• Title/Summary/Keyword: Turner

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Destabilization of TNF-α mRNA by Rapamycin

  • Park, Jong-Woo;Jeon, Ye-Ji;Lee, Jae-Cheol;Ahn, So-Ra;Ha, Shin-Won;Bang, So-Young;Park, Eun-Kyung;Yi, Sang-Ah;Lee, Min-Gyu;Han, Jeung-Whan
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.43-49
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    • 2012
  • Stimulation of mast cells through the high affinity IgE receptor (Fc${\varepsilon}$RI) induces degranulation, lipid mediator release, and cytokine secretion leading to allergic reactions. Although various signaling pathways have been characterized to be involved in the Fc${\varepsilon}$RI-mediated responses, little is known about the precious mechanism for the expression of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) in mast cells. Here, we report that rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), reduces the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. IgE or specific antigen stimulation of RBL-2H3 cells increases the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and activates various signaling molecules including S6K1, Akt and p38 MAPK. Rapamycin specifically inhibits antigeninduced TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA level, while other kinase inhibitors have no effect on TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA level. These data indicate that mTOR signaling pathway is the main regulation mechanism for antigen-induced TNF-${\alpha}$ expression. TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA stability analysis using reporter construct containing TNF-${\alpha}$ adenylate/uridylate-rich elements (AREs) shows that rapamycin destabilizes TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA via regulating the AU-rich element of TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA. The antigen-induced activation of S6K1 is inhibited by specific kinase inhibitors including mTOR, PI3K, PKC and $Ca^{2+}$chelator inhibitor, while TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA level is reduced only by rapamycin treatment. These data suggest that the effects of rapamycin on the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA are not mediated by S6K1 but regulated by mTOR. Taken together, our results reveal that mTOR signaling pathway is a novel regulation mechanism for antigen-induced TNF-${\alpha}$ expression in RBL-2H3 cells.

Treatment Result of Ovarian Dysgerminoma (난소 미분화배세포종에 대한 방사선치료 결과)

  • Shin Seong Soo;Park Suk Won;Shin Kyung Hwan;Ha Sung Whan
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.379-385
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    • 1997
  • Purpose : Ovarian dysgerminoma is a highly radiosensitive malignant tumor occurring in young age group. The conventional treatment was total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy followed by radiotherapy. We retrospectively analyzed the treatment results of Patients who had received radiotherapy in the era before chemotherapy was widely used. Material and Method : Twenty two patients with ovarian dysgerminoma were treated at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital between August, 1980 and May, 1991. Four patients were excluded from this study, because three patients received incomplete treatment and one received combined chemotherapy. Sixteen patients received postoperative radiotherapy and two patients had radical radiotherapy as tumor was unresectable. Median follow-up period was 99 months (range, 51-178) Median age was 22 years (range, 11-42). Among the postoperatively treated patients, three Patients were in stage IA, eight in stage IC, two in stage II, and three in stage III. One patient had Turner's syndrome. Radiotherapy was performed with high energy photon (telecobalt unit or linear accelerator, either 6MV or 10MV), The radiation dose to the whole abdomen was 1950-2100cGy (median, 2000) and 1050-2520cGy was added to the whole pelvis, the total dose to the whole pelvis was 3000-4500cGy (median, 3500). Prophylactic Paraaortic area irradiation was done in six Patients (dose range, 900-1500cGy). One patient who had positive Paraaortic node, received radiation dose of 1620cGy, followed by additional 900cGy to the gross mass with shrinking field. Total dose to the paraaortic node was 4470cGy. Six patients, including one who had paraaortic node metastasis, received Prophylactic irradiation to mediastinum and supraclavicular area (2520cGy). Of the two patients with unresectable tumors who received radical radiotherapy, one was in stage III and the other was in stage IV with left supraclavicular lymph node metastasis. The stage III patient received radiation to the whole abdomen (2000cGy), followed by boost to whole pelvis (2070cGy) and paraaortic area (2450cGy). Stage IV patient received radiation to the whole abdomen (2000cGy), followed by radiation to the whole pelvis and paraaortic area (2400cGy), mediastinum (2520cGy) , and left supraclavicular area (3550cGy) .Results : The 5 year local control rate was $100\%$ in patients who received postoperative adiuvant radiotherapy after total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Only one patient in stage III who did not receive prophylactic irradiation to mediastinum developed mediastinal metastasis. but was salvaged by chemotherapy. So. the 5 year overall survival rate uras also $100\%$. Two patients who received radiation only, are alive without disease at 112 and 155 months. Conclusion : Postoperntive adjuvant radiotherapy as well as radical radiotherapy in unresectable ovarian dysgerminoma was very effective. aut chemotherapy is also an effective treatment modality We now recomrneifd chemotherapy for Patients who need to save their ovarian functien and reserve radiotherapv fov chemo-resistant tumor or recurrence alter che motherapy.

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Review of pediatric cerebrovascular accident in terms of insurance medicine (소아뇌졸중의 보험의학적 고찰)

  • Ahn, Gye-Hoon
    • The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.29-32
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    • 2010
  • Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a progressive occlusive disease of the cerebral vasculature with particular involvement of the circle of Willis and the arteries that feed it. MMD is one of cerebrovacular accident,which is treated with sugical maeuver in pediatic neurosurgery. Moyamoya (ie, Japanese for "puff of smoke") characterizes the appearance on angiography of abnormal vascular collateral networks that develop adjacent to the stenotic vessels. The steno-occlusive areas are usually bilateral, but unilateral involvement does not exclude the diagnosis. The exact etiology of moyamoya disease is unknown. Some genetic predisposition is apparent because it is familial 10% of the time. The disease may be hereditary and multifactorial. It may occur by itself in a previously healthy individual. However, many disease states have been reported in association with moyamoya disease, including the following: 1) Immunological - Graves disease/thyrotoxicosis 2) Infections - Leptospirosis and tuberculosis 3) Hematologic disorders - Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, sickle cell anemia, and lupus 4) Congenital syndromes - Apert syndrome, Down syndrome, Marfan syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, Turner syndrome, von Recklinghausen disease, and Hirschsprung disease 5) Vascular diseases - Atherosclerotic disease, coarctation of the aorta and fibromuscular dysplasia, 6)cranial trauma, radiation injury, parasellar tumors, and hypertension etc. These associations may not necessarily be causative but do warrant consideration due to impact on treatment.(Mainly neurosurgical operation.) The incidence of moyamoya disease is highest in Japan. The prevalence of MMD is 1 person per 100,000 population. The prevalence and incidence of moyamoya disease in Japan has been reported to be 3.16 cases and 0.35 case per 100,000 people, respectively. With regard to sex, the female-to-male ratio is 1.4:1. A bimodal peak of incidence is noted, with symptoms occurring either in the first decade(5-10yr) or in the third and fourth decades (30-40yr)of life. Mortality rates of moyamoya disease are approximately 10% in adults and 4.3% in children. Death is usually from hemorrhage. In aspect of life insurance, MR is 1700%, EDR is 16 per 1000 persons. Children and adults with moyamoya disease (MMD) may have different clinical presentations. The symptoms and clinical course vary widely from asymptomatic to transient events to severe neurologic deficits. Adults experience hemorrhage more commonly; cerebral ischemic events are more common in children. Children may have hemiparesis, monoparesis, sensory impairment, involuntary movements, headaches, dizziness, or seizures. Mental retardation or persistent neurologic deficits may be present. Adults may have symptoms and signs similar to those in children, but intraventricular, subarachnoid, or intracerebral hemorrhage of sudden onset is more common in adults. Recently increasing diagnosis of MMD with MRI, followed by surgical operation is noted. MMD needs to be considered as the "CI" state now in life insurance fields.

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Marine Algae and Early Explorations in the Upper North Pacific and Bering Sea

  • wynne, Michael J.
    • ALGAE
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.1-29
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    • 2009
  • A synthesis of early exploration and the discovery of marine algae in the upper North Pacific and Bering Sea is presented covering the period from the late 1730s to around 1900. Information is provided about these early efforts to gather natural objects, including seaweeds, and names of these algae are enumerated. The first collections of marine algae in this broad region were those made by steller and Kracheninnkov from the Kamchatka Peninsula,Russia,during the Second Kamchatkan Expedition (1735-1742) and were described by Gmelin (1768). The first known algal collections in Alaska were those made byMerck in his 1790-1791 visits to Unalaska Island during the Billings expedition (1785-1794). British-sponsored expeditions for commercial purposes and for exploration and dis-covery allowed surgeon-naturallist Archibald Menzies to garher seaweeds that Dawson Turner and others worked up back in Europe. Several of the Russian Expeditions during the first half of the 18'!' century had naturalists aboard. the first Russian circumnavigation of the globe (1803-1806), with the ships 'Nadeshda' and 'Neva,' under the com-mand of Capt. Adam von Krusenstern had naturalists Langsdorff, Tilesius, and Horner, all of whom collected sea-weeds. The naturalist Adelbert Chanmisso accompanied the Romanzof Expedition (1815-1818) on the Russian vessel 'Rurik' under the command of Otto von Kotzebue and made collections of algae in the Aleutians as well as in the Kurils and Kamchatka. The Lutke expedition of 1826-1829 consisted of thw ships. Feodor Lutke was in command of the 'Seniavin' with K.H. Mertens aboard as physician-naturalist, and the 'Moller' was under the command of staniukovich accompanied by the naturalist G. Kastalsky. The first American-sponsored scientific expedition (1838-1842) was that commanded by Charles Wilkes, and the algae that were collected were worked up by J.W. Bailey and W.H. Harvey. The Russian naturalist Ilya Voznesenskii spent the period 1839-1849 in Russian Americ (Alaska and northern California) energetically traveling and making numerous collections of natural objects as well as ethno-graphic artefact. His algae were described by F.j. Ruprecht back in St. petersbung. The Swedish scientific vessel, the'Vega' (1878-1880), was under the command of Nordenskiold. The naturalist F.R. Kjellman made algal collections from Port Clarence, Alaska, as well as from bering Island and St. Lawrence Island in the Bering sea. The Harriman Alaskan Expedition in the summer of 1899, with the ship 'George W. Elder,' was sponsored by railroad magnate E.H. Harriman of New York City and had several scientific personnel aborad, including the phycologist De Alton Saunders. Algae were collected in Alaska and Washington. During the same summer of 1899 a scientific expedition organized by the University of California and including W.L. Jepson, L.E. Hunt, A.A Lawson, and W.A. Setchell as participants also visited Alaska and made collections of alage from various locations.

고고학 유적지에서 적용 가능한 농경 지시자료와 한반도의 농경활동

  • Kim, Hye-Ryeong;Yun, Sun-Ok
    • Proceedings of the Korean Quaternary Association Conference
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    • 2006.11a
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    • pp.23-25
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    • 2006
  • 제4기 만빙기에서 후빙기 사이의 기후변화는 인류문명에 있어 정착생활 및 농경활동과 더불어 잉여생산물 저장을 위한 토기제작 등과 같은 생활상의 변화를 가져 온 계기가 되었다(F.M. Chambers, 1993; Guoyu Ren, 1998; Mori Y, 2002; Martin Bell et al., 2004). 식물화석, 화분, 식물규소체 등의 대리자료(proxy data)를 이용하여 이시기의 식생환경을 밝히는 것은 고생태복원분야 뿐 아니라 당시의 환경변수들 을 추정하여 인간활동에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공해준다. 그러나 홀로세 초기 환경은 인간에게 지대한 영향을 미쳤으나 후기로 올수록 인간 스스로가 환경을 변화시키는 주체가 되었다(Martin Bell et al., 2004). Meyer&Turner(1994)는 인간활동이 자연적인 영향보다 생물구에 시계열적인 변화를 가져왔다고 하였으며, R.B Singh(1995)는 현재뿐 아니라 과거까지 다양한 인위 적인 간섭이 전지구적인 환경변화를 야기 시키는 주된 원인이라고 하였다. 따라서 환경을 복원한다는 것은 바로 그 지역을 생활 터전으로 삼았던 당시 선사인들의 생활상을 간접적으로 들여다 볼 수 있는 기회를 제공해준다. 현재까지 국내 고고학 유적지에서 이루어진 대부분의 발굴조사는 유물과 유구를 토대로 당시 선사인의 생활상을 밝히는데 중점을 두었으나 최근 인간과 영향을 주고 받았을 환경에 관심을 갖고 이를 통해 역으로 인간활동을 추적하려는 다수의 연구들이 제4기학, 고고학, 지리학, 인류학, 생물학, 농학, 기후학 등 다양한 분야에서 학제간 연구로 진행되고 있다(황상일 등, 1999; 조현종, 2000; 김주용 등, 2002; 최정민, 2004; 윤순옥 등, 2005). 그러나 이러한 연구에 있어서 어떠한 대리자료(proxy data)를 어떻게 고고학 유적지에 적절하게 적용시킬 것인지 대리자료의 조성변화나 값의 해석에 있어서 기후인자와 인간영향을 어떻게 분리해 낼 것인지에 대한 문제점이 남는다. 예를 들어 화분분석의 경우 1차적인 환경변화에 따른 식생조성변화를 반영한다. 인간이 활발한 농경활동을 하게 되면서 주변식생을 제거하게 되고, 제거된 나대지에는 재배작물과 잡초들이 자라게 된다. 그리고 이들 화분은 주변 소택지에 퇴적물과 함께 퇴적되어 화분분석 결과 벼과(科)(Gramineae)와 문화지표수종이라 부르는 여뀌속(屬)(Persicaria), 국화과(科)(Composite), 쑥속(屬)(Artemisia), 쐐기풀속(屬)(Urtica) 등의 화분에 있어 확연한 조성변화를 보여준다. 그러나 화분을 이용한 분석은 토탄층이나 유기질 퇴적물이라는 한정된 토양에서만 분석이 가능하며, 조성변화에 있어서 역시 기후와 인간활동의 영향 모두를 반영하기 때문에 이를 구분해 주는 명확한 기준이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 다양한 대리자료 중 고고학 유적지에 적용 가능한 동식물 화석 및 미화석, 지리, 지질학적 자료에 어떠한 것들을 적용할 수 있는지를 살피고, 몇 가지 대리자료를 중심으로 선사인의 농경활동에 대해 살펴보고자 한다.

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Automatic Skin Basal Cell Carcinoma Detection Using Protophorphyrin IX((PpIX) Fluorescence Image (PpIX 형광영상을 이용한 피부 기저세포암 자동검출)

  • Yu, Hong-Yeon;Jun, Do-Young;Kim, Min-Sung;Hong, Sung-Hoon
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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    • v.45 no.1
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    • pp.47-54
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    • 2008
  • In this paper, we propose an auto-detection algorithm of basal cell carcinoma(BCC) from the protophorphyrin IX(PpIX) fluorescence image induced by appling the methyl 5-aminolaevulinate(MAL) ointment-induced protophorphyrin IX(PpIX) to the skin tumour area and then shining the wood lamp on the area. The proposed algorithm first generates 3 mask areas-tumor area, suspected tumor area and tumor free area and then applies local watershed algorithm to the turner and the suspected tumor areas to make small watershed regions that include similar luminance value pixels. Next, small watershed regions are merged by hierarchical queue based fast region merging that uses the difference between the average luminance values of adjacent watershed regions as a region merging criterion and finally BCC regions are detected. 50 tissue samples are acquired from the tumour regions of 10 patients with BCC that are extracted by using the proposed algorithm and are performed pathological examination by expert dermatologist. Experiment result shows the rate of tumor detection from BCC lesion using presurgical in vivo of MAL-indeuced PpIX fluorescence has high sensitivity 94.1% and relatively high specificity 82.6%.

Detection and Analysis of the Liver Area and Liver Tumors in CT Scans (CT 영상에서의 간 영역과 간 종양 추출 및 분석)

  • Kim, Kwang-Baek
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.15-27
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    • 2007
  • In Korea, hepatoma is the thirdly frequent cause of death from cancer occupying 17.2% among the whole deaths from cancer and the rate of death from hepatoma comes to about 21's persons per one-hundred thousand ones. This paper proposes an automatic method for the extraction of areas being suspicious as hepatoma from a CT scan and evaluates the availability as an auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of hepatoma. For detecting tumors in the internal of the liver from CT scans, first, an area of the liver is extracted from about $45{\sim}50's$ CT scans obtained by scanning in 2.5-mm intervals starting from the lower part of the chest. In the extraction of an area of the liver, after unconcerned areas outside of the ribs being removed, areas of the internal organs are separated and enlarged by using intensity information of the CT scan. The area of the liver is extracted among separated areas by using information on position and morphology of the liver. Since hepatoma is a hypervascular turner, the area corresponding to hepatoma appears more brightly than the surroundings in contrast-enhancement CT scans, and when hepatoma shows expansile growth, the area has a spherical shape. So, for the extraction of areas of hepatoma, areas being brighter than the surroundings and globe-shaped are selected as candidate ones in an area of the liver, and then, areas appearing at the same position in successive CT scans among the candidates are discriminated as hepatoma. For the performance evaluation of the proposed method, experiment results obtained by applying the proposed method to CT scans were compared with the diagnoses by radiologists. The evaluation results showed that all areas of the liver and liver tumors were extracted exactly and the proposed method has a high availability as an auxiliary diagnosis tools for the discrimination of liver tumors.

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Assessment of the possibility as Cosmetics Materials by Brown algae from Jeju Island Using Supercritical Fluid System (초임계 유체 기술을 이용한 제주산 갈조류의 화장품 소재로서의 가능성 평가)

  • Choi, Ha-Young;Choi, Na-Young;Shon, Myung-Soo;Kim, Duk-Soo;Lee, Hyun-Joo
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.698-704
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    • 2020
  • Although various biological extracts derived from the resources from Jeju are currently being developed for cosmetic materials, few studies using Brown algae from Jeju have been conducted. This study identified materials with high antioxidant levels and examined their whitening effects to assess their feasibility as potential cosmetic resources. Brown algae from Jeju (Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar, Laminaria japonica, Ecklonia cava, Hizikia fusiforme (Harvey) Okamura (HF), and Sargassum fulvellum (Turner) C. Agardh (SF) were processed using a supercritical fluid system at 50℃ and 400 bar, and their total phenol content, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition, and primary skin irritation were measured. Of all the samples, only SF using the supercritical fluid system (SFS) displayed concentration-dependent behavior for the total phenol content (p<0.05). Among the samples, the antioxidant activity of SFS was significantly higher (p<0.05) and the one increased at higher concentrations (p<0.05). On the other hand, tyrosinase was inhibited to a greater extent with HF than the others. The primary skin irritation tests showed that none of the samples were skin irritants. This study confirmed the feasibility of using Phaeophyceae from Jeju as potential cosmetic materials, where the samples can be selected and utilized based on the required physicochemical properties.

The Effect of Imagined Contact on Attraction to Unattractive Women (상상 접촉이 이성에 대한 호감 및 매력 지각에 미치는 영향)

  • Yong Hoe Heo;Sean S. Kim;Sun W. Park
    • Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.203-222
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    • 2016
  • Previous research has demonstrated that imagined contact is useful to reducing prejudice against minorities (e.g. Turner & Crisp, 2010). In this research, we investigated whether imagined contact increases attraction to physically unattractive women, and whether this effect is moderated by perceiver's physical attractiveness and appearance orientation in romantic relationships. Single male participants (n = 98) responded to items assessing their physical attractiveness and appearance orientation, and then were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. In the imagined contact condition, participants were told to imagine communicating with a physically unattractive woman and come up with some interesting things about her. In the control condition, participants were told to simply imagine a physically unattractive woman. Next, participants saw a picture of a physically unattractive woman and rated her likeability, perceived attractiveness, and willingness to ask her out, which were averaged to form the composite measure of attraction. We found a significant main effect of imagined contact, as expected. This main effect was moderated by appearance orientation, but not by perceivers' physical attractiveness. The effect of imagined contact was significant among those low in appearance orientation, but not among those high in appearance orientation.

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갈조류 모자반, Sargassum fulvellum (Turner) C. Agardh의 성숙과 초기생장

  • 황은경;박찬선;김철원;백재민;손철현
    • Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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    • 2003.10a
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    • pp.119-120
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    • 2003
  • 우리나라에 분포하는 모자반류는 모두 28종으로 알려져 있으며 (이와 강 2002) 이 가운데 식용으로 이용되는 것은 모자반 (S. fulvellum)이 대표적이다. 모자반의 양식은 주로 서남해 지역에서 이루어지고 있으며 이들의 종묘생산은 자연에서 생식기탁이 성숙되는 4-5월경에 이루어지는데, 유배의 대량 방출을 위한 성숙 모조의 다량 확보가 어렵고 일시에 유배의 대량 방출을 유도하기 위한 성숙 유도 기법의 연구는 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 모조의 실내 배양을 통하여 유배의 대량 방출을 위한 성숙 유도 기법과 배양 조건별 엽체의 성숙 및 난방출율을 구하여 모자반의 조기채묘에 유용한 자료로 사용하고자 하였다. 또한 채묘된 발아체의 초기생장에 필요한 최적 배양 환경을 구명하고자 하였다. 모자반 모조는 전남 진도군 조도 지역의 수심 3-5m에서 채집하였으며, 채집 즉시 실험실로 운반하여 유수식 사육 수조에 수용하였다. 성숙 유도는 20$\ell$ 플라스틱 bottle을 사용하였으며, 성숙률의 정량화를 위하여 암생식기탁을 절단하여 수차례 멸균해수에서 세척후 멸균된 5cm직경의 petri dish에 멸균해수20$m\ell$와 함께 수용하여 Multi-chamber incubator에서 배양하였다. 배양조건은 5개 온도조건 (5, 10, 15, 20, $25^{\circ}C$)과16:8h의 장일 광주기 조건으로하였으며 조도는 80 $\mu$molm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$로 하였다. 모든 실험구는 3반복 실험하였으며 2일 간격으로 생식기탁의 생장 및 성숙 그리고 난방출 여부를 현미경하에서 측정하였다. 난이 방출된 모조로부터 유배를 분리하여 3개 조도 구간 (30, 60, 100 $\mu$molm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$)과 5개 온도 구간 (5, 10, 15, 20, $25^{\circ}C$)의 조합인 15개 배양 조건하에서 엽체의 길이생장을 측정하였다. 생식기탁으로부터 난의 방출은 15$^{\circ}C$와 2$0^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 배양 2일후부터 방출되기 시작하였으며, 배양 9일후 2$0^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 가장 높은 96.7$\pm$5.8%의 난방출율을 보였다. 또한 15$^{\circ}C$ 조건에서는 배양 9일후 76.7%의 난방출율을 보였다. 1$0^{\circ}C$$25^{\circ}C$ 조건에서는 배양 11일까지 36.7%의 난방출율을 나타내어 온도 조건에 따라 난방출 비율에 차이를 보였다. 따라서 이러한 실내 배양 결과를 다량의 모조를 조기에 성숙시키기 위해 모조 수용 수조의 수온을 자연수온보다 2~5$^{\circ}C$ 높은 12~15$^{\circ}C$ 조건으로 유지하여 15일간의 수조 관리 후 모조의 대량 유배 방출을 유도할 수 있었다. 모조 성숙을 위한 사육 수조의 수온을 2$0^{\circ}C$ 이상으로 가온할 경우 엽체의 끝녹음을 유발하였으며 가온에 따르는 가온 비용이 수반되므로 엽체의 난방출율이 70% 이상에 도달하는 15$^{\circ}C$ 조건으로 유지하는 것이 경제적일 뿐만 아니라 엽체의 건전도 유지에도 바람직하였다. 유배의 초기생장은1$0^{\circ}C$와15$^{\circ}C$의 온도조건에서 길이생장이 빠르게 증가하여, 배양 35일 후 15$^{\circ}C$와 60 $\mu$molm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$의 조건에서 3.9$\pm$0.2mm로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 엽체의 초기 길이생장은 15$^{\circ}C$, 60 $\mu$molm$^{-2}$ -s$^{-1}$의 조도 조건에서 가장 우세하였으며, 다음으로 30과 100 $\mu$molm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$의 조건 순으로 나타났다. 2$0^{\circ}C$$25^{\circ}C$의 온도 조건에서는 각각 1.8~2.1mm로 길이생장에 있어 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다.

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