• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.19-29
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• 2012

It is very necessary to know about child recognition of residential environment to plan and design an environment proper for children's growth and development. The research method using Cognitive Map, which may be defined as "an overall mental image of representation of the space and layout of a setting" can be a good tool for studying child recognition of residential environment. This study analyzed the child recognition of the size of home range, the number of residential environment elements, the types of Cognitive Map and the levels of Cognitive Map to understand the contents of child recognition about their residential environment. Subjects were 206 children in age6, 8 and 10 in Gwanju and Jeonnam area. As the result of the study, we found that 70% of child recognized 100~500 M as the size of home range, and that the number of the elements of residential environment was 7, average. And we also found that sequential map was more popular than spatial map in child's Cognitive Map type and that almost 60% of child respondents drew the Cognitive Map of level 1 complexity type. As the result of this study, we could know that the research method using Cognitive Map was very useful for understanding the child recognition of residential environment.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to figure out the cognitive characteristics of the elderly living in apartment complex in order to construct basic data for the design of sustainable and age friendly apartment area. Methods: Cognitive map was used to identify and analyze the elderly residents' status of residential environment cognitions. The elderly living in Gongreung-dong apartment was randomly interviewed outdoor area and requested to draw cognitive maps on their living environment. 26 valid cognitive maps collected were analyzed, classified into two different types: Line type and Dot type. The average age, cognitive distance, length of residence, number of elements in the map(complexity) were then compared by Line and Dot type, as well as by gender. Correlations among variables also were analysed. Results: Males showed a tendency to draw dot types, which means they are place-centered, and females drew line types more than males, which means they are way-centered. The average cognitive distance of male group was greater than that of female group. As the age went up, the number of perceived place and the cognitive distance decreased. Oder people tended to draw line types rather than dot types. As the cognitive distance was longer, the perceived place and the number of lines increased. Implications: The age was more related to the recognition of the residential environment. The younger the residents were, the more they recognized the elements. The points that were represented by dots in the cognitive maps are places for memories for the individuals. Creating more memorable spaces will affect the cognition of residents on living environment. It is better to improve the cognitive environments before cognitive abilities of residents decrease.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.37-50
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• 2007

Dramatic development of information technology requires new type of sales strategy to enterprise S/W dealers. That is, one should thoroughly consider diversified types of enterprise S/W and more elaborated consumer needs to establish successful sales strategy. However, various factors that should be considered in establishing enterprise S/W sales strategy are different according to types of enterprise S/W and hard to be managed systematically which led to the current situation where they have not been discussed enough. Therefore, this study introduced the relationship between the factors that affect selection of enterprise S/W using the concept of cognitive map on various enterprise S/W sales cases. Through this process, this study grouped the cognitive maps of similar cases to introduce their characteristics and made this result to be practically useful to enterprise S/W sales strategy.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.15-24
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to establish an analytical framework and quantitative methodologies to analyze 'the cognitive effects of web map use' and to empirically test it. This experimental design was established based on the literature about spatial cognition. Accuracy, reaction time, and confidence within each participant were compared to measure the cognitive effects of web map use for wayfinding. Geometric accuracy of the cognitive maps was estimated and calculated based on the bidimensional regression. The experimental results showed that characteristics of map users and repetition of map use rather than types of map representation did significantly affect accuracy and reaction time of spatial cognition by using web maps. And confidence appeared to be low when the participants referred to both 2D and 3D maps for wayfinding tasks on the web maps. Understanding spatial cognition of web map users, which was suggested in the study, will help cartographers make more effectively-communicated maps.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.183-200
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• 2015

This study investigated the effect of learning achievements and cognitive load according to different types of presenting learning materials and epistemological beliefs (EB). Learning achievements in this study were composed by retention and transfer of ill-structured problem. A total of 80 college students participated in the study. Prior to the learning, students were guided to fill out a questionnaire regarding epistemological beliefs and a prior knowledge test. The students of each group studied with a different type of reading material: full text (FT), full text including key questions (KeyFT) and full text including a concept map (CmFT). After a session of study was finished, they were asked to complete the posttest: retention and transfer. The results showed that there was a significant difference in transfer achievements. CmFT outperformed higher scores than the other types. There was no significant difference in retention among the groups. It is strongly believed that the types of presenting learning materials may have affected the understanding of ill-structured problem solving skills. Students with sophisticated EB showed higher achievements on retention and transfer than naive-EB and mixed-EB. Even though the data showed decrease of the cognitive load on the type of materials and EB, there were no significant differences on the cognitive load. We should consider a positive effect of types of presenting learning materials and EB enhancing capabilities of solving ill-structured problems in real life.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.45-64
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• 1991

Each of us has personal and unique "Mental Images" of environment that are the results of a two-way process between an observer and his environment. By understanding of people's image on their physical settings through cognitive maps, congruent with their design environment. In this context, this study is to fine out the characteristics of the resident's image in apartment housing that are modern housing. This paper is theoretically based on Appleyard's cognitive maps types, Lynch's the components of image, Harrison and Howard's image enhancing factors and Applyard's image enhancing factors of buildings. For the purpose of this study, two-instruments were used. One was sketch mapping, that told of visual aspects of cognitive map. Another was verbal questionnaire, which was composed of nonvisual aspects of image components and image enhancing factors. For the methods of research analysis, Percentage, Frequency, and Chi-square test were used. The results of this study are as follows. Firstly, as for the types of cognitive maps, the rate of sequential maps and spatial maps are nearly same. Secondly, as for the components of images, landmarks and districts are significant elements in apartment housing, and edges, nodes and paths are rare element. Thirdly, with regard to image enhancing factors, landscaping is shown to be most effective at landmarks and districts. And finally, in examing the differences of images between various social groups, significant variables are years of living and housing size. Age and income are the next. In this study of image, we can learn about manner in which individuals come to see, understand, and cope with the environment at a personal level. So, user-oriented approach is useful in environmental design, and particularly, it is useful in the apartment housing of the future life space.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.655-672
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of prior-knowledge level and supportive information types in web-based learning using 4C/ID model(Four-Components Instructional Design model) on cognitive load and schema acquisition. To achieve the purpose, this study applied a web based learning. 166 university students participated in web-based learning for 4 weeks. After web-based learning, they checked self report for cognitive load and made concept map for schema acquisition and the datum from them were used for 2 ways ANOVA. According to the findings, groups in prior-knowledge level invested significantly differences on cognitive load and a question group in case of supportive information types didn't invested significant differences on cognitive load with statement group. Second, groups in prior-knowledge level invested significantly differences on schema acquisition and a question group in case of supportive information types invested significantly higher schema acquisition than a statement group. Furthermore, it happened interaction effect between supportive information types and prior-knowledge level on schema acquisition. This research has several implications with regard to suggesting the guidelines and conditions for the authentic task of the novice.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.73-83
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• 2010

In urban regeneration, resident participation and respect of residents' need have become a major important issue. The purpose of this study is to identify residential area improvement characteristics expected by local residents. Data used for this study were collected from survey which used questionnaire and village image map construction tool kit, developed for facilitating the residents' participation in an actual housing improvement area at Kwngjoo, Korea. The major contents surveyed through questionnaire were first, future images of the area second, directions of improvement third, preferred architectural types such as high or low rise buildings. and a total of 335 data was collected within 4 days during 12-14 December, 2008. The kit was used by parents of students at a local elementary school, and 205 image maps were collected. Content analysis was to analyse characteristics of villages shown in the constructed image maps. Lynch's five elements were utilized to select areas for analysis. As a result, types of buildings desired by residents at the selected four local areas were identified. In general, residents desired their village to be improved with low and mid rise buildings, respecting existing cultural assets. This study showed that there is certain characteristics in relation to the selected areas. Besides, the tool kit used this study showed the effectiveness in collecting opinions from young households in the improvement area within a short time. The tool is expected to be useful in attracting residents and in facilitating participation of wide range of local residents by improving the constraints stemming from time and space.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.150-157
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated the differences of mapping understanding and the types of mapping errors by the levels of students' cognitive/affective variables and the relationships between mapping understanding and these variables in learning 'concentration and reaction rate' with analogy. After administering the tests regarding logical thinking ability, visual imagery ability, analogical reasoning ability, self efficacy, and need for cognition as pretests, students learned with analogy. Then, students' familiarity and mapping understanding were examined. Analyses of the results revealed that the scores of the mapping understanding for the students with higher levels of all cognitive/affective variables except visual imagery ability and familiarity were significantly higher than those for the students with lower levels. The differences in the types of the mapping errors such as overmapping, failure to map, impossible mapping, artificial mapping, mismapping, rash mapping, and retention of a base feature were also found by the levels of students' cognitive and affective variables. The scores of students' mapping understanding were positively correlated with those of all cognitive and affective variables. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that students' science achievement, logical thinking ability, and familiarity were significant predictors of mapping understanding. Educational implications of these findings are discussed.

• Journal of Smart Tourism
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.37-46
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• 2021

The travel-related applications on a smartphone help tourists make a reservation before their trip conveniently; use a map, direction guidance, and translation services during the travel; evaluate and recommend travel services communicating with others after their journey. This study examines the relationships among affordances and constraints provided by the mini-program, users' perceived value, and travel-related mini-program (TRMP) usage by analyzing the structural equation modeling. An online questionnaire was developed from the available scales in the published literature. A total of 651 TRMP users responded to the survey, and 448 valid responses were included for analysis. Affordance, including physical, cognitive, sensory, and functional affordance, significantly influenced the hedonic value of TRMP; utilitarian value except for cognitive affordance. There were negative relationships between unfamiliarity and both types of value. The utilitarian and hedonic value of TRMP significantly influenced both the exploitative and explorative use of TRMP. Travel-related mobile applications are dramatically increased in the tourism field. This research sheds light on TRMP usage, as a new and smart device, from a user's perspective based on the affordance theory. This study represents a valuable direction regarding the emerging travel-related online platforms in tourism.