• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2011

According to the recent expansion of Trade Shows within the government's policy in exhibition industry, studies about the trade shows needs to be focused more on the attendees related to the environment. In most of the researches related to this topic until now had been biased in terms of economic benefits and the standpoint of organizers. Considering that this study is to improve environment of Trade Shows from an attendees' point of view as an attempt to apply the concept of Service Design which is the activity of planning and organizing people, infrastructure, communication and material components of a service. It is about the idea of bringing service design principles to services in Trade Shows. Good design process brings in a good understanding of the context : understanding the environment and redefining problems from the standpoint of attendees, in order to improve its quality, the interaction between service provider and attendees and the attendees' experience.

• Architectural research
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2009

Since the late 1980s, the schedule technique applied to the construction industry around the world has rapidly changed from the traditional ADM (Arrow Diagramming Method) to the PDM (Precedence Diagramming Method) technique. The main reason for this change is to overcome the limits and inconveniences of the traditional ADM technique. The time-cost trade-off is one of the core scheduling techniques to establish the best optimized combination plan in terms of a relationship between the cost and schedule. However, most of the schedule-related textbooks and research papers have discussed and proposed applications of a time-cost trade-off technique based only on the Finish to Start relationship. Therefore, there are almost no consideration and discussion of problems or restrictions that emerge when the time-cost trade-off technique is applied to the PDM network that has overlapping relationships. This paper proposes the lead-time adjustment method as a methodology for overcoming some restrictions that are encountered when the time-cost trade-off technique is applied to the overlapping relationships of the PDM network.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.115-137
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• 2005

E-trade is important that SMEs can do international business with activity. However, SMEs are facing psychological and economic barriers to e-trade. Therefore, SMEs depend on intermediaries for e-trading. In this context, APEC carried out the APEC Global B2B Interoperability Project to promote e-trade and increase benefits for member countries from 2002 to 2004. Especially this project emphasizes a collaboration with e-marketplaces. It has significance in that it is a new model to help SMEs do international trade. This study analyzes the APEC project in terms of technology and business and evaluates the project as a collaborative business model.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.97-113
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• 2005

Korea has actively promoted the Comprehensive Plan for the e-Hub. The policies of Korean government could promote the e-business environment and market conditions in legal and infrastructure terms, but not much of business itself. The reason for this limited success in the e-Trade may result from the broken linkage between government policies and business strategies as well as the business and technical innovation. In this paper, we analyzes the more effective and economic solution for this recovery of broken link in terms of Metamediary. The most successful role of metamediary should compose of three functions - facilitator, collaborator and web service provider. Each of these function is clarified in more detail with the emphasis on the collaboration between the Universities and the government-supported corporations.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.59-63
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• 2007

In this paper, a CLB-based CPLD low-power technology mapping algorithm considered a Trade-off is proposed. To perform low-power technology mapping for CPLDs, a given Boolean network has to be represented in a DAG. The proposed algorithm consists of three steps. In the first step, TD(Transition Density) calculation has to be performed. Total power consumption is obtained by calculating the switching activity of each node in a DAG. In the second step, the feasible clusters are generated by considering the following conditions: the number of inputs and outputs, the number of OR terms for CLB within a CPLD. The common node cluster merging method, the node separation method, and the node duplication method are used to produce the feasible clusters. In the final step, low-power technology mapping based on the CLBs packs the feasible clusters. The proposed algorithm is examined using SIS benchmarks. When the number of OR terms is five, the experiment results show that power consumption is reduced by 30.73% compared with TEMPLA, and by 17.11 % compared with PLA mapping.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.615-641
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• 1999

Trade and the environment emerged as a major and complex issue for trade negotiators in the final stages of the Uruguay Round negotiations. The agreements and other international measures employing trade measures and trade sanctions for achieving global environmental objectives are Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer(1985), the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer(1987), The Framework Convention on Climate Change(1992), the Convention on Biological Diversity(1992), the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal(1992), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Faunna and Flora(1975), the Rio Declaration, the Agenda 21, etc. The texts of the World Trade Organization(WTO) incorporated certain provisions which were designed to reflect some of the environmental concerns are Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Properity Rights(TRIPs), Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs), the General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS), and Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT) There is the possibility of conflict between multilateral environmental agreements and WTO agreements granting waivers against trade measures and sanctions. This remains a possibility, especially between countries which are Member of WTO and which are not Members of the relevant multilateral environment agreements, and countries which are Members of both the WTO and the relevant MEAs. Measures taken under the trade-related provisions of MEAs could potentially give rise to conflicts under obligations arising in WTO texts. If the parties in dispute are WTO members while they are not members of MEAs, the WTO provisions can be granted a certain priority in terms of international norms and vice versa. When the parties concerned are both WTO members and MEAs, it will be rational to grant the WTO provisions a priority. However, such measures should neither constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where similar conditions prevail, nor create a disguised restriction on trade. Also any trade measures taken should be necessary to prevent developments in trade from endangering the effectiveness of an MEA and they should be proportional and least trade restrictive.

• 동남아시아연구
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.35-79
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• 2014

This study examines the measures for the activation and the growth of intra-regional trade in Southeast Asia taking a look at the four dimensions of tariff rates, non-tariff barriers, trade facilitations, and trade infrastructures. Utilizing a gravity model, we performed empirical analysis and discussed the policy implications with the priorities to implement. To expand the intra-regional trade in Southeast Asia it would be necessary to enhance the level of trade facilitations and provide trade infrastructures, such as ports and airports as well as cutting the tariff rates and eliminating the non-trade barriers. In particular, in the case of exports of ASEAN6 to ASEAN6 the infrastructure is the important factor. Also, in the case of the exports of ASEAN6 to CLMV(Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam), it is expected that eliminating non-tariff barriers and enhancing trade facilitations may play important roles in the progress of intra-regional trade. These results may provide the important implications for Southeast Asian countries, which are trying to promote intra-regional trade ahead of the constitution of ASEAN Economic Community by 2015. Southeast Asian countries could be evaluated to achieve a certain level of trade liberalization and economic integration through the formation of AFTA. But in order for Southeast Asia to develop to advanced economic integrated region it requires mutual cooperations and policy harmonizations among regional countries. Also, for the elimination of non-tariff barriers, promoting trade facilitations, and providing infrastructures, the administrative, legal, and institutional measures would have to be fulfilled in advance. In addition, capital investment for constructing infrastructures would be necessary to realize the intra-regional trade expansion. However, to achieve the goal, it would require a large capital investment and highly mandated policy considerations and harmonizations among Southeast Asian countries in terms of further trade liberalization and economic integration.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.123-141
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• 2013

Incoterms, 2010의 FCA, CPT, CIP 등 복합운송물류조건의 이용 활성화 요인 중 대분류 세 가지 요인에 대한 분석결과는 "주관적인 요인"이 3.87점, "무역운송물류 환경적인 요인"이 3.60점, 그리고 "자체 규정 내용적인 요인"이 3.74점이었다. 세 가지 요인의 평균평점이 크게 차이가 않나 세 가지 요인의 복합적인 요인 결합에 의해 복합운송물류조건의 이용 활성화를 도모하여야 한다는 결론이다. 하지만 주관적인 요인의 평균평점이 가장 높다는 것은, Incoterms, 2010의 FCA, CPT, CIP 등 복합운송물류조건의 이용 활성화를 위해서는 이들 조건의 이용자인 기업 스스로가 가장 우선적으로 (1) 복합일관운송과 Incoterms의 각 조건의 연관성을 잘 이해하고, (2) 복합일관운송에는 FCA, CPT, CIP 등의 조건을 가능한 이용하도록 하여야 한다는 것을 의미한다. 그리고 명심할 것은 관행적으로 FOB, CFR, CIF 조건 등을 이용하는 것을 억제하여야 한다는 점이다. 결국 Incoterms, 2010의 FCA, CPT, CIP 등 복합운송물류조건이 복합일관운송에 가장 적합한 조건임을 이해하고 이를 적극적으로 이용하도록 권장하여야 한다는 것이며, 따라서 이를 위한 많은 교육과 홍보가 수반되어야 할 것이다. 그 다음 순위는 무역운송물류 환경적인 요인 (3.60점) 보다 자체 규정 내용적인 요인(3.74)이 더 높은 점수를 기록하고 있는데, 이것은 무역운송물류 환경적인 요소, 즉 국제복합일관운송의 보편화 시대를 맞이하여 국제복합일관운송을 잘 이해하는 것 보다는, FCA, CPT, CIP조건 자체 내용을 잘 이해하고, FCA, CPT, CIP조건이 자사의 무역운송물류환경에 잘 부합한다는 점과 FCA, CPT, CIP조건을 이용하는 것이 자사에게 유리함을 잘 이해하는 것이 보다 중요하다는 것을 의미한다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2004년도 추계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.240-243
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• 2004

"전자무역플랫폼(e-trade Platform)"은 최신의 정보기술을 활용하여 무역업체가 시장조사에서 계약, 상역, 외환, 통관, 물류, 결제까지 모든 무역업무프로세스를 단절 없이(Seamless) 처리할 수 있는 단일창구(Single Window)를 제공하며, 무역업체의 정보화 수준에 따라 다양한 서비스 및 인프라에 대한 연계방식(Interface)을 제공함으로써 대기업뿐만 아니라 중소기업도 무역관련 유관기관 및 정부, 나아가서는 글로벌 연계까지 가능케 하는 전자무역서비스와 이를 연계하여 통합된 환경을 제공하는 전자무역인프라 (전자무역문서 보관소, 전자무역 중계시스템, 전자무역 표준저장소)를 총칭한다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.47-66
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• 2021

Despite the dominance of the USD as a vehicle currency in non-US trade, most studies on the exchange rate-trade balance relationship ignore its importance. Some recent J-curve papers have proved that incorporating the role of USD as vehicle currency as a crucial determinant of trade balance can well reflect the reality of global trade and provide more detailed findings. Motivated by this new approach and by the fact that USD is substantially used in the trade between China and the EU and the UK, this paper scrutinizes how the vehicle currency USD and the bilateral exchange rates asymmetrically affect China's trade balance with each EU country and the UK. The results of NARDL estimation indicate that the USD models outperform the bilateral exchange rate (BER) models in terms of detecting significant long-run and short-run coefficients, which confirms the usefulness of the new approach. Also, this paper finds that the USD/CNY exchange rate cannot be neglected in China's trade with the EU and the UK, which can supplement China's policies on international trade and foreign exchange management.