• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.52-77
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• 2016

A spirit tablet of king Guan Yu is enshrined in Donggwanwangmyo shrine[East Shrine of King Guan Yu], which houses 51 hanging boards. The hanging boards were written by the kings of Joseon Dynasty and envoys and generals of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Most studies on hanging boards have been focused on the collections of the palaces but not on those in Donggwanwangmyo shrine. In this regard, this study researches the hanging boards of the kings' writings in the late Joseon period and analyzes their forms and contents. In terms of contents, it examines who made the boards, when they made them, and what brought them to make them, etc. This study analyzes the forms of hanging boards by types, used materials, and periodic transition of forms. The findings are as follows. First, Donggwanwangmyo shrine houses 7 pieces of hanging boards inscribed with kings' handwriting: one piece of King Sukjong, 4 pieces of King Yeongjo, and 2 pieces of Emperor Gojong. They are divided into two types: one is the name of the buildings and the other is the poems that the kings wrote regarding what they felt when they visited the shrine. Especially, the latter were written by the kings who visited the shrine in spring and autumn. The kings intended to promote peace of royal family through a sense of royalty and fidelity of King Guan Yu. Second, the hanging boards of the kings are differentiated from those of the envoys and generals of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in materials and forms. The background of the board is colored by blue, deep red lacquer color, and black lacquer color, which are more expensive than black color or white color. The hanging boards are embossed with the kings' handwritings and then colored with gold. The frame-style four-side hanging board is held at a 45-degree angle and painted with floral patterns and seven-treasure patterns in Dancheong technique. The left and right sides and the top and bottom sides of the board are decorated with Dang-cho pattern(Korean arabesque pattern). This style is called "quadrilateral"and considered the most classy and top-class among the other three ones. In conclusion, this study confirms the status of Donggwanwangmyo shrine with hanging boards inscribed with kings' handwritings as a political space where kings had interest and demanded their soldiers' royalty and fidelity. Research into the boards inscribed with the handwritings of envoys of the Ming Dynasty and generals of the Qing Dynasty, and the comparison of the styles and periodic transition of forms will be reserved for another study.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.208-241
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• 2010

This study was conducted to examine the chronology of Taesil Seokham(Taesil Stone Boxes) stored in Taesil of the Joseon Palace and classify the styles to discuss how these boxes have developed. By doing so, this study defined the archaeological styles of taesil seokhams in the chronological order. Although taesil seokhams are placed when taesil are first created, they do not have any texts engraved on them and it is difficult to gain information only from examining taesil seokham. However, Taejiseok(memorial stones buried in Taesil) and Agibi(gravestones buried in Taesil) were created along with taesil. These resources were examined and compared with literature records to find when each taesil seokhams was created. The critical elements to consider for the chronological arrangement were both the cover and container of the boxes and the transition of their style could be classified into four major stages. In detail, the Joseon Dynasty's taesil seokhams initially inherited the style of the Goryeo Dynasty to be formed into rectangular boxes. Through the transition of the mid and late 15th Century, the semi-circular cover with cylindrical container became the popular style in the late 15th Century. In the late 16th Century, the style of the previous period was further developed to add some decorative elements, such as projecting ornaments, but the ornaments were added for functional purposes rather than artistic purposes. However, the style went back to the semi-circular cover with cylindrical container in the early 17th Century. From the mid 17th Century, various styles appeared with ornaments only on the cover, cone-shaped cover with no ornament, or mortar-like container. However, a new style of cone-shaped cover with ornament emerged between the early and mid 18th Century and continued to stay until the mid 18th Century. In the mid 18th Century, the cover remained unchanged, but the container became a keyhole-shaped space with one side forming a "ㄷ" shape. However, in the late 18th Century, the most typical style of the semi-circular cover with cylindrical container reappeared to show that this is the most universal style. Last, in the mid 19th Century, the cover changed from semi-circular to rectangular with flat top. After this, the taesil seokhams began to disappear. In terms of style, it can be classified into four stages. In the early Joseon Dynasty, the taesil seokhams were underdeveloped and inherited the style of the Goryeo Dynasty (Stage I; 1401~mid-15C), but Joseon's unique style began to develop from the late 15th Century (Stage II; 1477~1641). After that, partial ornaments were added for adornment (Stage III; 1660~1754), but the typical style reappeared in the late 18th Century to finally degrade in the late Joseon Dynasty of the mid 19th Century (Stage IV; 1790~1874). This arrangement of style and chronology would greatly help archaeologists anticipate the time and owner of taesil seokhams even if only taesil seokhams are discovered without any records. * Tae(胎) : Placenta and umbilical cord * Taesil(胎室) : A facility(chamber) of burying Tae(胎) in rite when royal descendants are born.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.605-614
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• 2022

Two major problems currently threaten human survival on Earth: climate change and the rapid aging of the population in developed countries. Climate change is a result of the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere due to the increase in the use of fossil fuels owing to economic and transportation development. The rapid increase in the age of the population is a result of the rise in life expectancy due to the development of biomedical science and technology and the improvement of personal hygiene in developed countries. To avoid irreversible global climate change, it is necessary to quickly transition from the current fossil fuel-based economy to a zero-carbon renewable energy-based economy that does not emit GHGs. To achieve this goal, the dairy and livestock industry, which generates the most GHGs in the agricultural sector, must transition to using low-carbon emission production methods while simultaneously increasing consumers' preference for low-carbon diets. Although 77% of currently available arable land globally is used to produce livestock feed, only 37% and 18% of the proteins and calories that humans consume come from dairy and livestock farming and industry. Therefore, using edible insects as a protein source represents a good alternative, as it generates less GHG and reduces water consumption and breeding space while ensuring a higher feed conversion rate than that of livestock. Additionally, utilizing the functionality of medicinal insects, such as silkworms, which have been proven to have certain health enhancement effects, it is possible to develop functional foods that can prevent or delay the onset of currently incurable degenerative diseases that occur more frequently in the elderly. Insects are among the first animals to have appeared on Earth, and regardless of whether humans survive, they will continue to adapt, evolve, and thrive. Therefore, the use of various edible and medicinal insects, including silkworms, in industry will provide an important foundation for human survival and prosperity on Earth in the near future by resolving the current two major problems.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2010

This work investigated the catalytic reaction characteristics of $H_2$ SCR applied at low temperature ($80{\sim}150^{\circ}C$) using Pt catalyst supported on $TiO_2$. The experiments were performed in terms of $H_2O$, $O_2$ in reaction gas, calcination temperature of the Pt catalyst, $H_2$/NOx mole ratio, space velocity. $H_2O$ was an inhibitor of reaction on $H_2$ SCR using Pt catalyst, catalytic performance increased as $O_2$ concentration decreased. Nevertheless, $NH_3$ slip generated by the reaction between NOx and $H_2$ in the absence of $O_2$. While it was effective to calcine less than $600^{\circ}C$ by phase transition and the catalytic performance increased as $H_2$/NOx mole ratio increased. However, $H_2$ slip was not observed at that increase mole ratio by $H_2$ oxidation to $H_2O$.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.502-508
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• 2011

Synthesis of $Nd_{2x}Cd_{2-3x}SiO_4$ ($0.01{\leq}x{\leq}0.21$) [S1-S3: x=0.01, 0.11 and 0.21] solid solutions were prepared by solgel method. Powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) results show monoclinic unit cell with space group P21/m. The average crystallite sizes are found to be 20 to 45 nm. The Scanning Electron Microcopy (SEM) images show morphology of the sample is in globular nature. The energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDX) and X-ray mapping results confirmed that all the constituent elements of the composites were present and that were distributed in uniformly. The optical absorption band at ~750 nm was due to $^4I_{9/2}{\rightarrow}^4F_{7/2}+^4S_{3/2}$ transition optically active $Nd^{3+}$ ions. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) lineshapes of S1-S3 at 10, 40, 77 and 300 K show a broad unresolved isotropic lineshapes were observed due to rapid spin lattice relaxation of $Nd^{3+}$.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.287-295
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• 2010

In this study, ordinary Portland cement was used and the air void was minimized by using minute quartz as the filler. In addition, steel fibers were used to mitigate the brittle failure problem associated with high strength concrete. This study is in progress to make an Ultra-high strength powdered concrete (UHSPC) which has compressive strength over 300 MPa. To increase the strength of concrete, we have compared and analyzed the compressive strengths of the concretes with different mix proportions and curing conditions by selecting quartz sand, dolomite, bauxite, ferro silicon which have diameters less than 0.6 mm and can increase the bond strength of the transition zone. Ultra-high strength powdered concrete, which is different from conventional concrete, is highly influenced by the materials in the mix. In the study, the highest compressive strength of the powdered concrete was obtained when it is prepared with ferro silicon, followed in order by Bauxite, Dolomite, and Quartz sand. The amount of ferro silicon, when the highest strength was obtained, was 110%, of the weight of the cement. SEM analysis of the UHSPC showed that significant formation of C-S-H and Tobermorite due to high temperature and pressure curing. Production of Ultrahigh strength powdered concrete which has 28-day compressive strength upto 341MPa has been successfully achieved by the following factors; steel fiber reinforcement, fine particled aggregates, and the filling powder to minimize the void space, and the reactive materials.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.1
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• pp.125-164
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• 1999

The Grid, a lattice structure adapted in paintings, is one of thesimplest plastic structures based on the intersection of horizontal and perpendicular lines. Though mankind has, from the pre-history to the present day, put it to good use in everyday life as a traditional practice or a magical, esoteric, religious emblem in the case of the teciform of primitve art, it was in the paintings of Piet Mondrian that the Grid showed its modern, artistic transformation. As we suggest in the title, before I state the Grid as a plastic construction of modern painting, this dissertation inquires the Grid structure that extends over paintings through the ages as a painterly conept, especially focused on their formation and deconstruction. To begin with, my dissertation investigates, as a historical background, a general idea of the geometrical structure and phases of its transition in art, prior to dealing with the Grids as plastic strures in modern painting. the core of my study on formal Grids is permeated through the third chapter. The first chapter concentrates on, firstly, difining the notion of the Grid and geometrical structure, secondly, searching for a historical backgrounb with whict the so- called modern Grid-paintings come in, inquiring into the formation of the illusion-Grid as aresult of discovering the linear perpective and the situation of the conflict and reconciliaton between reality and illusion. Based on these considerations, the second cecond chapter will examine the various sitations of formation and adaptation of the paintery Grids in the Literalism-Grid, as we have already seen in the chapter one. And the cardinal third chapter devotes itself to the process of the formation of the so-called Object-Grid and Literal-Grid in the Literalism or Minimalism as its logical extension of the Painterly Grid. With it we can get to an interpretation and understanding of the meaning and qualites of Grid dwelt in Modernism thst transformed the structure of Painterly Grid originally as a plane concept to the third dimentionl structure. And then, the fourth chapter, we try to draw a new meaning andre-interpretation of the Formal-Grid as a representatuinnal structure appeared in the post-modernist paintings, going with its deconstructional situation. Therefore, we can, in our study on Grids, see the various points of view in the interpretation of them as illusion-structure, as plane-structure, and as cubic-structure; its concept differs form times, oscillating between its formation and deconstruction. The Grid, as we have seen in my dissertation, contains various problems and significations in art that deserve to investigate throughly, including some important plastic problem such as space and plane, and, in the case of do-grid, time. We may expect new concepts of it that will have difference meanings. 1 hope my study makes some contributions to understanding the coordination of the abstruse modern and contemporary art.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.485-495
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• 2017

A development of underground space is very useful solution to slove problem occurred from ground surface enlargement in urban areas due to the growth of population, tunnelling is the most popular way and widely used. Researches regarding tunneling-induced pile-soil interactive behaviour have been conducted by many researchers. A study on pile axial force distribution due to tunnelling through laboratory model test, however, is being rarely carried out. In this study, therefore, authors investigate ground behaviour due to tunnelling below grouped pile subjected vertical load as well as pile axial force distribution. A concept of volume loss is used to express tunnel excavation, which is normally applied to 1~2% for tunnelling in soft ground. In this study, however, 10% of that applied to investigate failure mechanism. As a result of laboratory model test, a decrease of pile axial force occurs at 1.5% of volume loss, settlement of grouped pile is 1.2~4.7 times greater than the adjacent ground surface one. Ground deformations at 1.5% of volume loss are measured using Close Range Photogrammetry and compared with results from numerical analysis.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.57-71
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• 1983

1. Diluted chicken semen can be preserved at 2 to 5$^{\circ}C$ for 24 to 48 hr with resultant fertility of greater than 90% of that of fresh semen. Turkey semen can be preserved at 10 to 15$^{\circ}C$ for 6 to 24 hr and provide economical fertility. 2. Frozen chicken semen has given variable results; a 21 to 93% fertility ranges as compared to 92 to 94% expected with fresh semen. Highest fertility levels obtained with frozen turkey semen intravaginally inseminated have been 61 and 63% using DMSO and glycerol, respectively, as cryoprotectants. 3. The use of glycerol as a cryoprotectant reauires that its concentration in semen be reduced to less than 2% either by dialysis or centrifugation after thawing and before intravaginal insemination if optimal fertility is to be obtained. 4. The temperature at which cryoprotectants are added to semen and the time allowed for equilibration are important for subsequent fertility pre- and post-freezing. 5. The type of container used for packaging the semen, freeze or cooling rates, thaw rates and level of cryoprotectant all interact in affecting cell survival. 6. Plastic freeze straws as a packaging device for semen offers the following advantages: easy to handle, require minimal storage space, offer a wide range of freeze and thaw rates, and insemination can be made directly from them upon thawing. 7. Controlled slow cooling rates of 1 to 8$^{\circ}C$/min have thus far provided the best results for cooling chicken semen throught the transition phase change (liquid to solid) or critical temperature range of ＋5 to -20 or -35$^{\circ}C$. 8. Highest fertilities have been achieved with frozen chicken semen where a slow thaw rate (2。 to 5$^{\circ}C$) has been used regardless of the freeze rate. 9. To maintain a constant high level of fertility throughout a breeding season with frozen semen, a higher absolute number of spermatozoa must be inseminated (2 to 3 times as many) as compared to fresh semen since a, pp.oximately 50% are destroyed during processing and freezing. 10. The quality of semen may vary with season and age of the male. Such changes in sperm quality could be accentuated by storage effects. Thus, the correct number of spermatozoa may very well vary during the course of a breeding period. 11. As to time of insemination, it is best to avoid inseminating chicken hens within 1-2 hr after or 3-5 hr before oviposition; and turkey hens during or 7-10 hr before oviposition. 12. The physiological receptiveness of the oviduct at the time of insemination is a very important biological factor influencing fertility levels throughout the breeding season.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.177-189
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• 2020

To newly discover the placeness of Xita Koreatown in Shenyang, this study establishes the conceptual structure of urban inclusivity based on the actor-network theory and the main discourse of inclusive cities. It then applies a framework to the relevant space for analysis. We conduct the case study by first identifying a historical timeline by dividing the age from the founding of New China to the present into sprouting and developing stages of Xita Koreatown, extracting major actors out of time, and finally creating a network graph for each of the six periods representing changes in the region. Throughout this process, we not only analyze the aspect of transition in the urban inclusivity of Xita Koreatown but also prospect the feasibility of an inclusive city for the area. The results of this study are as follows. First, the number and type of actors constituting Xita Koreatown have constantly increased significantly since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea. The related actor-networks have also continued to expand in all indicators of urban inclusivity. Secondly, the agency of human actors such as Korean-Chinese, locals, and both South and North Koreans, representing the specificity of Xita Koreatown, has continuously improved. Lastly, due to the increase of cultural exchanges and related policy actors, the actor-network in this region has achieved an unprecedented leap forward. In conclusion, the urban inclusivity of Xita Koreatown in Shenyang shows significant growth in quality, with expectations of further improvement.