• 산업노동연구
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.321-365
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• 2018

19세기 영국 조선산업은 세계시장을 지배했지만 호황과 불황에 따라 실업의 등락이 되풀이되었다. 보일러제조공조합은 고용주의 자유로운 해고권한에 도전하지 않았으며, 수정빈민법 체제의 굴레에 빠지지 않기 위해서 자체 실업보험을 운영했다. 조합 자체의 실업보험은 1911년 실업보험법이 실시될 때는 유지되었지만, 1920년대의 대량실업과 고용주들의 공격을 견디지 못하고 파산했다. 1911년 실업보험법은 직종별 노동조합의 경계를 넘어서서 위험을 분산시키고, 미숙련공과 비조합원에게도 실업보험을 적용했다는 점에서, 그리고 고용주와 국가도 보험료를 부담했다는 점에서 사회-연대적인 특성이 강화된 것으로 평가할 수 있다. 대공황기에 노동조합은 정부가 선박시장에 개입하여 일자리를 제공해줄 것을 요구했지만 이는 받아들여 지지 않았다. 정부는 실업수당 수급자격과 기간 등에 관해서 보험원리를 포기한 편법적 운영을 통해서 노동조합운동이 제기한 또 다른 요구인 생계비 요구에 부분적으로 대처할 수 있었다. 결국 조선산업의 실업은 재군비 확대와 2차 대전의 발발로 해소되었다. 19세기부터 2차 대전에 이르기까지 노동조합은 고용주의 해고 권한에 대해 도전하지 않았고, 해고절차를 규제하거나 해고에 대한 보상을 요구하려고 하지 않았다. 전간기에도 영국에는 취약한 고용보호와 관련된 규칙과 관행들 - 이는 자유주의적 고용조정제도의 주요 특징이다 - 이 널리 퍼져 있었다. 실업보험의 운영이 사회갈등의 초점이 되었고, 결국 1, 2차 대전과 같은 역사적 격변을 거치면서도 고용주의 자유로운 해고권한이라는 원칙은 유지될 수 있었다.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.351-381
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• 2011

세계의 모든 국가들은 국가내 지역간 경제적 격차 문제를 가지고 있으며, 특히 유럽연합(EU)의 경우 경제적 발전단계가 각기 다른 27개 회원국들로 구성되어 있어 이러한 지역간 격차문제는 더욱 심각하다고 할 수 있다. 하지만 유럽연합 초기에는 지역정책을 주로 회원국의 손에 맡겨두고 공동체 차원에서는 적극적인 지역정책을 펼치지는 않았다. 그 후 1970년대에 새로운 회원국을 받아들이는 과정에서 유럽지역개발기금(ERDF)을 신설하게 되었고, 이를 계기로 유럽연합의 지역정책은 공동체내에서 주요한 정책으로 부상하였다. 특히 유럽연합이 1980년대 회원국들 간의 단일시장을 추구하고, 1990년대에 경제통화동맹(EMU)을 추진하는 과정에서 지역정책의 역할이 더욱 강화되었고 관련된 기금의 규모가 4배 가까이 증가하게 되었다. 최근에는 중 동유럽국가로 회원국이 확장되면서 회원국들 간의 사회 경제적 격차가 더욱 확대되어 이의 해소를 위한 연합차원에서의 지역정책 역할이 그 어느 때 보다도 절실히 요구되고 있는 시점이다. 이러한 관점에서 이 논문에서는 EU가 설립초기부터 지역간 불평등 문제들을 해소하기 위해 시행해 왔던 지역정책들의 내용과 배경, 발전과정 등을 검토해 본다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.75-88
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• 2024

우리나라는 수요 곡물의 대부분을 수입으로 의존하기 때문에 주요 곡물 수출 국가의 재배 면적과 생산량 예측을 통해 식량안보를 증진시킬 수 있다. 특히, 밀 주요 수출국인 우크라이나를 대상으로 재배지역의 변화 전망을 파악하는 것이 장기적인 밀 수급에 대한 미래 정책 결정에 도움을 줄 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 작물의 기후적합도를 예측하는 Fuzzy Union 모델을 사용하여 과거 기후조건(1970~2000)에서 우크라이나 지역의 밀의 기후적합도를 평가하고자 하였다. 우크라이나 통계청으로부터 밀 생산량과 재배면적 통계자료를 수집하였다. 또한, 위성영상을 활용하여 작물의 재배면적과 수량에 대한 공간자료인 EarthStat 자료를 수집하였다. 모델로 계산된 기후적합도와 밀 관측지점과 비교하여 임계값을 설정하였다. EarthStat 자료와 실제 관측자료를 비교한 결과 일정 지역에서 재배면적과 수량이 일치하지 않는 지역들이 존재하였다. 과거 기후 조건에서 산출된 기후적합도의 경우에도 지역적인 차이를 보였다. 예를 들어, 우크라이나의 서북부 지역에서 0.8 이상의 높은 기후적합도의 분포를 보였으나 동남부 지역에서는 0.15 수준의 낮은 기후적합도를 보였다. 그러나, 기후적합도의 행정구역별 통계량과 실제 밀 재배면적과 생산량을 비교한 결과 일정 수준의 상관관계를 가졌다. 특히, 단위면적당 생산량과 기후적합도의 상관계수는 0.647로 중위 정상관을 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 기후적합도를 활용하여 재배면적 추정 및 단위면적당 수량 예측이 가능함을 시사하였다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.233-240
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• 2020

This study uses the moderating model to explore the relationships between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) associations, brand awareness and consumer purchase intention. Besides investigating the direct effects of CSR associations on brand awareness and consumer purchase intention, this study also focuses on discovering the moderating role of CSR associations on the relationship between brand awareness and consumer purchase intention among Vietnamese students. Adapting scales from previous research, the authors distribute questionnaires to consumers across the country. Then, the validity and reliability are tested via Cronbach's alpha, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Moreover, by employing a meta-analytical path analysis with a sample of 686 consumers, the authors show that CSR associations play an important role in shaping purchase intention among Vietnamese consumers regarding the consumption of organic milk products. Also, CSR associations have a strong effect on brand awareness. However, our study shows that purchase intention is not directly affected by brand awareness. In other words, brand awareness does not mediate the relationship between CSR associations and purchase intention. Interestingly, authors show that CSR associations moderate the link between brand awareness and consumer purchase intention. Based on the research, some recommendations are made to companies that produce organic milk products.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.171-177
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• 2015

In March 2015, the milk quota system in Europe that had lasted for more than 30 years was abolished to improve the competitiveness of the European dairy sector in the international market. Despite an increase in the consumption of dairy products in Europe, the milk price is expected to stabilize in the next decade after a decrease between 2015 and 2016. This stabilization of prices will be caused by a significant increase in production, with the proportion exceeding domestic demand to be exported. In the international market, the price of milk will reduce in the next decade, leading to a restructuring of the milk sector with a lower number of farms, but with higher production and efficiency. Mountain farms will follow the same trend, although these farms play an important social role by providing ecosystem services such as maintaining cultural services, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting soil stability, and improving the aesthetic value of the landscape. Nevertheless, they remain at a disadvantage compared with lowland farms. To prevent the loss of mountain farms, there is thus a need to valorize the ecosystem services that they provide and promote the processing of milk into certified products of high quality.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제30권
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• pp.123-144
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• 2006

MERCOSUR (Southern Cone Common Market, Latin American trade organization established in 1991, full members: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay; associate members: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela) is the world's third largest economic union. It is a vital region that Korean corporations should enter to preoccupy the Latin American market. Since China and Japan are recently moving strongly to advance into MERCOSUR, Korea needs to work out measures to cope with the situation. In trading with MERCOSUR, it is very important to establish a strategic base in the market from a long-term perspective rather than to approach the market only as an exporting market. From this viewpoint, Korea should regard MERCOSUR as a market with which it should cooperate in terms of resources, beyond a market from which it imports raw materials. Helped by its advancement strategies varying according to regional markets and price competitiveness, China is bolstering its market share in these regions. In addition, China has built production bases focused on electric and electronics products. It is also increasing its investments in MERCOSUR as a stable raw material-providing base. To make inroads into MERCOSUR successfully, therefore, Korean enterprises should not regard it as a market where it disposes of stock goods, but should instead export technologically competitive goods to this region. Likewise, Korean companies should expand their investments in automotive parts and machinery in MERCOSUR. Furthermore, Korea should closely study international trading policies of MERCOSUR to clear away any possible obstacles of exports to this region and to prepare countermeasures so as to avoid possible damage from import regulations of MERCOSUR.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제69권
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• pp.495-522
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• 2016

The Mongolia is one of the highly impressive potential developing countries in Asia according to open the economic market. Since early 1990 as the falling apart from Russian union, Mongolia has tried to developing economic status with plentiful stocked natural resources in their country. The Mongolia has been accepting the modernizing their legal systems including national amended law of arbitration 2003 which was based in the 'UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration 1985' to harmonize with the international arbitration trends. However, UNCITRAL council announced the adapting members countries excluding Mongolia caused by the inappropriate international standard conditions. As the foreign business partners with Mongolian, it is not easy to agree a site in Mongolia for the place of arbitration on their disputes settlement cause by the weak confidence and precarious interruption under the arbitration processing and enforcement of award on the uncertain law of arbitration on their law of arbitration. Recently, the Mongolian government intends to revise their arbitration law to comply to newly UNCITRAL Model Law in 2006 revision for improving the putting confidence and promoting the choosing arbitration on the place of commercial disputes in Mongolia. It is the point to considering in this article to compare to the problems and alternative ways to the legal and practical arbitration services for reliant and confirming arbitration system in Mongolia for the business parties of Korea.

• 복식
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• 제44권
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• pp.153-167
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to supply the opportunity of being used as a material which can predict future fashion. This study had been divided the symbolic meaning into three parts. The first part was the symbolic expressions in the materials of modern fashion, and the second part was symbolic meaning which was expressed in the accessories, and the last part was the symbolic meaning which was expressed in the physical ornament. The results could be summarized as follows. First, among the forms of heraldry were expressed in modern Fashion, were such as animals like a lion and eagle, which evoked the powerful and lively mood. A vegetable heraldry was expressed on a pattern of textile fabric to pursue the beauty of dress, represented female and classical beauty. A inanimate object heraldry was included all natural material that didn't have all lives the world, represented the mystery and intensity of nature as using the design that sets off the idea through color and figure. Second, in the case of being the forms of heraldry used as a mark or logo in modern fashion, it was visualized the fashion of traditional sense, marine look and military look. This mark or logo had important characteristics of symbolic in that the product had a special meaning and function by trade mark. Third, tattos were used to heighten the people's union in the various subordinate cultures. By ornamenting their bodies, they expressed their special identity and consciousness. Tattos represented a unique menas, which effected a mood of fashion.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.316-324
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to identify differences in physical working environments, psychosocial working environments, and health outcomes according to the employment type of delivery workers. Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of data collected from the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS). Participants were 84 Korean delivery workers. Data were analyzed using the SAS 9.4 Version, χ² test and Fisher's exact test. Results: Statistically significant differences were found according to the employment type of delivery workers (special types, wage) including "noise", "vibrations", "repetitive movements", "supervisor support", "colleague support", "manuals on emotional expression", "existence of trade union, works council or similar body". Conclusion: This study suggests the necessity of improving the working environment and health outcomes of delivery workers belonging to special employment types. In developing these, the laws and systems must be reorganized to enable the recognition of delivery workers as wage workers. In addition, delivery companies should be held responsible for managing delivery workers.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권
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• pp.200-215
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• 2002

There are some international standards and organization controling the quality characteristics of varieties and seeds such as UPOV, OECD, ISTA, AOSA. The National List system to check variety performance such as quality characteristics of plant varieties and seeds was established by each countries. The UPOV (International Union for the Protection of New varieties of Plant) regulates the requirement of plant variety protection that is distinctness (D), uniformity (U), stability (S) (here in after called DUS), Novelty and Denomination, and some quality characteristics are used to examine the requirement of plant variety protection by each crops. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation Development) seed scheme regulates the seed certification for seed trade between countries. ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) and AOSA(Association for Official Seed Analyst) regulates the seed analysis standard and methods. Most of the countries in Europe has the National List system, which check the value for cultivation and use(VCU), that is to say, variety performance such as yield, quality and stress to environment. All the seeds should be enlisted in the National List before sell the seed in their country. All the quality characteristics checked variety performance are for instance, amylose and amylopectin content in rice, molting quality, $\beta$-glucan, protein in barley, protein and sugar content in soybean, sugar and amylopectin content in corn etc. Conditions for the protection of new variety of plant are DUS. Quality characteristics may be the important characteristics and used to check DUS in crop by crop. It is very important to develop a new characteristics and establish standard method fur examine the VCU and DUS test for each crop.