• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2015

In bidding processes conducted by government agencies, local governments or public agencies, budget prices are critical to both ordering bodies and bidders since budget prices are bases for selecting a successful bidder. Since a high budget price goes against ordering bodies and a low one goes against bidders, most ordering bodies adopt a system using multiple preliminary prices for determining a budget price to ensure fair and transparent manners. Discussed are how budget prices change depending on the methods of sampling 15 preliminary prices and the methods of sampling 4 out of 15 prices. Computer simulation is conducted to analyze budget prices for various methods to determine multiple preliminary prices. It is more likely for budget prices to be close to base prices when splitting a range of generating preliminary prices into 15 intervals and taking 4 preliminary prices from 15 intervals than when taking 4 preliminary prices from a whole range. In cases when splitting a range of generating preliminary prices, if we take 2 preliminary prices out of intervals above 100% and take 2 out of intervals below 100%, the expected budget prices are equal to a base price and the standard deviations are about half in comparison with those when taking 4 out of 15 intervals.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.1
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• pp.122-131
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• 2016

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of climatic variables on tree-ring growth of Larix leptolepis distributed in Korea by dendroclimatological method. For this, annual tree-ring growth data of Larix leptolepis collected by the $5^{th}$ National Forest Inventory were first organized to analyze yearly growth patterns of the species. To explain the relationship between tree-ring growth of Larix leptolepis and climatic variables, monthly temperature and precipitation data from 1950 to 2010 were compared with tree-ring growth data for each county. When tree-ring growth data were analyzed through cluster analysis based on similarity of climatic conditions, six clusters were identified. In addition, index chronology of Larix leptolepis for each cluster was produced through cross-dating and standardization procedures. The adequacy of index chronologies was tested using basic statistics such as mean sensitivity, auto correlation, signal to noise ratio, and expressed population signal of annual tree-ring growth. Response function analysis was finally conducted to reveal the relationship between tree-ring growth and climatic variables for each cluster. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable information necessary for estimating local growth characteristics of Larix leptolepis and for predicting changes in tree growth patterns caused by climate change.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 2004

Recent complex visual culture is the visual world widely magnified according to the images like image, graphics, photograph, movie, and television, etc. by the development of digital technology. Because it conveys meanings and contents inserting sound and letters, it may have multimedia character conveying and communicating information beyond general language and letters. The vision for various images at that time is inseparably connected with language. And imaginative order of image and vision are composed of special way in culture and history. Language is different in society, culture, and history. Accordingly, if visual experience is communicated with language partially, it is difficult to have university. So, role of linguistic order plays an important role in forming and defining the social and cultural differences among the visual systems. Historically various visual and optical devices with this visual language have influenced a lot. These visual technologies are concrete and physical practice determining a way to get together with the subject and the visible object in the visible world. The visual language is connected with dimension like these symbols of images and the dimension like visual technologies to series of historical physical and institutional practices. It determines social visual mode toward object world in one of visual system. Accordingly, this study is to understand visual language with social and historical character according to the changed concept and characters as development of media technology. And it is to explain it in view of visual language as a dimension of symbol and visual technology of institutional and physical practice. After all, it cannot explain the effect on the function and visual mode of visual technology as its technical element only. It also cannot separate with the practice with coherent discourse and the physical and institutional practice. The possibility, technical element of technology contains, does not realize as it is but the effect is always communicated in the social veins and realized with a restriction.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.232-239
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• 2018

Our study aims to provide a guideline of deer-proof fence heights to prevent roadkill of water deer (Hydropotes inermis), the most frequently killed by a vehicle collision, in South Korea. With 27 water deer in deer ecology center of the National Institute of Ecology, we measured the ability of water deer to jump gradually higher fences from 0.5cm by 10cm until the deterrence rate reached 100%. Ourresultrevealed that the deterrence rate became 96.7% at the fence height of 1.5m and the rate reached 100% at the 1.8m. We believe that our result provides the fundamental information to prepare a standard of deer-proof fence height. This evidence-based standard will contribute to improving the guideline for wildlife crossing construction and management, established by Ministry of Environment Korea.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2007

In all female mammals, reproductive system is one of the first biological systems to show age-related decline. Female mammals in reproductive aging, though the phenomena is somewhat species-specific, start to show declining fertility and changes of numerous physiological functions. This review will present a current information on the aging of the female reproductive hormonal axis and introduce three useful rodent models for studying this field. Middle age($8{\sim}12$ months old) in female rats and mice is comparable to the stage prior to the entry of menopause in human. In this period pulsatile and surge GnRH secretion from hypothalamus gradually attenuated, then reduced pulsatile and surge LH secretion is followed consequently. This age-related defects in GnRH-LH neuroendocrine axis seem to be highly correlated with the defects in brain signals which modulate the activities of GnRH neuron. Many researchers support the idea which the age-related hypothalamic defects are the main cause of reproductive aging, but some ovarian factors such as inhibin response also could contribute to the induction of reproductive senescence. Some rodent models are quite valuable in studying the reproductive aging. The follitropin receptor knockout(FORKO) mice, both of null and haploinsufficient state, could produce depletion of oocyte/follicle with age. Dioxin/aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR) knockout mice also show severe ovarian defects and poor reproductive success early in their life compared to the age-matched normal mice. Further studies on the reproductive aging will be a great help to evaluate the benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy(HRT) and to improve the safety of HRT.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.5_4
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• pp.1209-1220
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• 2020

In the case of forest areas, the installation of ground control points (GCPs) and the selection of terrain features, which are one of the unmanned aerial photogrammetry work process, are limited compared to urban areas, and safety problems arise due to non-visible flight due to high forest. To compensate for this problem, the drone equipped with a real time kinematic (RTK) sensor that corrects the position of the drone in real time, and a 3D flight method that fly based on terrain information are being developed. This study suggests to present a method for investigating damage using drones in forest areas. Position accuracy evaluation was performed for three methods: 1) drone mapping through GCP measurement (normal mapping), 2) drone mapping based on topographic data (3D flight mapping), 3) drone mapping using RTK drone (RTK mapping), and all showed an accuracy within 2 cm in the horizontal and within 13 cm in the vertical position. After evaluating the position accuracy, the volume of the landslide area was calculated and the volume values were compared, and all showed similar values. Through this study, the possibility of utilizing 3D flight mapping and RTK mapping in forest areas was confirmed. In the future, it is expected that more effective damage investigations can be conducted if the three methods are appropriately used according to the conditions of area of the disaster.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.307-318
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• 2002

To provide a guideline for the development of a web-based sport biomechanics class in undergraduate program, thirty web sites, searched via search engines in May 2002, were analyzed intensively. In terms of requirement of log-in, only one site of 30 sites required user name and password. Seventeen(57%) sites provided the lecture note, which had various file formats such as 59% if PDF, 29% of HTML, and 12% of PPT. Fourteen(47%) sites provided the assignment and grade information on web. Eleven(37%) sites provided various resource and links which were related in sports biomechanics. Only four(13%) sites provided discussion or online digitizing or kinematic analysis program. Based on above results, a guideline for the development of a virtual classroom for college level sport biomechanics. A web-based sport biomechanics class should be developed with consideration of several functions as follows; homepage design, lecture note, measurement of class attendance, collaborative research system, and web-based data collection and analysis software for biomechanics laboratory.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.211-216
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• 2006

$\underline{Purpose}$: An analysis of the infrastructure for radiotherapy in Korea was performed to establish a baseline plan in 2006 for future development. $\underline{Materials\;and\;Methods}$: The data were obtained from 61 radiotherapy centers. The survey covered the number of radiotherapy centers, major equipment and personnel. Centers were classified into technical level groups according to the IAEA criteria. $\underline{Results}$: 28,789 new patients were treated with radiation therapy in 2004. There were 104 megavoltage devices in 61 institutions, which included 96 linear accelerators, two Cobalt 60 units, three Tomotherapy units, two Cyberknife units and one proton accelerator in 2006. Thirty-five high dose rate remote after-loading systems and 20 CT-simulators were surveyed. Personnel included 132 radiation oncologists, 50 radiation oncology residents, 64 medical physicists, 130 nurses and 369 radiation therapy technologists. All of the facilities employed treatment-planning computers and simulators, among these thirty-two percent (20 facilities) used a CT-simulator. Sixty-six percent (40 facilities) used a PET/CT scanner, and 35% (22 facilities) had the capacity to implement intensity modulated radiation therapy. Twenty-five facilities (41%) were included in technical level 3 group (having one of intensity modulated radiotherapy, stereotactic radiotherapy or intra-operative radiotherapy system). $\underline{Conclusion}$: Radiation oncology in Korea evolved greatly in both quality and quantity recently and demand for radiotherapy in Korea is increasing steadily. The information in this analysis represents important data to develop the future planning of equipment and human resources.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.3885-3892
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• 2010

Safety-Critical systems, such as Plant Protection Systems in nuclear power plant, plays a key role that the facilities can be operated without undue risk to the health and safety of public and environment, and those systems shall be designed, fabricated, installed, and tested to quality standards commensurate with the importance of the functions to be performed. Computer-based Instrumentation and Control Systems to perform the safety-critical function have Real Time Operating Systems to control and monitoring the sub-system and executing the application software. The safety-critical Real Time Operating Systems shall be designed, analyzed, tested and evaluated to have capability to maintain a high integrity and quality. However, local nuclear power plants have applied the real time operating systems on safety critical systems through Commercial Grade Item Dedication method, and this is the reason of lack of detailed methodology on assessing the safety of real time operating systems, expecially to the new developed one. This paper presents the methodology and experiences of safety evaluation on safety-critical Real Time Operating Systems based upon design requirements. This paper may useful to develop and evaluate the safety-critical Real Time Operating Systems in other industry to ensure the safety of public and environment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1260-1269
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine postoperative quality of life(QoL), thyroid specific symptoms(TSSs), self care compliance, anxiety and depression in patients with papillary thyroid cancer and to identify factors influencing their postoperative QoL. 154 patients were surveyed using structured questionnaires and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. The mean score of postoperative QoL in the subjects was 2.72 and the postoperative QoL score of social/family well being subscale showed the lowest score. Most of the subjects suffered from TSSs such as fatigue, cold intolerance, and mood swings. The most frequent activity for self care compliance was taking thyroid hormone(100%) and OPD follow up was the second activity(99.4%). Anxiety score was 45.3 indicating a medium level however 63% of the subjects were evaluated as depression status. Postoperative QoL in thyroid papillary cancer patients showed significantly negative correlations to TSSs, anxiety, and depression (r=-.573, p<.001; r=-.739, p<.001; r=-.742, p<.001). The factors influencing postoperative QoL were TSSs, anxiety, and depression, which explained about 64.9% of the variance. Thus to improve postoperative QoL in patients with papillary thyroid cancer, health care providers should relieve negative emotions related to long term cancer management, develop the support system and provide practical information to apply patients' physical, and psychological symptoms control.