• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.12
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• pp.121-134
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• 2003

Weather marketing is firms' effort to incorporate changes of diverse weather factors into marketing planning and activities. The concept has already been applied in many products with mostly seasonal variation. However researches in this area have been limited only in practical areas and has not been supported by scientifIc approaches. Here, we investigated the effect of diverse weather factors like temperature, rain and wind on product sales based on empirical data and scientifIc methodology. For this, we selected the fashion clothing items in department stores. We tried to fInd the relationship between daily sales of clothing items and daily whether factors. Results showed that there is a meaningful relation between the two factors.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.1017-1028
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• 2016

Wind information is one of the major inputs for the prediction of urban air flow using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models. Therefore, the numerical characteristics of the wind data formed at their mother domains should be clarified to predict the urban air flow more precisely. In this study, the formation characteristics of the wind data in the Seoul region were used as the inlet wind information for a CFD based simulation and were analyzed using numerical weather prediction models for weather research and forecasting (WRF). Because air flow over the central part of the Korean peninsula is often controlled not only by synoptic scale westerly winds but also by the westerly sea breeze induced from the Yellow Sea, the westerly wind often dominates the entire Seoul region. Although simulations of wind speed and air temperature gave results that were slightly high and low, respectively, their temporal variation patterns agreed well with the observations. In the analysis of the vertical cross section, the variation of wind speed along the western boundary of Seoul is simpler in a large domain with the highest horizontal resolution as compared to a small domain with the same resolution. A strong convergence of the sea breeze due to precise topography leads to the simplification of the wind pattern. The same tendency was shown in the average vertical profiles of the wind speed. The difference in the simulated wind pattern of two different domains is greater during the night than in the daytime because of atmospheric stability and topographically induced mesoscale forcing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

The behavior of backdraft in the compartment with different ignition locations and times was numerically investigated. The Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) v5.5.3 with a model-free simulation option was used in the numerical simulation of backdraft. The ignition source was located near the inside wall, at the compartment center and near the window opening, respectively. The ignition was started at the instance when the fresh air reached the ignition location or when a sufficient time passed compare to the instance of the arriving of the fresh air to the ignition location. As a result, for the ignition source was located near the inside wall, a strong fire ball was observed at once and the result was similar to the previous experimental result. For the ignition source was located at the center of the compartment, a strong fire ball was occurred and two strong fire balls were observed consecutively for the ignition time was delayed. For the ignition source was located near the window opening and longer time was given for the ignition compare the duration of the fresh air arriving to the ignition location, the rapid temperature variation was not observed because there was no flame. However, for the ignition was started at the instance when the fresh air reached the ignition location, the ignition could be initiated and a intensive fire ball was observed. The pressure measured at the upper inside part of the window opening provided a similar trend with the previous experimental result of compartment backdraft.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1868-1874
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• 2007

We have developed a robotic system for an automated parallel cell cultivation process that enables screening of induction parameters for the soluble expression of recombinant protein. The system is designed for parallelized and simultaneous cultivation of up to 24 different types of cells or a single type of cell at 24 different conditions. Twenty-four culture vessels of about 200 ml are arranged in four columns${\times}$six rows. The system is equipped with four independent thermostated waterbaths, each of which accommodates six culture vessels. A two-channel liquid handler is attached in order to distribute medium from the reservoir to the culture vessels, to transfer seed or other reagents, and to take an aliquot from the growing cells. Cells in each vessel are agitated and aerated by sparging filtered air. We tested the system by growing Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells harboring a plasmid for a model protein, and used it in optimizing protein expression conditions by varying the induction temperature and the inducer concentration. The results revealed the usefulness of our custom-made cell cultivation robot in screening optimal conditions for the expression of soluble proteins.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1983

Prostaglandin(PG) is ubiquitously distributed in most mammalian tissue and their actions are complicated. Especially in autonomic nervous system, there are evidences indicating that PGs act as neuromodulators i.e., PGs, which are released in the vicinity of autonomic neuroeffector junctions, influence the release and the response of the neurotransmitter. Present study was undertaken to elucidate the interrelationship between $PGF_{2\alpha}$ and adrenergic ${\alpha}_2-receptor$ function in electrical field stimulation induced contractile response of vas deferens in rat. Male rat, weighing 150{\sim}200\;g, was sacrificed and vas deferens was obtained. The isolated vas deferens strip was placed between two platinum electrodes in temperature controlled $(37^{\circ}C)$ muscle chamber containing Tyrode's solution and the electrical field stimulation(EFS) induced contraction was recorded with Grass Polygraph(Model 7) via force displacement transducer (FT .03, Grass). The results are summarized as follows: 1) Electrical field stimulation for 1sec( 1 msec, 40 cps) induced contraction of vas deferens was completely blocked by tetrodotoxin. 2) Bretylium caused marked inhibition of the EFS-induced contraction, hut tyramine and cocaine augmented the contraction. 3) EFS-induced contraction was inhibited or little affected in distal portion of vas deferens by norepinephrine or methoxamine, but the contraction was rather augmented by the ${\alpha}-agonists$ in proximal portion. 4) Clonidine inhibited the EFS-induced contraction proportionally to the concentration in distal portion, which was blocked by yohimbine pretreatment, but in the presence of $PGF_{2\alpha}$ the blockade by yohimbine was reversed. 5) Indomethacin pretreatment reduced the effect of clonidine, but addition of $PGF_{2\alpha}$ after washing-out the indomethacin caused the contraction to the control level. From these results it is suggested that PG synthesis is a necessary step and the PG itself has a permissive role in ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$ action in rat vas deferens.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.332-336
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• 2010

Ionic liquid immobilized on mesoporous amorphous silica was prepared from the coupling of 1-(triethoxysilylpropyl)-3-n-alkyl-imidzolium halides with tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS) through template-free condensation under strong acidic conditions. The immobilized 1-n-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide ionic liquid on amorphous silica(BMImBr-AS) was proved to be an effective heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate(DMC) from transesterification of ethylene carbonate(EC) with methanol. High temperature, high carbon dioxide pressure and long reaction time were favorable for the reactivity of BMImBr-AS. Kinetic studies based on two step reactions revealed that the proposed reaction model fitted well the experimental data. The apparent activation energy was estimated to be 67.4 kJ/mol.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the transmission of candida in denture by dental polishing lathe. Materials and Methods: Maxillary complete dentures made from the same model were infected with Candida albicans. The infected dentures were polished by dental polishing lathe with sterile pumice and distilled water. And then sterile maxillary complete dentures were polished with same method. Polishing surface was wiped with a cotton swab and the sample was checked for Candida albicans. The polishing wheel at room temperature was checked for Candida albicans every 24 hours for 3 days. Results: A considerable number of Candida was found on the polished sterile dentures. And the Candida albicans in polishing wheel was detected at up to two days. Conclusion: An anti-infection measure is urgently needed when dental polishing lathe is used for denture polishing, because of the possibility of fungal infection.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.82.2-82.2
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• 2012

We present Herschel-PACS observations of L1448-MM, a Class 0 protostar with a prominent outflow, part of the DIGIT Key Program (PI: N. Evans). We detect numerous emission lines including CO and $H_2O$ rotational transitions, OH transitions, and [OI] forbidden transitions at wavelengths from 55 to 210 ${\mu}m$. The $H_2O$, [OI], mid-J CO (J < 23), and OH emission distributes along the outflow direction although high-J CO and other OH emission peaks at the central spatial pixel. According to our simple excitation analysis, CO seems to have two temperature components of warm and hot, which might be attributed to the PDR and shock, respectively. After exploring a wide range of physical conditions with a non-LTE LVG code, RADEX, we found that either shock alone or the combination of PDR and shock can explain the observations. The relative fraction of observed line luminosities suggest that L1448-MM is shielded from the UV radiation because $H_2O$ and CO are the dominant coolants rather than OH and [OI]. In addition, our observed fluxes match better with C-shock models rather than J-shocks. The non-LTE LVG model supports that the IR pumping process is important for OH transitions because the OH line ratios are fitted much better when the dust thermal continuum is included.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 1979

Recently the adaptive control system, which keeps the control system always optimal by adjusting the control parameters automatically according to the variations of the plant parameters, have become very important in the field of control engineering. The adaptive control systems are usally composed of the plant identification, the decision of the optimal control parameters, and the adjustment of the control parameters. This paper deals with a method of the adaptive control system when PI or PID controller is used in the feed back control system. Its controlled object (the plant) is assumed to be described by the transfer function of $\frac{ke^{-LS}}{1+TS}$ where k, T and L are steady state gain, time constant and pure dead time respectively, and their values are variable in accordance with the change of environmental circumstance. It has been known that a pseudo-random binary signal is quite effective for the measurement of an impulse response of a plant. In adaptive control systems, however, the impulse response itself is not appropriate to determine the control parameters. In this paper, the authors propose a method to estimate directly the parameters of the plant k, T and L by means of the correlation technique using 3 level M-sequence signal as a test signal. The authors also propose a method to determine the optimal parameters of the PI or PID controller in the sense of minimizing the square integral of the control error in the feed back control system, and the values of the optimal parameters are computed numerically for various values of T and L, and the results are examined and compared with those of the conventional methods. Finally the above-mentioned two methods are combined and an algorithm to struct an adaptive control system is suggested. The experiments for the indicial responses by means of both the model of the temperature control system using SCR actuater and the analog simulations have shown good results as expected, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified. The M-sequence generator and the time delay circuit, which are manufactured for the experiments, are operated in quite a good condition.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.8-18
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• 1996

As a part of comprehensive IGCC process simulation, the thermal performance analysis was performed for coal gas firing combined power plant. The combined cycle analyzed consisted of il Texaco gasifier and a low temperature gas cleanup system for the gasification block and a GE 7FA gas turbine, a HRSG and steam turbine for the power block. A steady state simulator called ASPEN(Advanced System for Process Engineering) code was used to simulate IGCC processes. Composed IGCC configuration included air integration between ASU and gas turbine and steam integration between gasifier, gas clean up and steam turbine. The results showed 20% increase in terms of gas turbine power output(MWe) comparing with natural gas case based on same heat input. The results were compared with other study results which Bechtel Canada Inc. performed for Nova Scotia power plant in 1991 and the consistency was identified within two studies. As a result, the analysing method used in this study is verified as a sound tool for commercial IGCC process evaluation.