• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.227-236
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of ginseng leaf as a cosmetic material. In this research, we employed enzymatic treated ginseng leaf by using Ultraflo L to improve the recovery of ginsenosides from the ginseng leaf and studied the biological activities and skin safety of the enzymatic treated ginseng leaf for use as a cosmetic material. The total ginsenoside contents of the non-enzymatic treated ginseng leaf (NEGL) and Ultraflo L treated ginseng leaf (UTGL) were 271 and 406 mg/g, respectively. The level of metabolite ginsenosides (sum of Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, Rh2, and F2) was higher in UTGL (93.1 mg) compared to NEGL (62.4 mg) in one gram ginseng leaf extract. The increase in amounts of ginsenoside types in UTGL compared to NEGL was generally 140% to 157%. UTGL exhibited relatively higher 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate ($IC_{50}$, 2.8 mg/mL) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt ($IC_{50}$, 1.6 mg/mL) radical scavenging activities compared to NEGL (4.8 mg/mL and 2.2 mg/mL). The UTGL group showed normalized hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation and visual wrinkling grade induced-UVB exposure. The UTGL did not induce any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites; however, some guinea pigs treated with UTGL on abraded skin sites showed very slight erythema. The primary irritation index (PII) score of UTGL was 0.05 and it was classified as a practically non-irritating material (PII, 0 to 0.5). In skin sensitization tests with guinea pigs, UTGL had a positive rate of skin sensitization at 40%, and the mean evaluation score was 0.4.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.456-462
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• 2017

Background: Abnormal activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays an important role in UV-induced wrinkle formation, which is a major dermatological problem. This formation occurs due to the degeneration of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, we investigated the cutaneous photoprotective effects of Ultraflo L treated ginseng leaf (UTGL) in hairless mice. Methods: SKH-1 hairless mice (6 weeks of age) were randomly divided into four groups (8 mice/group). UTGL formulation was applied topically to the skin of the mice for 10 weeks. The normal control group received nonvehicle and was not irradiated with UVB. The UV control (UVB) group received nonvehicle and was exposed to gradient-UVB irradiation. The groups (GA) receiving topical application of UTGL formulation were subjected to gradient-UVB irradiation on $0.5mg/cm^2$ [GA-low (GA-L)] and $1.0mg/cm^2$ [(GA-high (GA-H)] of dorsal skin area, respectively. Results: We found that topical treatment with UTGL attenuated UVB-induced epidermal thickness and impairment of skin barrier function. Additionally, UTGL suppressed the expression of MMP-2, -3, and -13 induced by UVB irradiation. Our results show that topical application of UTGL protects the skin against UVB-induced damage in hairless mice and suggest that UTGL can act as a potential agent for preventing and/or treating UVB-induced photoaging. Conclusion: UTGL possesses sunscreen properties and may exhibit photochemoprotective activities inside the skin of mice. Therefore, UTGL could be used as a potential therapeutic agent to protect the skin against UVB-induced photoaging.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.372-376
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• 2006

Ferulic acid is a phenolic compound that serves as a major biosynthetic precursor of vanillin in higher plants. We investigated the ability of the 3 commercial enzymes - Ultraflo L, Viscozyme L, and ${\alpha}-Amylase$ - to induce the release ferulic acid from the Ipomoea batatas L. (sweet potato) stem. The rate of release for ferulic acid was optimal when Ultraflo L (1.0%) was used compared with the other enzymes, whereas Viscozyme L was most effective for the release of vanillic acid and vanillin. Thus, these enzymes may be useful for the large-scale production of ferulic acid and other phenolic compounds from sweet potato stem.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.132-137
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 탄수화물 가수분해효소가 옥수수 가루의 페놀 화합물 및 항산화성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 옥수수 가루는 빵, 과자 등 다양한 가공 식품 뿐만 아니라 가축용 사료로도 이용되고 있으며, 이에 대한 기능성의 증가는 국민 및 반려동물의 건강성 증진에 기여할 수 있을 것이다. 본 실험에서 탄수화물 가수분해효소 처리는 옥수수 가루의 유리 페놀산 및 총 페놀 화합물 함량을 유의적으로 증가시켰으며, 이는 효소 처리가 세포벽 구성성분과 강하게 결합하고 있는 불용성 페놀산을 유리화하기 때문이다. 또한 옥수수 가루의 항산화활성 또한 효소처리에 의해 유의적으로 증가하였는데, 이는 강한 항산화활성을 가진 유리 페놀산이 탄수화물 가수분해효소에 의해 증가하였기 때문이다. 상용 탄수화물 가수분해효소 처리는 친환경적일 뿐만 아니라 공정이 단순하여 상업적으로 이용하기 쉬울 것이라 생각된다. 하지만 아직 탄수화물 가수분해효소 처리가 옥수수 가루의 가공 적성에 미치는 영향 및 생산법 최적화에 대한 연구가 이루어져 있지 않으며 이에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2006

제주지역에 서식하고 있는 블루베리 (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)로부터 수용성 추출물을 효과적으로 제조하기 위하여 5가지 종류의 탄수화물 분해효소 (AMG, Celluclast, Termamyl, Ultraflo, Viscozyme)와 또 다른 5종의 단백질 분해효소 (Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Kojizyme, Neutrase, Protamex)를 이용하여 효소적 추출을 시도하였다. 이들 효소를 이용하여 제조된 여러 가지 블루베리 효소 추출물에 대하여 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 활성산소종 (ROS), 일산화질소 $(NO{\cdot})$ 등의 소거 활성, 금속 킬레이트결합능, 그리고 지질 과산화 저해능과 같은 항산화 효과를 검토하였다. 모든 효소 추출물의 페놀함량은 $517.85\~597.96\;mg/100 g$ 건조시료이었으며, 항산화 효과에 대한 평가에서 특히 DPPH 및 $NO{\cdot}$ 소거활성, 그리고 금속 킬레이트 결합능 등이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. Viscozyme 추출물은 DPPH 소거활성 $(0.046{\pm}0.002\;mg/mL)$이, 그리고 AMG 추출물은 $NO{\cdot}$ 소거활성$(0.339{\pm}0.011\;mg/mL)$ 및 지질 과산화 억제활성 $(0.28{\pm}0.01\;mg/mL)$이 각각 우수하였다. 과산화 수소 소거활성에 있어서는 블루베리 효소 추출물들이 천연 항산화제인 a-토코페롤보다 상대적으로 높았다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 블루베리는 항산화 효과가 우수한 화합물들을 함유하고 있을 것으로 판단되며, 향후 천연 항산화 자원으로서 이용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2010

Blueberry was enzymatically hydrolyzed using selected commercial food grade carbohydrases (AMG, Celluclast, Termamyl, Ultraflo and Viscozyme) and proteases (Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Kojizyme, Neutrase and Protamex) to obtain water soluble compounds, and their protective effect was investigated against $H_2O_2$-induced damage in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell line (V79-4) via various published methods. Both AMG and Alcalase hydrolysates showed higher total phenolic content as well as higher cell viability and ROS scavenging activities, and hence, selected for further antioxidant assays. Both AMG and Alcalase hydrolysates also showed higher protective effects against lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and apoptotic body formation in a dose-dependent fashion. Thus, the results indicated that water soluble compounds obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of blueberry possess good antioxidant activity against $H_2O_2$-induced cell damage in vitro.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.264-269
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• 2014

Background: In this study, we examined the effects of various enzymes on chemical conversions of ginsenosides in ginseng extract prepared by amylases. Methods: Rapidase, Econase CE, Viscozyme, Ultraflo L, and Cytolase PCL5 were used for secondary enzymatic hydrolysis after amylase treatment of ginseng extract, and ginsenoside contents, skin permeability, and chemical compositions including total sugar, acidic polysaccharide, and polyphenols were determined on the hydrolyzed ginseng extract. Results: Rapidase treatment significantly elevated total ginsenoside contents compared with the control (p < 0.05). In particular, deglycosylated ginsenosides including Rg3, which are known as bioactive compounds, were significantly increased after Rapidase treatment (p < 0.05). The Rapidase-treated group also increased the skin permeability of polyphenols compared with the control, showing the highest level of total sugar content among the enzyme treatment groups. Conclusion: This result showed that Rapidase induced the conversion of ginsenoside glycosides to aglycones. Meanwhile, Cytolase PCL5 and Econase treatments led to a significant increase of uronic acid (acidic polysaccharide) level. Taken together, our data showed that the treatments of enzymes including Rapidase are useful for the conversion and increase of ginsenosides in ginseng extracts or products.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.658-664
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• 2004

To find a new utilization of rice bran, nine higher fungi were examined for the production of exo-biopolymer with macrophage stimulating activity from rice bran. Among the exo-biopolymers produced from submerged cultures, Lentinus edodes showed the highest activity, followed by Grifola frondosa, Schizophyllum commune, and Coriolus versicolor. L. edodes also had the most potent macrophage stimulating activity in a liquid culture rather than in a solid culture. In order to improve rice bran utilization and the yield of exo-biopolymer with macrophage stimulating activity, the treatment of Rapidase effectively increased the macrophage stimulating activity (about 30% increase), whereas the other enzymes (Econase, Viscozyme, Ultraflo, Celluclast, and Thermylase) treatments did not increase the macrophage stimulating activity. Exo-biopolymer with macrophage stimulating activity from L. edodes contained mainly neutral sugars (58.7%) with considerable amounts of uronic acid (32.2%) and a small amount of proteins (9.1%). Component sugars of exo-biopolymer consisted of mainly arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and xylose (0.95:0.81:0.96:1.00:0.39, respectively). When the exo-biopolymer was treated with $NaIO_4, NaClO_2$, and pronase, the $NaClO_2$ treatment and pronase digestion had little effect, whereas $NaIO_4$ oxidation significantly decreased the macrophage stimulating activity (47.6% reduction at $100\mug/ml$). Therefore, the carbohydrate moiety in exo-biopolymer from L. edodes plays an important role in the expression of the macrophage stimulating activity.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.236-242
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 미역을 이용하여 초고온 열산 가수분해, 효소 당화, 발효과정을 거쳐 아세톤, 부탄올, 에탄올을 생성하는 실험에 대해 진행하였다. 초고온 열산 가수분해에서의 최적 조건은 10%의 slurry, 270 mM의 황산, $160^{\circ}C$에서의 7.5분이었다. 초고온 열산 가수분해는 열처리 시간을 줄이고 적은 농도의 황산을 사용해도 더 많은 당과 적은 저해물질을 생성해 낸다는 장점이 있다. 효소 당화에서는 Viscozyme L (${\beta}-glucanase$, Novozymes)을 12 unit/ml으로 처리하는 것이 25.1 g/l로 가장 많은 단당을 생성했다. 발효에서는 C. acetobutylicum KCTC 1724이 비교적 낮은 pH 5.0에서 많은 아세톤, 부탄올, 에탄올을 생성하는 장점이 있었지만 mannitol을 모두 소비하지 못하는 단점이 있어 고농도의 mannitol 배지에 순치한 C. acetobutylicum KCTC 1724을 사용하여 발효를 진행하였다. 그 결과, 아세톤, 부탄올, 에탄올이 각각 0.99 g/l, 5.62 g/l, 2.44 g/l로 순치하지 않은 C. acetobutylicum KCTC 1724를 이용해 발효했을 때 보다 부탄올은 2.45 g/l, 에탄올은 1.10 g/l 증가했으며 수율($Y_{ABE}$)은 0.24에서 0.37로 증가했다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.579-583
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• 2009

The effects of cell lytic enzyme treatment on total phenolic content, antioxidant and antityrosinase activities of lotus leaf were investigated. The dried lotus leaves were hydroyzed by cell lytic enzymes such as Promozyme, Ceremix, Pectinex, Ultraflo, Celluclast, Pentopan, Tunicase, Viscozyme at their optimum pHs (pH 5-8) at $50^{\circ}C$ for 4 hrs. Depending on the enzymes used, total phenolic compounds content was measured as $1,079-1,476{\mu}g$/mL, and antioxidant activities and whitening activities were increased by 5~10% and 20%, respectively Among the tested hydrolytic enzymes, Promozyme (pullulanase) was selected as the most suitable enzyme for the extraction of total polyphenol from lotus leaf. The optimal dosage of Promozyme were found to be 1-2% (w/w). By Promozyme treatment, total phenolic compounds content of the lotus extract significantly increased compared to the extraction without enzyme treatment.