• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.11-16
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• 2013

Success or failure of the bi-directional pile load test for drilled shaft depends on point selection for loading cells, that is balanced location both uplift force and downward force. Methods to evaluate the ultimate unit side resistance in rockmass layer in both domestic and foreign are based on the uniaxial compression strength of rock core, which can hardly be obtained in domestic rockmass layers which are weathered rockmass layer and soft rockmass layer with very low RQD. Therefore, this study suggested the relation charts between the revised SPT N values and developed unit side resistance of each different layers, which were obtained from bi-directional pile load tests in various domestic sites. To evaluate the appropriateness of the relation charts, the developed unit side resistances from the relation charts were used to select the loading cell position and compared with the measured unit side resistances from field pile load test. Results showed that the developed side resistance from relation charts and the measured side resistance of weathered soil layer and weathered rock layer were very close. Average developed side resistance($1,325kN/m^2$), which are average of upper soft rock layer of loading device($1,151kN/m^2$) and lower($1,500kN/m^2$), was similar with the estimated value ($1,250kN/m^2$).

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.7-24
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• 1977

This paper is the forth and fifth one of the study on balanced type oscillating mole drainer. In the light of the results from previous reports about the model tests, some design criteria were established and a prototype machine was set up for experimental purpose. Motion characteristics and functionof the each parts of the machine were checked and analyzed. After that, performance tests of the prototype machine were carried out in thefield. Obtained results are summarized as follows ; 1. Ten centimeter of the bullet diameter was determined so as to be able to attach it to the tractors with capacity of 30 PS to 40 PS. 2. To maintain the balance between the moments of the front shank and rear shank, the oscillating amplitude of the rear bullet was determined to be larger than that of the front bullet. At the same time , the oscillating direction of the rear bullet was designed with the inclines of ten to thirty degrees. 3. An octagonal dynamo transduced was developed for measuring the compressive force of the upper link is measuring the draft force of the machine. Acceptable linear relationship between forces and strain responses from O.D.T. was obtained. 4. Analysing the balancing mechanism of the acting part of the machine , it was found that the total draft force of the machine was equal to the difference between the sum of the draft force produced from the right and left side bending moments of the lower drawber and the compressive force on the upper link. 5. There are acceptable linear relationship between the strain and twisting moment by driving shaft, and between strain and shank moment. Above results enable us to carry out the field experiment with prototype machine. 6. When the test machine was used in the field, it was possible to reduce the oscillating acceleration by forty percent in average as compared it with the single bullet mole drainer. 7. When the test machine was used under the oscillating condition, the dratt torce was reduced by 27 percent to 59 percent as compared it with the test machine under non-oscillating condition, while the draft force was increased by 7 percent to 20 percent as compared it with the mole drainer having oscillating single bullet. The reasoning behind this fact was considered as the resistance force due to the rear shank and bullet. 8. As the amplitude and frequency of the bullet were increased, the torque was increased accordingly. This tendency could be varied with the various characteristics of the given soils. And the larger frequency and amplitute, the more increasing oscil\ulcornerlating power but decreasing draft brce were needed, and draft force was increased as the velocity was increased.9. When the amplitude of the rear bullet was designed to be larger than that of the front bullet, the minimum value of the moment was lowered and oscillating acceleration was reduced. And when the oscillating direction of the rear bullet was declined back\ulcornerwards, oscillating acceleration was increased along with the increasing angle of decli\ulcornernation. When the test machine was operated in high speed, the difference between maximum moments and minimum ones became narrow. This varying magnitude of moments appeared on the moment oscillogram seems to be correlated to the oscillating acceleration and draft force. 10. From the analysis of variance, it was found that those factors such as frequency, amplitude, and operating velocity significantly affected in the oscillating acceleration, the draft resistance, the torque, the moment, and the total power required. And interaction between frequency and amplitude affected in the oscillating acceleration. 11. Within the given situation of this study, the most preferable operating conditions of the test machine were 7 Hz in oscillating frequency, 0.54 m/sec in operating velocity, and 39.1 mm in oscillating amplitude of front and rear bullets. However, it is necessary to select the proper frequency and magnitude of oscillation depending on the soil properties of the field in which the mole drainer is practiced by use of a bal1nced type oscillating mole drainer. 12. It is recommended that a comparative study of the mole drainers would be performed in the near future using two separate balanced oscillating bullet with the one which is operated by oscillating the movable bullet in a single cylinder or other balanced type which may be single oscillating bullet with spring, damper or balancing weight, and that of thing. To expand the applicability of the balanced type oscillating mole drainer in practical use, it is suggested to develop a new mechanism which perform mole drain with vinyl pipe or filling material such as rice hull.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.37
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• pp.91-120
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• 2004

The Yan mountain area of the northern part of Hebei province and its local neighbor area is categorized main-distribution area of the northern bronze culture of the Eastern Zhou period(770bc~221bc). Recently, it was discovered the concrete character of the culture by a large scale excavation of the Yuhuangmiao cemetery at Jundu mountain. In the chinese scholarship, the cultural character of this area has established the independent cultural type that is distinguished from the Bronze culture of existing. In this paper, I have as a target of analysis remains relate to the Yuhuangmiao culture of the mountain area of northern Hebei in the Eastern Zhou period. And I would like to judge about diverse infuluential relationships of the character of the Yuhuangmiao curture and the Bronze culture, especially burials, burial customs and the characters of the excavated article. In particular, diverse infuluential relationships of the upper Xiajiadian culture Ordos bronze culture and The Central Plains cultural from The Yan state have a important meaning to understand about the character of the Yuhuangmiao culture and the beginning development process. Ultimately, it is peculiar characters of the Yuhuangmiao culture that a shaft gave with stone compartment protecting a coffin as a symbolic form, mask-burial customs such as mainly burials of the living with the dead dogs, a drum shaped jar, a tripod jar with two handles, a short bronze sword with circle hilt, Central Plains cultural bronze containers, bronze halberd and horse-shaped accessories of cartage horse trapping are distinguished from a local neighbor, the bronze culture from northern. The territory of time-space of The Yuhuangmiao culture can be dominately recognized bewteen the upper Xiajiadian culture and Ordos bronze culture. It is the Yan culture after the middle Warring States Period considering with the peculiar chacters which reflected by burials and bural customs and diverse infuluential relationships with peripheral cultures.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.4-19
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• 2014

In Joseon dynasty, Gongsin-Gyoseo(Royal Edicts rewarding meritorious vassals) was issued for the reward of the contribution to the specific event of the nation. The family decided as vassals succeeded this Gongsin-Gyoseo as the family treasure to later generations. When one happened to lose this caused by an unavoidable situation such as war in this process, there were a few cases of reissuing of Gongsin-gyoseo by the nation. The confirmative reissued Gongsin-gyoseo among Gongsin-gyoseo that descended down by now are three pieces which is Park dongnyang Hoseong Gongsin-Gyoseo, Gu goeng Jeongsa Gongsin-Gyoseo, and Park jung Jeongsa Gongsin-Gyoseo. This research considered the form and mounting about these three pieces. It was indicated that the reissued Gongsin-Gyoseo was produced following the same form with the original Gongsin-Gyoseo, that is pyeongchul(moving to next lines) and daedu (writing one or two letters ahead compared to the first letter) and so on. But, it was indicated that the change of the position of the vassals in the reissued time was reflected compared to position of the original Gongsin-Gyoseo. In case of Jeonsa Gongsin-Gyoseo, it was indicated that it was 'Wonjongdaewang-whi' since the original Gongsin-Gyoseo was 'Jeongwongun-bu' and the reissued time he became the father of King Injo. Also, it was confirmed that the case of deprivation because of conspiracy such as 'Kim jajeom, Kim ryeon, Sim kiwon, Sim kisung' was produced as the original document and deleted with black ink stick. It was newly confirmed while the original Gongsin-Gyoseo was produced by a designated writer from the nation, the reissuance was written by a writer from the family of the vassals. Since the mounting of Gongsin-Gyoseo could be changed according to the favor and technique of the craftsman participated in the practical production such as Baezeopjang and economical situation of the country supplying the material, the mounting of these three Gongsin-Gyoseo should be different from the original mounting, especially because of the loss of the original by the Manchu war of 1636. The comparison result of Gongsin-Gyoseo produced in the same period with the original issued one in the record of the related Uigwe (a collection of documents from the Joseon Dynasty), the reissued one seems to be larger in the form or ratio of the mounting compared to the first issued one. First of all, the width of Byunah was expanded as twice bigger, center and both side Hoejang also was bigger as over 2cm, and the below Hoejang was expanded as 10cm, and the ratio of the upper Hoejang and the below Hoejang was wider as 1.5 times and the reissuance was 1:1 ratio. The bisect of upper shaft in Park dongnyang Hoseong Gongsin-Gyoseo is assumed as the form of an equilateral triangle, not a half-moon shape of the present, and Gu goeng and Park jung Jeongsa Gongsin-Gyoseo will be the form whose bisection form is same but the size is smaller. Chuksu is confirmed that the size is not changed significantly. Osaekdahoe can be assumed that the width was smaller compared to the first issued one. The 3 pieces of the reissued versions provide the clue of the verification for the form of the mounting of Bosa Gongsin-Gyoseo in the same production period. In the situation that the mounting of the production time was not confirmed among the currently descended Bosa Gongsin-Gyoseo, they can be very important materials.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence and patterns of fractures occurred in Inline skating accident. Materials and Method: We evaluated 20 patients, 20 cases(from september 2002 to August 2003) with fractures occurred during Inline skating. The incidence, sex, age, fracture site, associated injuries, causes of Inline skating injuries were analysed. The cases were male in 18(90$\%$), and female in 2(10$\%$). The most common distribution of age was in twenties and thirties. Result: The patients(12cases 60$\%$) with upper extremity fracture were more common than patients(8cases 40$\%$) with lower extremity fracture. Patients who had fracture in ankle were 35$\%$(7cases), forearm 20$\%$(4cases), wrist 20$\%$(4cases), elbow 15$\%$(3cases), thigh 5$\%$(1cases). According to the The Lauge-Hansen classification in ankle fractures there were four patients of supination-external rotation type, two patients of supination-abduction type, and 1 patient of pronation-external rotation type. In forearm and hand fractures, there were three distal radius fractures, one radio-ulnar shaft fracture, 2 scaphoid fractures, and two meta-carpal fractures. In elbow fractures, there were two supracondyle fractures, and one lateral condyle fracture. There were three epiphyseal plate injuries (Salt-Harris type II) in children, and all of them were treated by conservative method. Six fractures were intra-articular fractures. The most common associated injury was contusion(8cases 42.1$\%$). The number of patients who only rode Inline skating less than 3months(8cases 40$\%$) was the greatest. The number of non-contact injury(14cases, 70$\%$) in Inline skating was more than contact(6cases,30$\%$) injury. 11cases(55$\%$) had operative treatment, and 9cases(45$\%$) had conservative treatment, and there was not any complication. The more detailed study is required since the materials were only limited to fracture patients, and the follow up period was short. Conclusion: The most common age for fracture in Inline skating was in twenties, and thirties, and ankle was the most common fracture site.