• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.698-703
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• 2017

Bubble flow characteristics in fluidized beds were analyzed by CPFD simulation. A fluidized bed, which had the size of $0.3m-ID{\times}2.4m-high$, was modeled by commercial CPFD $Barracuda^{(R)}$. Properties of bed material were $d_p=150{\mu}m$, ${\rho}_p=2,330kg/m^3$, and $U_{mf}=0.02m/s$. Gas was uniformly distributed and the range of superficial gas velocity was 0.07 to 0.16 m/s. Two other geometries were modeled. The first was a three-dimensional model, and the other was a two-dimensional model of $0.01m{\times}0.3m{\times}2.4m$. Bubble size and rising velocity were simulated by axial and radial position according to superficial gas velocity. In the case of three-dimensional model, simulated bubble rising velocity was different from correlations, because there was zigzag motion in bubble flow, and bubble detection was duplicated. To exclude zigzag motion of bubble flow, bubble rising velocity was simulated in the two-dimensional model and compared to the result from three-dimensional model.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.359-366
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• 2008

A two-dimensional thermal model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with large active area is developed to investigate the performance of fuel cell with large active area over various thermal management conditions. The core sub-models of the two-dimensional thermal model are one-dimensional agglomerate structure electrochemical reaction model, one-dimensional water transport model, and a two-dimensional heat transfer model. Prior to carrying out the simulation, this study is contributed to set up the operating temperature of the fuel cell with large active area which is a maximum temperature inside the fuel cell considering durability of membrane electrolyte. The simulation results show that the operating temperature of the fuel cell and temperature distribution inside the fuel cell can affect significantly the total net power at extreme conditions. Results also show that the parasitic losses of balance of plant component should be precisely controlled to produce the maximum system power with minimum parasitic loss of thermal management system.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.43-64
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• 2011

One-dimensional rod theory is very effective as a simplified analytical approach to large scale or complicated structures such as high-rise buildings, in preliminary design stages. It replaces an original structure by a one-dimensional rod which has an equivalent stiffness in terms of global properties. The mechanical behavior of structures composed of distinct constituents of different stiffness such as coupled walls with opening is significantly governed by the local variation of stiffness. Furthermore, in structures with setback the distribution of the longitudinal stress behaves remarkable nonlinear behavior in the transverse-wise. So, the author proposed the two-dimensional rod theory as an extended version of the rod theory which accounts for the two-dimensional local variation of structural stiffness; viz, variation in the transverse direction as well as longitudinal stiffness distribution. This paper proposes how to deal with the two-dimensional rod theory for structures with setback. Validity of the proposed theory is confirmed by comparison with numerical results of computational tools in the cases of static, free vibration and forced vibration problems for various structures. The transverse-wise nonlinear distribution of the longitudinal stress due to the existence of setback is clarified to originate from the long distance from setback.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.34-37
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• 2004

Amorphous chalcogenide thin films, especially a-(Se, S) based films, exhibit a number of photo-induced phenomena. In this study, we make the As$\_$40/Ge$\_$10/Se$\_$15/S$\_$35//Ag thin film and then we measure the holographic diffraction efficiency according to thickness of Ag. And we form the two-dimensional holographic grating. At first, we formed one-dimensional grating and then we form two-dimensional grating by rotate the sample. We found out the most suitable thickness of Ag and in case of As$\_$40/Ge$\_$10/Se$\_$15/S$\_$35//Ag(600${\AA}$), the diffraction efficiency was more higher than other samples. The holographic grating was formed by He-Ne laser(λ=632.8nm). The intensity of incident beam was 2.5mW and incident angle was 20$^{\circ}$. We confirm. the two-dimensional holographic grating by the pattern of diffracted beam and AFM(Atomic Force Microscope) image. We perform the etching process using by 0.26N NaOH in order to confirm clearly two-dimensional grating.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.361-368
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• 2006

이차원 범주형 자료를 시각적으로 표현하는 이차원과 삼차원 그래프는 많이 존재한다. 그중에서 Li등(2003)은 삼차원 그래프를 이차원 평면에 투영시키는 다이아몬드 그래프를 제안하였다. 여기서 세번째 차원은 면적과 높이 그리고 길이가 관찰값에 대응하는 다이아몬드 모양으로 대체하였다. 본 논문에 서는 이차원 자료에 대하여는 두 범주형 변수의 독립성을 검정하기 위하여 다이아몬드 그래프를 이용한다. 그리고 삼차원 이상의 자료에 대해서는 자료에 가장 적합한 로그선형모형을 설정하는데 활용할 수 있다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1301-1307
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• 2004

Reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition(RPCYD) technology has been investigated for the growth of SiGe epitaxial films with two dimensional in-situ doped boron impurities. The two dimensional $\delta$-doped impurities can supply high mobility carriers into the channel of SiGe heterostructure MOSFETs(HMOS). Process parameters including substrate temperature, flow rate of dopant gas, and structure of epitaxial layers presented significant influence on the shape of two dimensional dopant distribution. Weak bonds of germanium hydrides could promote high incorporation efficiency of boron atoms on film surface. Meanwhile the negligible diffusion coefficient in SiGe prohibits the dispersion of boron atoms: that is, very sharp, well defined two-dimensional doping could be obtained within a few atomic layers. Peak concentration and full-width-at-half-maximum of boron profiles in SiGe could be achieved in the range of 10$^{18}$ -10$^{20}$ cm$^{-3}$ and below 5 nm, respectively. These experimental results suggest that the present method is particularly suitable for HMOS devices requiring a high-precision channel for superior performance in terms of operation speed and noise levels to the present conventional CMOS technology.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.899-905
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• 2009

일반적으로 초음속 유동 실험 장치에는 축대칭형 노즐이나 이차원 대칭형 노즐이 사용되고 있다. 하지만, 이차원 비대칭형 초음속 노즐은 상대적으로 가공비용이 저렴하며 노즐의 결합부에서 생기는 불필요한 충격파 생성을 줄일 수 있는 이점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 초음속 혼합기의 연소 실험을 위해 마하수 2의 비대칭 초음속 노즐을 설계하였다. 특성곡선해법을 이용하여 설계된 노즐에 대하여 수치해석을 수행하여 경계층보정을 하였으며 최종적으로 가공된 노즐에 대하여 마하파를 가시화 하는 실험을 통하여 노즐의 성능을 검증하였다. 이를 통하여 2차원 비대칭형 초음속 노즐의 설계와 검증 방법을 제시하였다.

• 대한조선학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.3-12
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• 1975

As for two dimensional added mass coefficients for straight framed hull forms in a free surface of an ideal fluid, theoretical calculations by F.M. Lewis, vertical, K. Wendel, J.H. Hwang, and etc. are available; vertical modes of rectangular and triangle sections by Lewis, vertical, horizontal and torsional models of rectangular and triangle section by Wendel, and systematical calculations for vertical modes of single chine forms by Hwang. In this paper, employing the conformal transformation by which a unit circle and its exterior region can conformally mapped to a polygon and its exterior region, the author calculated two dimensional added inertia coefficients systematically for straight framed sections with single chine in horizontal and torsional modes of vibrations. As the results, it was found that sloping side angle is an important factor measuring the magnitude of two dimensional added inertia coefficient for a set of given values of the sectional area coefficient and the beam-draft ratio. To grasp it cleary in physical sense, pressure distributions are investigated for some typical section contours. The numerical results are presented graphically in the form of two dimensional added sectional area coefficients with beam-draft ratios and sloping side angles as parameters, so that the data may conveniently utilized for estimation of the added inertia coefficients based on a three parameter technique.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.336-339
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• 2004

본 논문은 Al/sub x//Ga/sub 1-x//As/Ga/sub y//In/sub l-y//As/GaAs 이종접합 소자의 2차원적 산란율을 해석하였다. 사각 양자 우물의 전자 준위는 슈뢰딩거와 포아송 방정식의 연계풀이에 의해 수치해석 적으로 해석하였다. 수치해석으로 얻어진 파동함수와 에너지 준위를 이용하여 이 구조에서 주요한 2차원 산란율들을 구하였다. 극성광학 포논, 음향 포논, 압전 산란, 이온화된 불순물 산란, 그리고 합금 산란이 첫 번째 두개의 하부 밴드에 대해 고려되었다. 또한 2차원에 대해 구하여진 이 결과는 같은 영역에서의 3차원 산란율과 비교하였다.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제29권1_2호
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• pp.161-171
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• 2011

The convergence rate of a numerical procedure based on Schwarz Alternating Method(SAM) for solving elliptic boundary value problems depends on the selection of the interface conditions applied on the interior boundaries of the overlapping subdomains. It has been observed that the Robin condition (mixed interface condition), controlled by a parameter, can optimize SAM's convergence rate. In [7], one had formulated the multi-parameterized SAM and determined the optimal values of the multi-parameters to produce the best convergence rate for one-dimensional elliptic boundary value problems. However it was not successful for two-dimensional problem. In this paper, we present a new method which utilizes the one-dimensional result to get the optimal convergence rate for the two-dimensional problem.