• Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.286-292
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• 2005

Shoot induction system was developed in the recalcitrant plant species, Brassica rapa ssp. rapifera by using optimum selection of profit organ, phytohormone combination, seedling age and kind of culture container. Out of in vitro cultured leaf segment, petiole, hypocotyl, and cotyledon with petiole, only cotyledon with petiole derived from 4 day-old seedlings induced multiple shoot. The optimum combination of auxin and cytokinin for the multiple shoot induction was MS medium containing 5mg/L BA and 0.5mg/L NAA. The major factors for multiple shoot propagation were part of plant organ, age of seedling, and ratio of auxin and cytokinin. In addition, shoot regeneration was promoted in the 100ml Erlenmeyer flask compared with the $90mm{\times}20mm$ Petri-dish. The induced shoots formed roots easy on MS medium containing 0.1mg/L IBA and the whole plants were successfully cultivated in soil.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.218-221
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• 2013

Korean cabbage, a member of the Brassicaceae family which also includes cauliflower, mustard, radish, and turnip plants, is a crucial leafy vegetable crop. Korean cabbage is harvested after completion of the leaf heading process and is often prepared for use in "baechu kimchi", a traditional Korean food. Many of the components in Korean cabbage are essential for proper human nutrition; these components can be divided into two groups: primary metabolites, which include carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, and organic acids, and secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, carotenoids, sterols, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and glucosinolates (GSLs). Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, this study examined the variety of volatile compounds (including isothiocyanates) contained in Korean cabbage and its seed, which resulted in the identification of 16 and 12 volatile compounds, respectively. The primary volatile compound found in the cabbage was ethyl linoleolate (~23%), while 4,5-epithiovaleronitrile (~46%) was the primary volatile component in the seed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant contents and activities of twelve vegetable sprouts (broccoli, red radish, radish, mizuna, kale, taatsai, pak choi, Chinese cabbage, turnip, rapeseed, chicory, and alfalfa). The total flavonoid contents of the broccoli, red radish, and radish sprout were $25.36{\pm}0.13$, $25.26{\pm}1.80$, and $25.16{\pm}1.25mg$ CE/100 g FW, respectively, and were significantly higher than those of the other tested vegetables. Radish sprouts had the highest total phenolic content (112.42 mg GAE/100 g FW), followed by red radish and broccoli sprouts. The main polyphenols in the vegetable sprouts were epicatechin and chlorogenic acid, but they varied across sprout varieties. The correlation between total flavonoids and total phenolics for the 12 vegetable sprouts was very high (r=0.926). The total antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities) was also highly correlated with total flavonoids and total phenolics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.601-612
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• 2003

In Korean history, vegetables were the major side dishes of meals and originally korean diets were based on vegetables. But recently people prefer meat dishes rather than vegetables and traditional vegetable cooking seems to be disappeared. So it is needed to be positioning the importance of vegetables in food culture of Korean. In present study, history of vegetable eating was reviewed and recent consumption pattern were analyzed. 1. Since the era of the three Kingdom's and Koryo dynasty, the kinds of vegetables varied and at Chosun Dynasty people used similar kinds of vegetables as nowadays except a few things. A Garlic and mug wort had been used from the age of tribes to present and an egg, apple, cucumber, lettuce from the three Kingdom and a bamboo sprout, a taro, a burdock, a radish, a turnip, a stone-leek, a scallion, a Chinese cabbage, a marsh mallow, a spinach and a crown daisy from Koryo Dynasty and a pepper, a pumpkin, a tomato, a cabbage, a salary, a kale, a turnip and a beet from Chosun Dynasty to present. A guard, a water shield plant, a yam and wild plants would have been used before but they would not use any more. 2. Current vegetable consumptions of Korean is 232.2kg/person/yr and comparing with world mean consumption(101.9kg), Koreans still eat the largest amount of vegetables than any other countries and among Asian countries, Koreans consume more vegetables than China(203.5kg) and Japanese people(111.6kg) do. 3.The most frequently consumed vegetables were vegetables for seasonings such as a garlic or stone-leek and for kimchi such as a Chinese cabbage, radish, and carrot. But from data of Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey(2001), kinds of vegetables which people had were only 72 items showing that the kinds of vegetables were limited. 4. A lot of wild plants that would have been used for famine relief are now disappeared and on the other hand, it is increasing of some new and foreign vegetables and herbs. Cooking methods and intake pattern of vegetables are changed and varied so a traditional cooking method such as namuel is less preferred than before. But vegetable wrapping and green vegetable juice, eating uncooked vegetables(sang-sik) are very popular.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.192-198
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• 2002

Mixed infections of two economically important viruses, Turnip mosaic virus(TuMV) in the family Potyviridae and Ribgrass mosaic virus(RMV) in the genus Tobamo-virus, were studied ultrastructurally on oriental cabbage. TuMV-ACl8 (alpine isolate in Korea) induced chlorotic spots on inoculated leaves of both ‘SSD63’ inbred line known as susceptible to TuMV, and ‘Tambok’ commercial cultivar, known as resistant to the virus, in the early stages of infection. TuMV-C5 (Taiwan isolate) caused severe mosaic and malformation on the upper leaves of ‘SSD63’, and necrotic spots in both inoculated and upper leaves of ‘Tambok’. RMV-CA1 (oriental cabbage isolate from alpine in Korea) induced vein chlorosis, leaf malformation, and midrib necrotic streak in the upper leaves of both ‘SSD63’ and ‘Tambok’. Both oriental cabbages infected with a combination of TuMV-ACl8 and RMV-CA1 showed synergistic symptoms of severe yellowing, severe mosaic, and necrotic spot or vein necrosis on their leaves. A combination of TuMV-C5 and RMV-CA1 produced synergistic symptoms only in ‘SSD63’. In ‘Tambok’ infected with the combination of TuMV-C5 and RMV-CA1, the number of necrotic spots on the inoculated leaves was one half lesser than that on singly infected with TuMV-C5. A few necrotic spots progressed systemically. In cells infected with a combination of TuMV-ACl8 and RMV-CA1 or TuMV-C5 and RMV-CA1, the particles of the two viruses made nonagon-like rings(NLR); one TuMV particle was surrounded loosely by nine RMV particles. Two unrelated viruses of TuMV and RMV were compacted in the central part of the spiral aggregates(SA) that was induced strikingly in cells by the mixed infections. The SA showed NLR in its center of the cross-sectioned side. Many particles of RMV of Tobamovirus were closely associated with Potyvirus-characteristic cylindrical inclusions. The SAs in the mixed infections were formed easily by the Potyvirus of TuMV-ACl8 or -C5 isolates.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2007

Single spores were isolated from infected roots of Chinese cabbage with a typical clubroot symptom, collected from different Chinese cabbage cultivation areas in Korea. When the single spore isolates were inoculated on Chinese cabbage, radish, turnip, kale, leaf mustard and Williams' differential varieties, among 321 roots harvested two weeks after inoculation, a visual symptom was observed on only one root and light/uncommon symptoms were done on 70 roots. These 71 individuals were homogenized and used as inocula. These inocula caused generally higher pathogenicity than that of single spore. Finally 15 isolates, with enough growth for conducting further experiment, were selected. These 15 individuals were grouped four, seven, two and two into race 1, race 4, race 9 and race 11, respectively, using Williams' differential set. It was confirmed that race 4 were dominantly present in Korea. These 15 had been obtained from roots of Chinese cabbages, radishes and turnips inoculated with single resting spores and had shown pathogenicity to Laurentian and Wilhelmsburger belong to Rutabaga in Williams' differential variety set. Therefore, we assume that such characteristic pathotypes including race 4, especially, of P. brassicae showing strong pathogenicity to Chinese cabbage, radish and turnip may be dominant in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.235-242
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• 2015

A 2014 nationwide survey in radish fields investigated the distribution of common viruses and possible emerging viruses. Radish leaves with virus-like symptoms were collected and 108 samples assayed by RT-PCR using specific primers for Radish mosaic virus (RaMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV); 47 samples were TuMV positive, and RaMV and CMV were detected in 3 and 2 samples, respectively. No samples showed double infection of TuMV/RaMV, or RaMV/CMV, but two double infections of TuMV/CMV were detected. TuMV isolates were sorted by symptom severity, and three isolates (R007-mild; R041 and R065-severe) selected for BLAST and phylogenetic analysis, which indicated that the coat protein (CP) of these isolates (R007, R041, and R065) have approx. 98-99% homology to a previously reported TuMV isolate. RaMV CP showed approx. 99% homology to a previously reported isolate, and the CMV CP is identical to a previously reported Korean isolate (GenBank : GU327368). Three isolates of TuMV showing different pathogenicity (degree of symptom severity) will be valuable to study determinants of pathogenicity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2001

Application of the Asian ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) to control several species of aphids in the plastic green houses in mind, control effects of aphid populations regulated by the Asian ladybird were observed. The green peach aphid, the turnip aphid, and the cotton aphid were present on mustard plants, Angelia utlis, ornamental kales, and egg plants at greenhouses in spring, summer, and winter. Adults and larvae of the Asian ladybird used in experiments were collected from aggregated sites at Taejon in the autumn and reared on the cotton aphid in the laboratory. In winter, more number of adults and larvae of ladybirds than in other seasons were needed to control aphid population in successively double plastic greenhouses with supplied subterranean water for keeping warmth. In spring and summer, it was possible to keep the aphid populations low when necessary by manipulating ladybird populations according to the density of aphids. On the other hand, the innate increasing rate of aphid, the aphid population density at the time of applying ladybird, the predacious ability of ladybird at specific developmental stages, and needed periods should be taken into account to control aphids. In addition, the environmental factors, for example, optimum temperature and humidity should be considered to be biologically effective when ladybirds are released to greenhouses.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.433-441
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• 2016

Clubroot caused by the protist Plasmodiophora brassicae is one of the most destructive diseases of Brassica crops. Developing Chinese cabbage cultivars with durable clubroot resistance (CR) is an important goal of breeding programs, which will require new genetic resources to be identified and introduced. In this study, we evaluated resistance to P. brassicae race 4 using 26 Chinese cabbage (B. rapa ssp. pekinensis ) cultivars compared to the clubroot-susceptible Chinese cabbage inbred line 'BP079' and the clubroot-resistant European turnip (B. rapa ssp. rapifera ) inbred line 'IT033820'. No symptoms of clubroot disease were found in 'IT033820' infected with P. brassicae race 4, whereas the Chinese cabbage cultivars exhibited disease symptoms to various degrees. The Chinese cabbage cultivars that were reported to be clubroot-susceptible were susceptible to P. brassicae race 4; however, seven of the 20 cultivars reported to be clubroot-resistant were susceptible to this race of P. brassicae to varying degrees. Resting spores of P. brassicae were abundant within the infected root tissues of 'BP079', as revealed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), but they were not detected in root tissues of 'IT033820'. Although resting spores were not detected by light microscopy in root tissues of the clubroot-resistant Chinese cabbage cultivar 'Kigokoro 75', a few spores were observed by SEM. The $F_1$ hybrids from a cross between 'IT033820' and 'BP079' showed no disease symptoms, and all $BC_1P_1$ progenies from a cross between the $F_1$ hybrid and 'IT033820' exhibited a resistance phenotype. In the $BC_1P_2$ population from a cross between the $F_1$ hybrid and 'BP079', this trait segregated at a ratio of 3(R):1(S) (${\chi}^2=1.333$, p = 0.248) at a 5% significance level. Inoculated $BC_1P_2$ plants were either highly resistant or highly susceptible to the pathogen, indicating that the CR to race 4 of P. brassicae carried by 'IT033820' is dominant. In the $F_2$ population, this trait segregated at a ratio of 15(R):1(S) (${\chi}^2=0.152$, p = 0.696) at a 5% significance level, suggesting that CR in 'IT033820' is mainly controlled by two dominant genes. Therefore, 'IT033820' represents a promising genetic resource for developing durable CR breeding lines in Chinese cabbage.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2021

Plants protect against viruses through passive and active resistance mechanisms, and in most cases characterized thus far, natural recessive resistance to potyviruses has been mapped to mutations in the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4E or eIF(iso)4E genes. Five eIF4E copies and three eIF(iso)4E copies were detected in Brassica rapa. The eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E genes could interact with turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) viral protein linked to the genome (VPg) to initiate virus translation. From the yeast two-hybrid system (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays, the TuMV-CHN2/CHN3 VPgs could not interact with BraA.eIF4E.a/c or BraA.eIF(iso)4E.c, but they could interact with BraA.eIF(iso)4E.a in B. rapa. Further analysis indicated that the amino acid substitution L186F (nt T556C) in TuMV-UK1 VPg was important for the interaction networks between the TuMV VPg and eIF(iso)4E proteins. An interaction model of the BraA. eIF(iso)4E protein with TuMV VPg was constructed to infer the effect of the significant amino acids on the interaction of TuMV VPgs-eIF(iso)4Es, particularly whether the L186F in TuMV-UK1 VPg could change the structure of the TuMV-UK1 VPg protein, which may terminate the interaction of the BraA.eIF(iso)4E and TuMV VPg protein. This study provides new insights into the interactions between plant viruses and translation initiation factors to reveal the working of key amino acids.