0%). Gestational age ($29^{+5}{\pm}2^{+5}$ wk vs. $30^{+6}{\pm}2^+{-5}$ wk, P=0.0l3) and birth weight (1.39${\pm}$0.44 kg vs. 1.59${\pm}$0.55 kg, P=0.037) were lower in the U urealyticum-positive group compared to the control group. The incidence of early onset neonatal sepsis (16.2% vs. 6.5%, P=0.045) and BPD (45.9% vs. 29.5%, P=0.047) was higher in the U urealyticum-positive group compared to the control group, but the severity of BPD was not different between two groups. However, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of U. urealyticum was not independently related to the development of early onset neonatal sepsis and BPD. Conclusion: The results suggest that colonization of the lower respiratory tract by U. urealyticum might not be related to the development of neonatal sepsis and BPD directly in preterm infants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of human milk fortifier (HMF) on growth and nutritional status in growing rats fed infant formula supplemented with HMF. Three week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups and fed regular formula (RF), premature formula (PF) and regular formula fortified with HMF (RF+HMF) diets for 3 weeks. There was no significant difference in weight gain among groups. However, a significant increase of food intake was observed in PF and RF+HMF groups compared with RF group. With increasing food intake, the intakes of carbohydrate and protein were significantly increased in PF and RF+HMF groups. The weight of perirenal fat was significantly increased in rats fed RF+HMF; however, the weights of liver, kidney and spleen were not significantly different among groups. Although total lipids, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol concentrations of serum were not significantly different among groups, triglyceride was significantly increased in PF group. The triglyceride and total-cholesterol of liver were significantly increased in rats fed regular formula fortified with HMF and PF compared with RF group. Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), creatinine (Cre) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum showed no significant difference among groups. The concentration of growth hormone was significantly increased in PF group compared with other groups. The concentration of hemoglobin was significantly increased in rats fed PF and RF+HMF. These results suggest that the supplementation of human milk fortifier in growing rats may promote growth as increasing food intake and lipid contents in tissues and prevent the anemia of infants.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Azadirachta indica has been widely used as environment-friendly organic materials because of its insecticidal properties. This study was carried out to investigate the acute toxicity and the subacute toxicity of Azadirachta indica extract(AIE) in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS: For the oral acute toxicity test, Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with 2.0 g/Kg bw of AIE. The $LD_{50}$ value was greater than 2.0 g/Kg bw for both male and female rats. For the subacute toxicity study, rats were treated with AIE at doses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/Kg bw once a day for 4 weeks(n=10 animals per each group). There were no significant changes in body weight, food intake and water consumption observed during the experimental duration. In addition, no difference of relative kidney weight was observed among all treated groups. Serum creatinine level in the AIE 2.0 g/Kg group increased significantly compared with that of control group in male rats, but serum blood urea nitrogen was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). Significant increase of serum cholesterol levels were observed in all AIE groups, compared with the control group, in the female rats (p<0.05). However, histopathological examination of the kidney did not reveal any significant lesions in all groups. CONCLUSION: On the basis of results, it could be concluded that oral administration AIE didn't cause any toxic response in kidney, except the increased serum cholesterol.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.1 s.41
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• pp.49-64
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• 1993

To provide the basic data for assessment of renal dysfunction related to silicosis, urinary N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-giucobarninidase(NAG) activity known as a sensitive markers for early renal damage were measured in 58 silicosis patients, and control subjects of 40 pulmonary tuberculosis Patients and 51 official workers. The results were summarized as fellows. 1. The values of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in all subjects were within reference limits. But the mean value of urinary NAG activity($7.25{\pm}7.31U/g\;creatinine$) was beyond reference value and more sensitive test than others. 2. The mean value of urinary NAG activity in silicosis group was $11.98{\pm}9.05U/g\;creatinine$ and significantly higher than in tuberculosis and healthy group(p<0.01), but the mean values of NAG activity in tuberculosis and healthy group were not different(p>0.05). 3. The value of NAG activity in tuberculosis had a tendency to be increased according to severity of disease, but that was not significant(p>0.05). The value of NAG activity was increased significantly by use of nephrotoxic antituberculosis drugs(p<0.05). 4. The value of NAG activity in silicosis had a tendecy to be increased according to the size of nodule, use of nephrotoxic antituberculosis drugs and shortness of onset duration, but the increase was not significant(p>0.05). 5. After excluding the users of nephrotoxic antituberculosis drugs, the mean values of NAG activity in healthy control and in tuberculosis control were same as 3.63 U/g creatinine and 3.60 U/g creatinine, respectively. But the mean value of NAG activity in silicosis group was remarkably increased as 10.90 U/g creatinine(p<0.01). As above results, even though there are no abnormal finding in screening renal function test, silicosis can be related with renal dysfunction. And it will be very useful to apply urinary NAG activity in health management of workers exposed to dust.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2013

Purpose: The $^{99m}Tc$-Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scan is used primarily for the diagnosis of renal scarring and acute pyelonephritis in children with urinary tract infections (UTI). This study aimed to evaluate clinical differences based on the positive or negative results of DMSA scans and kidney ultrasonography (US) in pediatric UTI. Method: We retrospectively reviewed 142 pediatric patients with UTI who were admitted to Myongji Hospital from January 2004 to December 2012. We performed a comparative analysis of clinical parameters such as age, sex, white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil count, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level, creatinine (Cr) level, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and durations of hospitalization and fever, grouped by the results of the DMSA scans and kidney US. Results: The mean age of the patients was $33.8{\pm}48.3$ months, and 78 (55%) were male. Fifty-two patients had abnormal DMSA findings, and 71 patients had abormal kidney US findings (test positive groups). In the DMSA scan positive group, there were significant differences in age, WBC counts, neutrophil counts, CRP level, BUN level, Cr level, hospitalization duration, number of abnormal findings on kidney US, and incidence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) compared with the scan negative group. The kidney US positive group had significant differences in age, neutrophil count, CRP level, BUN level, Cr level, hospitalization duration, number of abnormal findings on the DMSA scans, and more frequent VUR compared with the US negative group. Conclusion: Our data suggest that there were no major differences in clinical parameters based on the results of the DMSA scans compared with kidney US in pediatric UTI. However, as kidney US and DMSA scan were performed to predict VUR, the sensitivity and negative predictive value was increased.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2011

Plantago asiatica L. (PA), which is widely distributed in Korea, Japan and China, has traditionally been used as a popular folk medicine for the treatment of liver diseases. A variety of activities of PA was reported, that is hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-glycation and anti-oxidant effect. Ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) is a potent nephrotoxic agent and has been reported to induce renal proximal tubular necrosis. In the present study, pre-treatment with PA extract (PAE) in Wistar rat followed by Fe-NTA i.p. treatment (13.5 mg Fe/kg body weight) was performed to detect the renal protective effect of PAE. Only Fe-NTA treated group showed increases in the level of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr), and renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), product of lipid peroxidation. Moreover, the level of biomarkers indicate the antioxidants status, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) were decreased. However, PAE pre-treated group showed decreases in the levels of serum BUN, serum Cr and renal tissue MDA in concentration dependent manner and increases in the level of GSH, GST and GR. These results are significantly different (p < 0.05) to the other groups. Our data suggest that PAE may be used as an chemopreventive material against Fe-NTA-mediated renal oxidative stress.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2005

Dimethylamine (DMA) is a widely used commodity chemical with few toxicity data. Groups of 10 male and female F-344 rats were exposed by inhalation to 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 ppm of DMA for 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week for 90 days. The changes of body weight, organ weight, hematology, clinical chemistry, and histopathological changes were evaluated after the exposure. As the results, the body weight was significantly decreased at 80 ppm in male and female rats (p<0.05). The absolute lung weight showed no statistically significant changes in any group. In contrast, the relative lung weight significantly increased at 80 ppm in male and female rats (p<0.05). Erythrocytes, mean cell hemoglobin, leukocytes, neutrophil, and platelet numbers were significantly increased in male and female at 40 or 80 ppm of DMA (p<0.05, p<0.01). In addition, the serum values of total protein, urea nitrogen were increased in male and creatine kinase, total protein were increased in female rats at 40 or 80 ppm (p<0.05, p<0.01). Histopathological examinations of the male and female lung samples showed slight hyperplasia and congestion at 80 ppm. Taken together, our study revealed that maximum tolerated dose of DMA would be over 40 ppm.