• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.53-55
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• 2004

In emergency cases, such as the severe trauma involving the fracture of skull, spine, or cervical bone, from auto accident or a fall, and/or pneumothorax which can not be diagnosed exactly by the eye examination, it is necessary the radiological examination during transferring to the hospital for emergency care. The aim of this study was to design and evaluate the prototype of mobile medical image communication system based on CDMA 1X EVDO. The system consists of a laptop computer used as a transmit DICOM client, linked with cellular phone which support to the CDMA 1X EVDO communication service, and a receiving DICOM server installed in the hospital. The DR images were stored with DICOM format in the storage of transmit client. Those images were compressed into JPEG2000 format and transmitted from transmit client to the receiving server. All of those images were progressively transmitted to the receiving server and displayed on the server monitor. To evaluate the image quality, PSNR of compressed image was measured. Also, several field tests had been performed using commercial CDMA2000 1X-EVDO reverse link with the TCP/IP data segments. The test had been taken under several velocity of vehicle in seoul areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.118-135
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• 1988

This study is designed to analyze the problems of health education in schools and explore the ways of enhancing health education from a historical perspective. It also shed light on the managerial aspect of health education (including medical-check-up for students disease management. school feeding and the health education law and its organization) as well as its educational aspect (including curriculum, teaching & learning, and wishes of teachers). At the same time it attempted to present the ways of resolving the problems in health education as identified her. Its major findings are as follows; I. Colculsion and Summary 1. Despite the importance of health education, the area remains relatively undeveloped. Students spend a greater part of their time in schools. Hence the government should develop a keener awareness of the importance of health education and invest more in it to ensure a healthy, comfortable life for students. 2. At the moment the outcomes of medical-check-up for students, which constitutes the mainstay of health education, are used only as statistical data to report to the relevant authorities. Needless to say they should be used to help improve the wellbeing of students. Specifically, nurse-teachers and home-room teachers should share the outcomes of medical-check-up to help the students wit shortcomings in growth or development or other physical handicaps more clearly recognize their problems and correct them if possible. 3. In the area of disease management, 62.6, 30.3 and 23.0 percent of primary, middle, and highschool students, respectively, were found to suffer from dental ailments. By contrast 2.2, 7.8, and 11.5 percent of primary, middle and highschool students suffered from visual disorders. The incidence of dental ailments decreases while that of visual impairments increases as students grow up. This signifies that students are under tremendous physical strain in their efforts to be admitted by schools of higher grade. Accordingly the relevant authorities should revise the current admission system as well as improve lighting system in classrooms. 4. Budget restraints have often been cited as a major bottleneck to the expansion of school feeding. Nevertheless it should be extended at least, to all primary schools even at the expense of parents to ensure the sound growth of children by improving their diet. 5. The existing health education law should be revised in such a way as to better meet the needs of schools. Also the manpower for health education should be strengthened. 6. Proper curriculum is essential to the effective implementation of health education. Hence it is necessary to remove those parts in the current health education curriculum that overlaps with other subjects. It is also necessary to make health education a compulsory course in teachers' college at the same time the teachers in charge of health education should be given an in-service training. 7. Currently health education is being taught as part of physical education, science, home economics or other courses. However these subjects tend to be overshadowed by English, mathematics, and other subjects which carry heavier weight in admission test. It is necessary among other things, to develop an educational plan specifying the course hours and teaching materials. 8. Health education is carried out by nurse-teachers or home-room teachers. In connection with health education, they expressed the hope that health education will be normalized with newly-developed teaching material, expanded opportunity for in-service training and increased budget, facilities and supply of manpower. These are the mainpoints that the decision-makers should take into account in the formation of future policy for health education. II. Recommendations for the Improvement of Health Education 1. Regular medical check-up for students, which now is the mainstay of health education, should be used as educational data in an appropriate manner. For instance the records of medical check-up could be transferred between schools. 2. School feeding should be expanded at least in primary schools at the expense of the government or even parents. It will help improve the physical wellbeing of youths and the diet for the people. 3. At the moment the health education law is only nominal. Hence the law should be revised in such a way as to ensure the physical wellbeing of students and faculty. 4. Health education should be made a compulsory course in teachers' college. Also the teachers in service should be offered training in health education. 5. The curriculum of health education should be revised. Also the course hours should be extended or readjusted to better meet the needs of students. 6. In the meantime the course hours should be strictly observed, while educational materials should be revised in no time. 7. The government should expand its investment in facilities, budget and personnel for health education in schools at all levels.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.252-261
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• 2003

Although the young spike of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is known as the most susceptible part to spring cold injury, the risk of cold injury is apt to be ignored in most breeding program due to the importance of early maturity. Based on these aspects, the types and inducing time, temperature conditions for induction and effects of cold injury on growth and yield in this study were investigated under greenhouse and field conditions through three years (1997-1999). In natural condition, low temperature around -2.4∼$-10.2^{\circ}C$ caused the death of plant. Several cold injury types such as partial degeneration of spike, partial discoloration of leaf, spike and awn, discoloration of culm and white spike were observed at low temperature around $-3.1^{\circ}C$. Low temperature around -2.4∼$-8.6^{\circ}C$ and 1.3-$7.6^{\circ}C$ caused degeneration and sterility of spike, respectively. Most materials were prepared to the spikelet foundation stage, spikelet differentiation stage, development stage of flower organ, booting stage and heading stage, which were known having risk for cold injury in field condition. Although most of the controlled stages were sensitive to the induced low temperature, booting stage was the most sensitive stage for cold injury. All of growth stages which were treated-heading stage, booting stage, development stage of flower organ, spikelet differentiation stage, spikelet foundation stage-were responded to low temperature treatment but the symptoms revealed were very specific according to the growth stages. Ears of plant in heading stage were discolored to white. Ears of plant in booting stage were degenerated in all or part of one. Plants in spikelet differentiation stage were sterile in all or part of one. When tried to detect the specific differences between normal and cold injured plants in appearance, spike length, distance between spike and flag leaf and the first internode length could be the critical points for occurrence of spike death caused by cold injury. In barley, the elongation of spike was stopped on 3.2cm after occurrence of spike degeneration, 4.7cm after occurrence of partial degeneration of spike, 5.0cm after occurrence of white spike. In wheat, it was stopped on 1.6cm after occurrence of stem death, 3.3cm after occurrence of spike degeneration, 8.3cm after occurrence of partial degeneration of spike, 8.1cm after occurrence of white spike, 7.5cm after partial discoloration of leaf and 9.3cm after partial discoloration of spike. The obtained results from low temperature treatment induced in growth chamber were similar to the field experiment, Beacuse the death of spikes was more when low temperature was treated two times than one times, the temperature should be upgrade to -3$^{\circ}C$ in order to get the same condition with field test.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 1988

Germination and seedling elongation of soybeans [Glycine max. (L.) Merr., cults. Bangsakong, Hill, Paldalkong, Danyupkong, Baegwun-kong. Kwangkyokong, Changyupkong and Hwangkeumkong] were measured at two temperatures (15 and 30$^{\circ}C$) and four polyethylene glycol 10,000 (PEG) solutions (0, 20, 30 and 35g/100g-H$_2$O). Adjustments of PEG solution were based on water potentials of 0.0, -0.5, -1.1 and -1.5 MPa at room temperature. Observations were made at 3, 6, 9 and 12 days for 15$^{\circ}C$ and 1, 2, 3 and 4 days for 30$^{\circ}C$. Fifteen seeds of each cultivar were placed on Whatman No. 1 (9cm) filter paper in plastic pertridishes, and adjusted to 15 ml of the proper PEG solution supplemented with 0.2 percent thiram using automatic syringe. The dishes were covered with cap. The seeds were germinated at a continuous temperature of 15 or 30$^{\circ}C$ under dark conditions for programmed period. Seedling moisture content and seedling length of eight soybean cultivars decreased as PEG concentration increased both at 15 and 30$^{\circ}C$. Cultivar differences in seedling moisture content and seedling length were found among eight soybean cultivars at temperatures of 15 and 30$^{\circ}C$. Larger sized cultivar absorbed more moisture than samller sized cultivar. However, reverse results were obtained on the seedling moisture content of each of eight soybean cultivars. Cultiver Hill and Paldalkong showed greater seedling length than the other six cultivars from 20 to 30g/100g water of PEG concentrations both at 15 and 30$^{\circ}C$. The results of this study indicated that germination test of soybean seeds in aqueous solutions of PEG has potential for screening soybean cultivars for improved emergence during moisture stress.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.227-242
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was 10 examine whether or not the dental- health education experiences of elementary school teachers have any influence on their oral-health awareness and attitude. The subjects in this study were 414 selected teachers from Seoul and North Cholla province. The instrument used by Lee Heung-su was modified into self- reporting questionnaire, and the schools where the subjects were working were visited to conduct a survey for 28 days from September 15 to October 13, 2000. For data analysis, SPSS was employed, and chi-squre, t-test and ANOVA were implemented. The findings of this study could be listed as below: 1. 184(44.4%) out of the techers investigated had ever been educated in dental health, and 230 teachers(55.6%) hadn't. 47% replied they hadn't received oral-health education for the lack of education opportunities. 2. In regard to dental-health awareness and attitude. the presence or absence of dental-health education experiences didn't make any difference to their daily toothbrushing frequency(p>0.05). The use of fluorine was significantly different between the groups(p<0.01), as 42.9% of the teachers with dental-health education experiences and 63.9% of the others with no such a experience didn't use that, 45.7% of the former group and 29.1 % of the latter accurately knew how to brush teeth, and the difference between the two was significant (p<0.01). 3. Concerning student-related dental-health awareness and attitude, the dental-health education experiences make 45.7% of the educated group and 31.7% of the uneducated group agreed to the strong need for oral examination, and the gap between the two was significant(p<0.01). 90.8% of the former group gave counsel to students on dental health, and 77.2% of the latter didn't. The gap between the two was significant as well (p<0.01). 77.2% of the educated group and 41.3% of the uneducated group offered frequent dental-health education, and the difference between the two was significant (p<0.01). 4. Their awareness of the fluorine-based toothbrushing project differed significantly by region(p<0.05), as the teachers from North Cholla province recognized it better than those from Seoul. The female teachers provided more education regarding that project, and those who were older or had more teaching experiences were more aggressive in instructing that project(p<0.01). And the married teachers took more forward attitude than the unmarried (p<0.01). By school location, the teachers from Seoul showed more active attitude than those from North Cholla province(p<0.01), and the gap between the two was significant. As to cooperation, those who were older or had more teaching experience were more cooperative, and the married teachers joined forces better than the unmarried. The gap was significant (p<0.01). 5. Concerning the awareness and attitude of the fluorine-based toothbrushing project, the educated teachers took more aggressive attitude, and the difference between the two was significant(p<0.01). The above-mentioned findings suggested that the dental-health awareness and attitude of the elementary school teachers were under a lot of influence of their oral-health education experiences, and there is a need to develop and carry out education programs for teacher.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.76-85
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• 2004

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the emotional state and personality characteristics of patient with panic disorder. Methods: Twenty patients with panic disorder, 21 patients with somatoform disorder, and 20 normal healthy controls were studied. Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) and Korean standardized edition of Cattell's 16 Personality Factors Questionnaire(16-PF) were used for assessment. Statistically, One-way ANOVA with Scheffe test were used by SPSS/PC for windows. Results: 1) Total score of BDI was higher in the panic group than the somatoform group and normal control group(p<0.001). 2) Total score of state anxiety and trait anxiety in the panic group was higher than the somatoform group and normal control group(p<0.001). 3) In 16 PF, there were no definitely abnormal range of scores. But in first-stratum source traits of 16PF, the panic group was higher than the somatoform group and normal healthy group in O-factor (p<0.01) and Q4-factor(p<0.001). In second-stratum source traits of 16PF, the panic group was higher than the somatoform group in ANX-factor(p<0.05), but lower than normal control group in TOUfactor(p<0.05). 4) There were no differences in the panic subgroup according to sex and cutoff points of BDI score 16 and STAI-T score 54. 5) According to cutoff point of STAI-S score 52, the panic subgroup above 52 was higher than the panic subgroup under 52 in G-factor(p<0.001), Q3-factor(p<0.05) and SUP-factor(p<0.001), but lower in L-factor(p<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that emotional state of patients with panic disorder are depressive and anxious as compared with patients with somatoform disorder and normal controls. Patients with panic disorder did not show any abnormal personality characteristics but were more guilt-prone, anxious, emotionally sensitive. We propose that the understanding of panic patients' emotional state and personality characteristics will helpful to treat and manage in patient with panic disorder.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2004

To develop a aceclofenac soft capsule, four preparations with various solubilizers were prepared and their dissolution test was carried out. Among four preparations tested, a preparation with ethanolamine was selected as a formula of aceclofenac soft capsule (Clanza $S^{TM}$), since it showed the fastεst dissolution rate. Bioequivalence of aceclofenac tablet, $Airtal^{TM}$ (Dae-Woong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and aceclofenac soft capsule, Clanza $S^{TM}$ (Korea United Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) was evaluated according to the guideline of KA Fourteen normal male volunteers (age 20 - 25 years old) were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After oral administration of one tablet or capsule containing 100 mg of aceclofenac, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentration of aceclofenac in plasma was determined with an HPLC method under UV detector The pharmacokinetic parameters ($C_{max}$ and $AUC_t$) were calculated and ANOVA was utilized for the statistical analysis of parameters using logarithmetically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ between Aral tablet and Clanza soft capsule were 2.89%, 0.18% and 43.0%, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(15) (e.g. log(0.81) -log(1.23) ad log(0.89) -log(1.4)) fo $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively. Thus, the criteria of the KFDA guidelines for the equivalence was satisfied, indicating that Clanza $S^{TM}$ soft capsule is bioequivalent to$Airtal^{TM}$ tablet.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.475-488
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• 2018

This study evaluates geothermal system efficiency in terms of input power and heat exchange volume on the heat-source and load sides, by applying a combined open-closed type loop system comprising a geothermal system and a groundwater well to a cultivation site. In addition, this study analyzes the effects of heating and cooling for a complex geothermal system, by evaluating the temperatures of an external site and a cultivation site during operation. During cooling operations the heat exchange volume on the heat source side, average 90.0kW/h for an open type system with an input of 235L/minute groundwater, and 40.1kW/h for a closed type system with an input of 85L/minute circulating water, for a total average heat exchange volume of 130.1kW/h. The actual heat exchange volume delivered on the load side averages 110.4kW/h. The average EER by analysis of the geothermal system's cooling efficiency is 5.63. During heating operation analysis, the heat exchange volume on the heat source side, average 60.4kW/h in an open type system with an input of 266L/minute groundwater, and 22.4kW/h in closed type system with an input of 86L/minute circulating water, for a total average heat exchange volume of 82.9kW/h. The actual heat exchange volume delivered on the load side averages 112.0kW/h in our analysis. The average COP determined by analysis of the geothermal system's heating efficiency is 3.92. Aa a result of the tradeoff between the outside temperature and the inside temperature of the production facility and comparing the facility design with a combined well and open-closed loops geothermal(CWG) system, we determine that the 30RT-volume CWG system temperature are lower by $3.4^{\circ}C$, $6.8^{\circ}C$, $10.1^{\circ}C$ and $13.4^{\circ}C$ for ouside temperature is of $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. Based on these results, a summer cooling effect of about $10^{\circ}C$ is expected relative to a facility without a CWG system as the outside temperature is generally ${\geq}30^{\circ}C$. Our results suggest that a complex geothermal system provides improvement under a variety of conditions even when heating conditions in winter are considered. Thus It is expected that the heating-cooling tradeoffs of complex geothermal system are improved by using water screen.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.253-259
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• 2004

in this study, we developed a Monte Carlo imaging simulation code written by the visual C$\^$++/ programing language for design optimization of a digital X-ray imaging system. As a digital X-ray imaging system, we considered a Gd$_2$O$_2$S(Tb) scintillator and a photosensor array, and included a 2D parallel grid to simulate general test renditions. The interactions between X-ray beams and the system structure, the behavior of lights generated in the scintillator, and their collection in the photosensor array were simulated by using the Monte Carlo method. The scintillator thickness and the photosensor array pitch were assumed to 66$\mu\textrm{m}$ and 48$\mu\textrm{m}$, respertively, and the pixel format was set to 256 x 256. Using the code, we obtained X-ray images under various simulation conditions, and evaluated their image qualities through the calculations of SNR (signal-to-noise ratio), MTF (modulation transfer function), NPS (noise power spectrum), DQE (detective quantum efficiency). The image simulation code developed in this study can be applied effectively for a variety of digital X-ray imaging systems for their design optimization on various design parameters.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.409-416
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• 2014

This study was conducted to reduce the using amount of chemical fungicides for the control of red-pepper powdery mildew. Effect of combined application of three microbial fungicides and six chemical fungicides for the control of red-pepper powdery mildew was examined in vitro, in pot assay and under field condition. One chemical fungicide (Azoxystrobin+Chlorothalonil) among six chemical fungicides significantly suppressed three microbial fungicides (Bacillus subtilis Y1336, Bacillus subtilis DBB1501, Bacillus subtilis QST-713) registered for the control of pepper powdery mildew in vitro. In the pot assay, two mixed application such as B. subtilis DBB1501+Trifloxystrobin, B. subtilis QST713+Trifloxystrobin among nine mixed applications of three microbial fungicides and three chemical fungicides showed the highest suppressive effect against red pepper powdery mildew. Also, suppressive effect of the mixed application of B. subtilis QST713 and Trifloxystrobin was similar to that of single application of three chemical fungicides(Myclobutanil, Trifloxystrobin, Hexaconazole). In the field test, when the microbial fungicides (B. subtilis DBB1501, B. subtilis QST713) and the chemical fungicide (Trifloxystrobin) for the control of powdery mildew of red pepper were mixed foliar sprayed four times at 7 day-intervals, the control values were in the range of 70.3% to 70.9%. On the other hand, when each of the chemical fungicide (Trifloxystrobin) was foliar sprayed four times at 7 day-intervals, the control value was 72.7%. Consequently, the mixed application of the microbial fungicides and chemical fungicides could be recommended as a one of control measures for reducing the using amount of chemical fungicides.