• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.475-483
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• 2012

Recently, agricultural lands decrease sharply, which was caused by urbanization, land consolidation, road construction, and innovation city construction, etc. In particular, Goyang, Chenan and Wonju city were had severe land use change. Therefore, we analyzed changes of land use, soil properties, and soil information in order to provide the basic soil information and soil management practice in these cities. The results are summarized as follows. The area of crop cultivated land in Korea (2011) was reduced to 17.3ha compared to ones from the previous year (2009). The paddy field decreased by 24.2 ha but, upland field increased by 7.0 ha. The reasons for the reduction of the paddy field were converting paddy field to upland (20.7 ha) > public facilities (3.2) ${\geq}$ building (3.2) > idle land (1.3) > and others (0.9). Other reasons for reduction in the upland field were switching upland to paddy field, (20.7 ha) > land developed (4.5) > and restoration (0.3) respectively. The main reason of converting paddy field to upland was changing from rice to more profitable upland or greenhouse crops. The cropland area (paddy fields, upland, orchard) of Goyang, Cheonan, and Wonju city were reduced to 1,466 ha, 9,708 ha and 6,980 ha respectively. The ratio of cropland area in each city was reduced by 45~25% dramatically compared to upland soil survey project in Korea (1995~1999). These data were compared with MiFAFF statistics data to use for land use cover map of Ministry of environment. But they were differences significantly. Therefore, intensive investigation should be advised throughout the utilization plan. The paddy fields located in small valley in Wonju city were changed into upland or orchard. The drainage classes of soil have been deteriorated because the flows of water were intercepted by road construction and other disturbance to water flows. In particular, paddy fields have been changed to not only upland, orchard, greenhouse cultivation but also to fallow and soil dressing on paddy in Wonju city. The soil suitability classes of paddy field in Wonju innovation city were the 3rd grade for 70.8% of the area and the 4th grade for 29.2%. The soil suitability classes of upland was the 4th grade for 88.7% of the area. Fortunately, good soil suitability classes were not belong to innovation city in Wonju. So, the good farm land should be conserved and revise the related law.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.623-640
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• 2013

Soil organic carbon (SOC) of soil series is necessary to calculate soil C sequestration due to IPCC default categorized by climate regions and by soil types. The 3,400 thousand data were downloaded from agricultural soil information system and analyzed to get averages of soil order, soil series, and textual family for the three different soil management practices in Korea. The SOC content was $13.3{\pm}5.38g\;kg^{-1}$ in paddy field, $13.7{\pm}7.19g\;kg^{-1}$ in upland field, and $15.2{\pm}8.22g\;kg^{-1}$ in orchard soil, respectively. As SOC in orchard was 10% greater than that in upland, orchard must be managed with applying compost. The SOCs of inceptisols, which was largely distributed in Korea, were $13.6{\pm}5.48g\;kg^{-1}$ in paddy field, $14.1{\pm}7.38g\;kg^{-1}$ in upland field, and $15.3{\pm}8.20g\;kg^{-1}$ in orchard soil, respectively. The SOCs of alfisols were $13.6{\pm}4.96g\;kg^{-1}$ in paddy field, $13.7{\pm}6.99g\;kg^{-1}$ in upland field, and $15.6{\pm}8.59g\;kg^{-1}$ in orchard soil, respectively. The SOCs of entisols were $11.7{\pm}5.16g\;kg^{-1}$ in paddy field, $12.8{\pm}7.05g\;kg^{-1}$ in upland field, and $13.7{\pm}7.81g\;kg^{-1}$ in orchard soil, respectively. The SOCs of ultisols were $12.7{\pm}4.79g\;kg^{-1}$ in paddy field, $12.7{\pm}6.22g\;kg^{-1}$ in upland field, and $16.3{\pm}8.49g\;kg^{-1}$ in orchard soil, respectively. The fact that soils containing greater clay content in textual family had also more SOC content revealed that SOC could be also dependent on some soil properties as well as soil order. Because SOC differences among soil series representing same textual family were greater than those among textual family, SOC differences should be mainly affected by management practices such as compost application.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.16-25
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• 2019

Recently, due to labor shortages in rural areas within South Korea, the demand for upland-field machinery is growing. In addition, there is a lack of development of systematic performance testing of upland-field machinery. Thus, this study examined structural safety and drawbar pull based on soil properties, as a first step for systematic performance testing on the test bed. First, the properties of soil samples from 10 spots within the experimental site were examined. Second, the strain was measured and converted into stress on 8 points of an onion harvester that are likely to fail. More specifically, the chosen parts are linked to the power, along with the drawbar pull, using a 6-component load cell equipped between the tractor and the onion harvester. The water content of the soil ranged between 5.7%-7.5%, and the strength between 250-1171 kPa. The test soil was subsequently classified into loam soil based on the size distribution ratio of the sieved soil. The onion harvester can be considered as structurally safe based on the derived safety factor and the drawbar pull of 115-1194 kgf, according to the working speed based on agricultural fieldwork.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11c
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• pp.819-826
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• 2000

This study was performed to develop a measurement system of tractor field performance for plow and rotary operations. Measurement system for tractor consisted of torque sensors to measure torque of drive axles and PTO axle, speed sensors to measure rotational speed of drive axles and engine, microcomputer to control data logger, and data logger as I/O interface system. The measurement system was installed on four-wheel-drive tractor. Four-element full-bridge type strain gages were used for torque measurement of drive axles and optical encoders were used to measure speeds of drive axles and engine. Slip rings were mounted on the rotational axles. Signals from sensors were inputted to data logger that was controlled by microcomputer with parallel communication. Sensors were calibrated before the field tests. Regression equations were found on completion of the calibrations. The field experiment was performed at paddy fields and uplands. Rotary and plow were used when the tractor was operated in the field. Travelling speeds of the tractor were 1.9 km/h, 2.7 km/h, 3.7 km/h, 5.5 km/h, 8.2 km/h, and 11.8 km/h. Operating depths of implements were maintained approximately 20cm during the tests. Torque data of drive axles were different at each location during plow and rotary operations. Results showed that torque of rear axles were greater than those of front axles. Total torque were 6860 - 11064 Nm at the upland and 7360 - 14190 Nm at the paddy field for plow operations. It was found that torque at the paddy field were about 20% greater than those at the upland for plow operations. Torque data showed that rotary operations required less power than plow operation at the paddy field and the upland. Torque measurements at each axle for rotary operations were only 8 - 16% of plow operations in the upland and 15 - 20% in the paddy field.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.237-246
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate growth characteristics and yield of silage corn hybrids by different planting dates at paddy and upland field. Days to silking by different planting dates at paddy field were 81 days at planting on April 22, 70 days on May 20 and 62 days on June 10, respectively, and they were getting shorter as planting date delayed. There was no significant difference in days to silking between paddy and upland field. Plant height in paddy field was no significant difference between at planting on April 22 and on May 20, and it was shortened sharply at planting on June 10. There was no significant difference in plant height between paddy and upland field. There was no significant difference in lodging by different planting dates in paddy field. There was significant difference in lodging between paddy and upland field (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in stay-green by different planting dates in paddy field, and no significant difference between paddy and upland field. Ear ratios to total dry matter in paddy field were 43% at planting on April 22, 41% on May 20 and 28% on June 10, respectively, and it was lower as planting date delayed. There was no significant difference in ear ratios to total dry matter between paddy and upland field. Fresh yields in paddy field were lower with 14% at planting on May 20 and 32% on June 10 compared to on April 22 as planting date delayed. There was no significant difference in fresh yield between paddy and upland field. Dry matter yields in paddy field were higher with 9% at planting on May 20 and lower with 24% on June 10 compared to at planting on April 22 as planting date delayed. Dry matter yield in paddy field was lower with 9% compared to 1,931 kg/10a at planting on April 22. TDN (Total digestible nutrients) yields in paddy field were higher with 5% at planting on May 20 and lower with 28% on June 10 compared to at planting on April 22 as planting date delayed. TDN yield in paddy field was lower with 11% compared to 1,340kg/10a at planting on April 22.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.387-393
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• 2005

The effect of cattle manure with the rates of 2 and 4 ton $l0a^{-1}$ for winter rye and summer corn cultivation, respectively, on the dry matter (DM) yield and nitrogen (N) uptake were investigated during successive three­year conversion period from paddy to upland condition in paddy field. The changes in soil properties and soil N sup­plying capacity during repetitive manure application were a1so examined. Growth and DM yield of upland forage crops, especially. winter rye were hindered highly by poor soil condition in the first year after conversion from paddy to upland condition, so apparent recovery of cattle manure N by crops was very low in the first conversion year. But, DM yield and N uptake of upland forage crops were increased linearly by accumulative input of cattle manure along with mineral N enrichment in soil, which also increased apparent recovery of cattle manure-No It seemed that those increases were mainly due to the improvement of soil properties such as soil mineral N, soil organic matter (soil carbon), potentially mineralizable N and bulk density by accumulative input of cattle manure rather than the increase of soil N supply according to accumulative conversion period from paddy to upland condition. It was derived that conversion period from paddy to upland condition over 2 years is needed to obtain proper DM yield in paddy field and accumulative inputs of cattle manure during the conversion period is more influential to the continuous increment of DM yield and N uptake of upland crop as well as of potential N supplying capacity of soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.385-388
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• 1996

Accumulation of soil chemical components in plastic-house is serious problem in Korea. This study was carried out to solve the problem by comparing the contents of soil chemical properties in plastic-house with that of upland field. The content of organic matter and available $P_2O_5($ in plastic-house soil were higher than that of upland field. Particularly, organic matter content in plastic-house soil (43g/kg) was 1.7times higher than that of upland soil (26g/kg), and content of available $P_2O_5($ (893mg/kg) in plastic-house: soil was 4.9 times higher than that of upland soil(183mg/kg). The content of exchangeable K, Ca and Mg in plastic-house soil were 0.5, 6.8 and 1.6cmol/kg and that of upland field soil were 0.5, 2.3 and 2.5cmol/kg, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.27-37
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• 2021

Conversion of rice paddy field to upland has been accelerated as the central government incentivizes more profitable upland crop cultivation. The objective of this study was to investigate the current status and conversion trend from paddy to upland for the reservoir irrigation districts. Total 605 of reservoir irrigation districts whose beneficiary area is greater than 200 ha were selected for paddy-to-upland conversion analysis using the land cover maps provided by the EGIS of the Ministry of Environment. The land cover data of 2019 was used to analyze up-to-date upland conversion status and its correlation with city proximity, while land cover change between 2007 and 2019 was used for paddy-to-upland conversion trend analysis. Overall 14.8% of the entire study reservoir irrigation area was converted to upland cultivation including greenhouse and orchard areas. Approximately the portion of paddy area was reduced by 17.8% on average, while upland area was increased by 4.9% over the 12 years from 2007 to 2019. This conversion from paddy to upland cultivation was more pronounced in the Gyoenggi and Gyeongsang regions compared to other the Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. The increase of upland area was also more notable in proximity of the major city. This study findings may assist to identify some hot reservoir districts of the rapid conversion to upland cultivation and thus plan to transition toward upland irrigation system.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.198-202
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• 1984

This experiment was conducted to investigate the oil content, change of fatty acid composition affected by ferlilizer levels in upland and paddy field cultivation of rapeseed, The oil content with the fatty acid such as palmitic, linoleic and linolenic was increased in the winter crop on drained paddy field compared with those of upland field in which oleic and stearic fatty acid was increased. Unsaturated, good quality fatty acid content such as oleic and linoleic acid in the cultivation of upland field was higher by 2-5% than those of paddy field. Oleic and linoleic fatty acid contents showed increased with increment of nitrogen fertilizer up to 15kg/10a, and showed same trend until 80kg/ha fertilization level of phosphate and potassium in upland field but there was no effect in paddy field cultivation.

• Journal of Drive and Control
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.107-114
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• 2023

Garlic is one of the major seasoned vegetables in Korea along with peppers and onions. Although it is a major cash crop, the aging population of farmers and rising labor and production costs are cited as the reasons for the decreasing production. Accordingly, it is necessary to introduce and spread garlic cultivation mechanization technology to reduce the input labor demand. In this study, conducted a field demonstration in Jeollanam-do using garlic harvesting machinery. In addition, it was intended to improve the mechanization rate of garlic harvesting by deriving factors that can apply to garlic harvesting machines in Jeollanam-do and investigating regional adaptability. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the harvesting performance of the garlic harvester and garlic collector in Jeollanam-do met the agricultural machine test standards. In addition, as a result of calculating the input effect of the mechanized work system compared to the conventional garlic harvesting work system, it was found that there was a labor-saving effect of 96.02%.