• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1919-1923
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• 2013

Background: Smoking is known as a major risk factor for different types of cancer, as well as cardiovascular disease. Its prevalence is increasing in developing countries. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of smoking and its associated factors among the population aged 40-64 years in the city of Shahroud which is a representative urban population in Iran. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional population-based study with stratified random cluster sampling was conducted in 2009 as the first phase of Shahroud Eye Cohort Study. Of 6,311 people, 5,190 participated (82.2%). Information about smoking habit was obtained by face-to-face interview. Results: The overall prevalence of current tobacco smoking was 11.3% (95%CI: 10.5-12.3). It was significantly higher among males than females (25.7% and 0.71%, P<0.001). The prevalence of current cigarette smoking was 10.8% and 1.75% were past smokers. The smoking rate of water-pipe was 0.67%. Unemployed people smoked more than employed (OR=2.66, 95%CI: 1.38-5.14). Conclusions: The prevalence of smoking is low in Shahroud compared with other parts of Iran and other countries. Age, sex, job and marital status were associated with smoking. The low smoking rate among women may be attributed to cultural and social reasons.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.481-492
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to understand and analyze the subjective structure of attitude The method was based on a Q-Methodological approach. The results of this study, there were four categories of smoking middle school students' attitude about smoking. The first type named Self Belief type that this type didn't sensible of their surrounding persons when they were smoking and they also were responsible for strong opinion at their behavior. The second type named Other's Awareness type that they were seen the behaviors they always have to see other person when they were smoked, but if they didn't smoke or have tobaccos they feel heavy and are restless. The third type named Solving of Anxiety type. They first used to smoke when they wanted to solve their anxiety, stress, awkwardness and angry. The fourth type named A Sense of Belonging Group type. This type followed if their friends were smoking they also did it with them. As to grasping of their motivation to smoking of middle school of students with smoking, they felt some intimacy and same quality each other. In consideration of various types of attitude about smoking, it was very necessary important to grasp the meaning because we were known about attitude, belief etc. And then Through getting hold of the meaning, we could understand with their thought and value of Students in middle school. Besides, as a substitute for the students were depending on smoking purposelessly will fix right self-confidence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between health behavior and residence types of university students. Methods: Using a quota sampling method by gender and residence type, 364 male and female students (126 students who live in their own house (SH), 123 students who live in board themselves (SB), and 115 students who live in a dormitory (SD)) were selected from one university in Ulsan. Five categories on smoking, drinking, exercise, eating, and sleeping were used to describe health behavior of the participants. Results: Difference of smoking, drinking, eating, and sleeping habits was existed in classifications of residence types of participants. Regarding the current smoking rate, frequency of drinking, and amount of drinking, the result of SB was higher than that of SH or SD. The score of eating habit of SB was lower than that of SH or SD. SD exercised much less than SB or SH. Conclusion: To prevent aggravation of SB health habits, an education program for comprehensive health promotion is needed for university students to improve their smoking, drinking, exercise, and eating habits.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3513-3517
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• 2012

Aim: The present study assess the effect of consumption of alcohol on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in patients suffering from different types of cancer. Methods: This hospital based case control study conducted in the Western part of Nepal covered a total of 93 cancer patients with or without alcohol intake and smoking habits, along with 94 age, sex and habit-matched individuals serving as controls. Plasma thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS), total antioxidant activity (TAA), vitamin C, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) were estimated and compared. Results: The TBARS level was found to be significantly higher ($p{\leq}0.001$) in all types of cancer patients when compared to controls, being aggravated in alcoholics with a smoking habit. No statistical significance ($p{\geq}0.05$) was observed in the level of vitamin C and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. GSH and TAA level were significantly decreased ($p{\leq}0.001$) in all the groups except those who consumed both branded as well as homemade alcohol and non-alcoholics without smoking habit. Conclusion: Alcohol, irrespective of its commercial brand, increases oxidative stress in all types of cancer patients. This is even higher when alcohol intake is combined with a smoking habit. Decreased TAA and GSH are major risk factors for cancer development.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.255-260
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• 2019

Recently realistic descriptions have been frequently used in anti-smoking campaigns. The same trend can also be seen with regard to posters as a medium of visual communication. It was intended to examine how different types of visual images in anti-smoking campaign posters produced and distributed by the WHO can improve the effectiveness of health communication. This article aims to determine how each of abstract/stylized illustrations and realistic images might affect the three key variables of the Theory of Planned Behavior, which are Attitudes toward the Behavior, Subjective Norms and Perceived Behavioral Control, in relation to quitting smoking. Results showed that realistic images are different in improving the attitudes toward the behavior and subjective norms. However, there are no significant difference between abstract/stylized illustrations and realistic images in Perceived Behavioral Control. The findings of this study suggest that the above-mentioned types of visual information achieve different levels of effectiveness in health communication. It is desirable that more effort be devoted to the interdisciplinary study across the areas of visual design and social psychology, for example, with a view to developing better health communication strategies.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.557-570
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• 2017

This study, as a secondary analysis research, bases its source upon on raw data from the on-line survey of the Korean adolescents' health behaviors in 2015. This study was conducted to clarify the relevance of Korean adolescents' smoking with their health behaviors and mental health, and thus further to provide basic sources of effective education for their smoking prevention and for program development. The results of the study showed that Korean adolescents' smoking was significantly affected by the adolescents' sex, grades, school achievements, types of schools, allowances, economic status, parents' educational background (p<0.001). Meanwhile, smoking based on the characteristics of health behaviors was significantly different according to alcohol consuming experience, families' and friends' smoking, physical activity and subjective health status, and BMI (p<0.001). Smoking characterized by mental health showed the significant difference in their stress recognition, subjective sleep patterns, depressed experiences, suicidal ideation, and subjective sense of happiness (p<0.001). Based on all the factors regarding youth smoking, there should be development and provision of educational program for smoking prevention and cessation, including healthy behavior and mental health improvement for Korean adolescent.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.107-118
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to identify the predictors of smoking in middle school boys'. A comprehensive analysis of individual, family and social environment-related factors was done. Method: The participants in this descriptive survey on causal relations were 318 students enrolled in middle schools who were selected by convenience sampling. The data collected from June to July 2003 were put in to logistic regression analysis to build a prediction model. Results: 1) Individual-related factors for smoking in middle school boys' were participation in drinking and deliilquent behavior 2) Family-related factors were ill-treatment physically of the types of ill-treatment and mother being unemployed. 3) Social environment/peer-related factors were friends' attitudes towards delinquency. Conclusion and Recommendations: The experience of smoking among Korean middle school boys was associated not only with individual factors, but also with family and social environmental factors. The findings of this study suggest that broad intervention program should be provided to prevent adolescent smoking. It is also recommended that a program be developed that can help control the variables identified in this study along with a follow up study to verify the model.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2011

Under the Enforcement Rules of the National Health Promotion Act, smoking areas in coffee shops in Korea should be divided off from other areas. The effect on indoor air quality of different division types for smoking areas was evaluated. Using real-time monitors, fine particulate matter <2.5 ${\mu}m$ in diameter ($PM_{2.5}$) concentrations were measured simultaneously in the smoking and non-smoking areas of 30 coffee shops in Seoul. Average $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in smoking and non-smoking areas were 132 ${\mu}g/m^3$ and 52 ${\mu}g/m^3$, respectively; significantly different. Average $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in non-smoking areas were 39 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in the glass-wall type and 64 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in the separate-floor type. These $PM_{2.5}$ levels were above the US national ambient air quality standard of 35 ${\mu}g/m^3$. Although indoor $PM_{2.5}$ levels in non-smoking areas were reduced by the division, the rates of reduction were not significantly different by division type. Our results demonstrated that $PM_{2.5}$ from smoking areas can infiltrate into non-smoking areas. Therefore, a complete indoor smoking ban in coffee shops is the only way to protect customers and workers in non-smoking areas.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.279-300
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• 2021

The present study aimed to investigate the information needs and information seeking behavior of consumers who attempted to quit or maintain the ceasing of smoking and analyze the effects of the health information obtained at different stages. In particular, we examined how consumers use mobile health applications(health apps) as aids to change unhealthy behaviors and how their use of health apps influence health behavior changes. For 7 months from December 2017 to July 2018, the researchers observed changes in smoking behaviors of college students who use smoking-cessation apps and conducted face-to-face interviews. Regarding the effects of smoking-cessation apps, the participants in the action stage reported that they were encouraged to quit smoking by visualized information such as the number of days of smoking cessation, change of health status, and the saving of money due to smoking cessation. The participants in the maintenance stage highlighted that smoking cessation apps were helpful in recognizing the importance and achievement of smoking cessation by sharing experiences and social support with other attempters in the app community. The study provided theoretical implications in the field of information behavior in that it identified the particular types of information needs and information-seeking behavior of the consumers who were using mobile apps in their behavior modification process. In addition, those findings can contribute to designing the contents of the smoking cessation apps that reflect the information needs of those who attempt to cease smoking and further suggest practical insights to health information services that promote effective information intervention strategies in health behavior change.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.59-70
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• 1990

This study was performed during the period between March 22 and July 23, 1989 in other to examine status of aniti - smoking eduation in middle and high school in Seoul. The results were as follows; 1. The respondents of this study were 403 nurse teachers of whom 43.7% had implemented anti - smoking education and 56.3% had not implemented anti - smoking education. Classified by school, those schools implementing anti - smoking education were in order of frequency; boys' high schools (32.4%), coeducational high schools (18.3%) and boys' middle schools (13/6%) and those schools not implementing anti-smoking education were in order of frequency: girls' high schools (23.8%), girls' middle schools (22.5%) and coeducation middle schools(7.6%). 2. The number of times that anti - smoking education was done was once a year (60.8%) or twice a year (38.2%). For teaching materials, 49.4% of the schools reported possessing teaching materials and 50.6% reported not possessing teaching matenials. The content of the anti - smoking education material was classified by grade for 27.8% of the schools and not classified by grade for 72.2%. 3. In schools where anti - smoking education directed at giving up smoking was being used, several problems were presented; lack of reference data and education of data(38.1%) lack of equipment(29.0%), smoking by teachers(13.6%). On the other hand, in schools where anti - smoking education was not being used, the ploblems identified were, in the following order, lack of reference data and education of data(38.1%), lack of equipment(29.0%) lack of time (15.0%) and lack of information (15.4%). There was statistically significant difference the two types of schools. 4. In discussing the proper time for education on giving up smoking, the teachers in school with indicated anti - smoking education the following, in order of frequency, the first year of middle school(30.5%), the second year(27.6%), the last year of middle school (18.4%), primary school (11.9%). For those who did not have anti - smoking education, the result were similar, the first year of middle school (31.9%), the second year (23.5%), primary school (17.6%), and the last year of middle school (15.5%). There results were not statisically significant but they supports the idea of eaely education directed at giving up smoking. 5. The actual frequency of students smoking was as follows. In schools with anti - smoking education 33.5% of the students smoked a lot and seriously 33.0% smoked a little and not seriously. In schools without anti - smoking education, the majority of the teachers (50.4%) indicated that the students were 'few and not serious' followed by 'I don't know well'(19.8%), 'many but not serious'(15.6%), 'many and serious'(15.2%). This implies that the teachers in schools which have anti - smoking education think smoking is more seriously than those who are in schools which do not have anti - smoking education though it is influenced by the members of the school. The opinions on penalities for smoking were as follows; in schools with anti - smoking education, 'punish'(52.8%) and 'give advice'(27.8%). In schools with no anti-smoking education 'punish'(41.9%), 'give advice'(24.5%) and 'I don't know what the rules for punishment should be'(18.5%), and 'do not punish'(16.4). 6. For knowledge about smoking by nurse - teachers, in schools having anti - smoking education the average score was 30.40. There was not statistically significant differences in these scores. But, there is an indication of a need for a deeper and a moer systematic knowledge of smoking as shown by the problem points; lack of reference data and educational data. The reason for this is that education to give up smoking is not considered a part of routine life. But the majority(95.2%) of the respondents indicated that a systematic program in the schools would meet that need.