• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 2004

In order to investigate the small female occupant behavior and accompanying injury mechanisms in vehicular trash event, a finite element model of $5^{th}$ percentile female has been developed. The model consists of articulated rigid body, which represents the morphology of small female body, and internal components with anatomical details. Articulated rigid body model serves as a basic platform for joining the detail internal skeletons and organs, while itself can be used for representing the overall kinematics of small female occupant. The modeling details such as anthropometry and finite element structure as well as validation results for the articulated rigid body model are introduced in this paper. The second part of the modeling, i.e. the internal components with anatomical details of small female are presented in subsequent part II of the paper.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.477-485
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• 2014

Imha Reservoir is connected to Andong Reservoir via a diversion tunnel allowing water to pass between. The diversion tunnel is equipped with screens to exclude exotic largemouth bass due to their predatory impacts on prey assemblages resulting in a degradation of species richness of local fish fauna and extinction of local fish populations in Korea. Flow pattern changes resulting from the fish screens and trash racks were investigated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Numerical simulations showed that the decrease in the discharge capacity of the tunnel is approximately 8.6% and the headloss coefficient for fish screen at Andong intake tower was determined to be 1.5. In order not to allow the small fishes enough to pass through the wire openings enter into Imha Reservoir through tunnel, the velocity in the tunnel should be greater than 1.48 m/s which is a critical ascending velocity of the bass. This study suggests that it can keep the velocity higher enough to exclude largemouth bass when a gate opens with the condition of 1.0m difference in water stage between two reservoirs.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.65-70
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• 2021

Waste accumulation is becoming a significant challenge in most urban areas and if it continues unchecked, is poised to have severe repercussions on our environment and health. The massive industrialisation in our cities has been followed by a commensurate waste creation that has become a bottleneck for even waste management systems. While recycling is a viable solution for waste management, it can be daunting to classify waste material for recycling accurately. In this study, transfer learning models were proposed to automatically classify wastes based on six materials (cardboard, glass, metal, paper, plastic, and trash). The tested pre-trained models were ResNet50, VGG16, InceptionV3, and Xception. Data augmentation was done using a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) with various image generation percentages. It was found that models based on Xception and VGG16 were more robust. In contrast, models based on ResNet50 and InceptionV3 were sensitive to the added machine-generated images as the accuracy degrades significantly compared to training with no artificial data.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.651-665
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• 2020

Hydrolysis of biomass for the production of fermentable sugar can be improved by the addition of surfactants. In pulp and paper mills, lignin, which is a by-product of the pulping process, can be utilized as a fine chemical. In the hydrolysis process, lignin is one of the major inhibitors of the enzymatic breakdown cellulose into sugar monomer. Therefore, the conversion of lignin into a biosurfactant offers the opportunity to solve the waste problem and improve hydrolysis efficiency. In this study, lignin derivatives, a biosurfactant, was applied to enzymatic hydrolysis of various lignocellulosic biomass. This Biosurfactant can be prepared by reacting lignin with a hydrophilic polymer such as polyethylene glycol diglycidylethers (PEDGE). In this study, the effect of biosurfactants on the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB), oil palm empty fruit bunch, and sugarcane trash with different lignin contents was investigated. The results show that lignin derivatives improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated biomass with low lignin content, however, it has less influence on the enzymatic hydrolysis of other pretreated biomass with lignin content higher than 10% (w/w). The use of biosurfactant on SSB kraft pulp can increase the sugar yield from 45.57% to 81.49%.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.80-92
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• 1991

Since the first five-year economic plan starting in 1962, Korea has pursued the policy of economic growth emphasing on the export-oriented industrialization. As a result of export-oriented industrialization, national economy, as a whole, has leveled up. But growth gap between rural and urban area became widened due to declining agricultural sector. Therefore, at this time, development policy for the agriculture should be changed into the broader plan including the welfare of rural residents in order to improve their living conditions. The results of this study are summarized as follows ; 1. The results of survey shows that only 15.5% of rural residents satisfy their rural lives and that 62.8% of residents want to leave their town. Difficulty of educating their children in rural area is found to be major reasons for moving out 2. The results of surveying the demand for rural development by rural residents are figured as follows ; (1) Industrial-economic development - Agricultural development : 38.4% - Rural industrialization development : 23.4% - Farm machinization : 162% (2) Social development for rural residents - Improvement of rural welfare : 33.4% - Expansion rural organization for development : 25.8% - Improvement of educational circumstances : 20.1% (3) Living conditions - Amelioration of community and housing facilities : 55.1% - Disposal facilities for trash : 20.5% As the surveying results show, it can be concluded that rural residential area development project must be enforced to meet demand for the development for rural residents.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2009

Most of families in Korea keep some medicines that has been expired or not been used for a long time, and these medicines could be causing environmental or social problems. Currently many people concerned about their health and therefore show a tendency to visit many health facilities. It eventually brings to remain more medication in home The aim of this study is to determine the drug waste minimization and drug disposal in Korean home and provide the proper guideline for them. This study were performed by visiting total randomly selected 140 homes at the Seoul area from July 23rd, 2008 to July 31st, 2008 by questionnaire. This survey comprised total 6 parts and total 22 questions. In results, 77 (55.0%) among 140 families answered to this survey. 89.6% of families keep unused medicine in the home. Most were tablet (66.3%) and syrup (19.2%) dosage type. They usually kept the unused medicine in the room (41.6%) or no certain place. 76.6% families reused the medicine and used for themselves. The reason for reuse is similar symptoms by their decision. The reason for medicine was left over is not following the prescription's direction (31.3%). They mostly dispose the unused medications by throwing into a trash can (71.4%). In conclusion, many families keeps unused medication and it could cause health and environmental problems.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.389-397
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to analyze visitors' behavior in Hallyo-Haesang National Park, Korea. To accomplish the purpose, questionnaire survey, using self-developed questions, was employed from August 21 to 23 in 1998. 303 samples for the survey were selected in 4 different zones(Koje, Tongyong, Namhae, and Odongdo) within park boundary. As the results, socioeconomic characteristics, such as gender, education and income level, age, and others, were showed similar trends with results from visitor surveys in other national parks. Most respondents were pointed out unintentional violation due to habit as a major reason of littering. And, majority of respondents didn't know the Clean-up-Time Movement Program in this park. In addition, ecosystem condition, natural landscape, trash problem, safety, and kindness of park rangers were recognized as the major influencing factors that can affect to visitors' recreation experience in this park but existing conditions for each influencing factor were evaluated lower than level of their expectation. Overall level of recreation satisfaction in Hanryohaesang national park were, however, perceived in the affirmative.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.294-301
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• 2013

Sustainable fashion & textile is more than eco fashion & textile with the concepts for the next generation's happiness, prosumer value, and community responsibility. This study considers methods to enhance fashion and textile industry sustainability in accordance to clothing types (material, product life and washing properties) and to investigate company strategies. Company strategies are of redesign with stock, volunteering & measuring trash amount, participation by evaluation stores, clerk environment education, hiring QC specialist and reinforcing partnerships. For the case of daily innerwear, throwing away and recycling is more efficient for the environment than laundering in the consumer use stage; subsequently, we recommend the use of polypropylene fiber (a cheap and an eco-friendly material) for this item that can be recycled and reformed after use. For the case of single layer clothing (such as sportswear, blouse or pants) we recommend the use of thermoplastic materials with welding or fuse assembling technology instead of a sewing method of seams as well as the recycle design that is simply melted and reformed into new clothing without an after use dissembling process. Secondhand use or resale is suitable for denim/jean items if the clothing has a storytelling or private history tag. Lastly, module-type jacket or coat shows the variety of styles with one clothing worn w/o collar or sleeve details and changed into vest/coat; in addition, it is possible to add or partly tear off some jacket/coat fibers of the felt material to reform it into a new design.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.32 no.11_12
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• pp.587-597
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• 2005

Flash memory based embedded computing systems are becoming increasingly prevalent.These systems typically have to provide an instant start-up time. However, we observe that mounting a file system toy flash memory takes 1 to 25 seconds mainly depending on the flash capacity. Since the flash chip capacity is doubled in every year, this mounting time will soon become the most dominant reason of the delay of system start-up time Therefore, in this paper, we present instant mounting techniques for flash file systems by storing the In-memory file system metadata to flash memory when unmounting the file system and reloading the stored metadata quickly when mounting the file system. These metadata snapshot techniques are specifically developed for NOR- and NAND-type flash memories, while at the same time, overcoming their physical constraints. The proposed techniques check the validity of the stored snapshot and use the proposed fast trash recovery techniques when the snapshot is Invalid. Based on the experimental results, the proposed techniques can reduce the flash mounting time by about two orders of magnitude over the existing de facto standard flash file system, JFFS2.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1670-1679
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• 2020

The substantial use of fungal enzymes to degrade lignocellulosic plant biomass has widely been attributed to the extensive requirement of powerful enzyme-producing fungal strains. In this study, a two-step screening procedure for finding cellulolytic fungi, involving a miniaturized culture method with shake-flask fermentation, was proposed and demonstrated. We isolated 297 fungal strains from several cellulose-containing samples found in two different locations in Thailand. By using this screening strategy, we then selected 9 fungal strains based on their potential for cellulase production. Through sequence-based identification of these fungal isolates, 4 species in 4 genera were identified: Aspergillus terreus (3 strains: AG466, AG438 and AG499), Penicillium oxalicum (4 strains: AG452, AG496, AG498 and AG559), Talaromyces siamensis (1 strain: AG548) and Trichoderma afroharzianum (1 strain: AG500). After examining their lignocellulose degradation capacity, our data showed that P. oxalicum AG452 exhibited the highest glucose yield after saccharification of pretreated sugarcane trash, cassava pulp and coffee silverskin. In addition, Ta. siamensis AG548 produced the highest glucose yield after hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse. Our study demonstrated that the proposed two-step screening strategy can be further applied for discovering potential cellulolytic fungi isolated from various environmental samples. Meanwhile, the fungal strains isolated in this study will prove useful in the bioconversion of agricultural lignocellulosic residues into valuable biotechnological products.