• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.71
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• pp.267-296
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• 2016

National Competency Standards (NCS) is the knowledge, technology and attitude a country has organized by its industry sectors and levels to necessary to fulfill the duties in the industrial filed. NCS has been standardized in the national dimension to successfully execute the duties of the industrial site. Currently, many universities of South Korea have opened courses on trade practices however, these courses are not consistent in the execution of criteria and unit of export-import management competency of the NCS and not established well-balanced. This study explains the concepts and structure of the NCS, analyzes the execution criteria and unit of export-import management competency of the NCS and presents the subjects that need to be reinforced or established in the future based on the current status of the curriculum. Departments of Trade practices need to recognize the changes in the trading environment, boldly straighten the existing subjects which overlap or do not conform to changes by using the NCS skills analysis and establish new courses that match for the era to recover original competitiveness of Trade Department.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.371-387
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• 2021

This paper analyzed 110 papers related to the field of trade settlement published in the Korea Trade Review for 40 years from 1980 to 2019. This study tried to provide an insight on research topics and to suggest future research directions. The papers were analyzed according to the detailed topics of trade settlement. Research trends were identified every ten years by investigating the most frequently used titles and keywords. The analysis found that the direction of the research changed in line with the changes in trade settlement practices. Future research lies in the field of electronicization of traditional settlement methods, search for alternative settlement methods, individual international microtransaction and trade fraud.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.129-139
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• 2022

Ethical issues in international trade will first need to be resolved through applicable public methods. However, considering that there is a party who produced and manufactured the goods, that is, a seller, and a buyer who purchased the goods, the area of the public law is now a matter of private law. Since the CISG does not mention the term 'ethics' in the full text, an ethical consideration is needed to interpret using existing provisions. In addition, a review of the validity, explicit and implied conditions, trade usages, or established practices between the parties through the CISG shows that ethical issues between the trading parties subject to the CISG may constitute part of the sales contract. Ethical hardship in the process of implementing the contract can also be seen as a impediment in the CISG. However, the safe way for a party to avoid disputes is to explicitly insert a contract clause incorporating ethical standards in the contract or add related terms and conditions and codes of ethics.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.93-112
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• 2019

Purpose - First, this study contextually examines the governance codes of South Africa and South Korea. Second, it analyzes board features of South African (JSE) Mainboard and South Korean (KRX) KOSPI-listed companies. Design/methodology - This review is qualitative and uses data from the annual reports of the selected markets' companies, respective exchanges' official web sites and corporate governance-related web sites in order to examine the corporate governance practices in the two markets. In addition, Nvivo is employed in analyzing the content of the corporate governance codes of the selected countries. Findings - Our analysis indicates that the corporate governance codes of the two countries are evolving to keep up with the international trend of principles-based approach. The composition of the board of directors (BODs) of non-financial companies of both South Africa and South Korea shows no significant variation between the companies with regards to the executive (inside) and nonexecutive (outside) directors. On the contrary, there is a significant variation between South African and South Korean listed companies with respect to diversity. Originality/value - While previous studies are centered on the impact of governance codes on performance, this study intends to contextually evaluate the codes and features of South Africa and South Korea listed companies. This is essential and timely for regulators and policy makers given the importance of corporate governance features such as board independence and diversity in recent times.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.75-88
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• 2018

As the Korean economy continues to grow, the desire to own art increases. Despite a number of recent controversies surrounding the sale of counterfeit art pieces, the scale of the problem remains small. Nevertheless, there is a lack of relevant analysis and research. Given the increased interest in Korean arts and crafts and the growing awareness of counterfeit art, it is useful to study legal problems related to counterfeit art. The purpose of this review is to examine the concept and range of counterfeit artwork and explore corresponding legal problems and solutions.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.69
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• pp.349-370
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• 2016

This thesis examines the problems faced in the electronic bill of lading for which improvements are necessary, and suggests various ways of overcoming those problems. First, to build a negotiation system for electronic B/Ls, active participation from related parties in addition to the government support is essential. Second, electronic B/Ls cannot be utilized within a short period of time in current commercial practices. Third, there should be infrastructure which connects all parties of international commerce through an electronic system. Fourth, instead of promoting mutual recognition through international treaty, there should be a plan which legally specifying mutual recognition between certification authorities. Fifth, it is needed to ease the strictness of electronic signature to promote the global negotiation of electronic B/Ls. Lastly, in prima facie weight of evidence, there was a significant difference with the Rotterdam Rules even in comparison with the Commercial Act which was amended with the significantly advanced rules on electronic B/L. He believed there should be a discreet consideration on these matters at the revision of the Commercial Act. For this, the government has to provide support more aggressively with more interest and commitments.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.54-67
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• 2007

This paper aims to explore the characteristics of regional embeddedness of Korean firms in Daren City, China, with special reference to management practices. To achieve this goal, I attempt to analyze the type and structure of the firm, the structure of decision-making, labor practices, and the inter-organizational networks with the government, trade associations and the business supporting agencies. The major purpose of the investment in Daren by Korean firms is to penetrate and expand the local market. In line with this, the structure of decision-making by Korean firms tends to become increasingly autonomous, especially in terms of employment and marketing. However, the decision-making related to finance and accounting tends to be still highly controlled upon the headquarter in Korea. In addition, it is shown that Korean firms make a great effort to sustain the cooperative relationships with the local society and the local government.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.76-82
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• 2016

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the dual-punishment system by analysis of the financial performance of pharmaceutical companies before and after introduction of the dual-punishment system. This study analyzed the business performance of 136 pharmaceutical companies from 2009 to 2011. The results from paired t-tests found that sales, operating cost, and EBITDA showed significant differences in performance, and, according to the variance analysis, the five groups obtained through a hierarchical cluster analysis differed from each other in sales, operating cost, EBITDA, and research and development cost. Differences in financial performance among the groups seem to be related to the strategy for response to the regulation. The introduction of the dual-punishment system is generally acknowledged to have had positive effects on the pharmaceutical industry. However, some companies appear to be continuing kickback practices.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.921-930
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• 2017

Objectives: The purposes of this study were to analyze the trade newspapers related to 'recognition of the dental hygienist as the healthcare professional' using R program and to identify opinions of groups concerned with dental hygienists. Methods: This study was designed with contents analysis and cross-sectional. The subjects of the study were the articles for the last three years in medical and dental newspapers about the recognition of the dental hygienist as the healthcare professional. The collected articles were categorized and classified for each group's opinions about the issue. The key words were extracted according to the priorities of the opinions of agreement and disagreement. They were visualized after frequency analysis using R, a big data analysis program. Results: A total of 237 newspaper articles were extracted among 270 ones containing opinions. 245 were positive opinions and 25 were negatives. The main key words of the agreement were 'Amendment of Medical Law', 'Medical Practice', and 'Legal Guarantee of the Practice'. Advocates addressed that the issues should be resolved with the amendment of the law, as dental hygienists are not guaranteed to work based on the current law although they are actually doing the medical practices. Main key words of disagreement were 'Legal Guarantee of the Practice', 'Revision of Medical Technician Law', and 'Review of Job Type'. They described that the problem can be resolved by revising medical technicians act, and it needs to consider as job types of all healthcare professional. Conclusions: In the group who showed the positive opinions, it is possible to utilize measures such as promoting the cooperation of dental hygienists and developing public consensus through publicity.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.48
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• pp.3-23
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• 2010

In letter of credit arrangements, the issuing bank nominate a reimbursing bank which serves as a source of funds payment to the beneficiary. The reimbursing bank could be 3rd party bank or the issuing bank itself. In view of working capital requirements, most beneficiary want to get export proceeds in advance through nominated banks and therefore letter of credit usually permit the beneficiary to negotiate drafts, accompanied by required documents, to nominated bank. If the credit is available with the nominated bank, there must be a reimbursement instruction in the credit, because in this method of availability the issuing bank is obliged to reimburse the nominated bank if that bank acts on its nomination There are legal relationship among issuing bank, nominated bank and reimbursing bank with regard to reimbursement activities. Related rules are UCP and URR and UCC (in case of USA). Korean exporters and bankers do not appear to know well the role of reimbursement and usage. 3 cases (court case + ICC Opinion + bad practices) were employed to study the reimbursement mechanism and suggest better usages. The beneficiary is strongly recommended to know the benefit of reimbursement claim from independent reimbursing bank. The benefits include speed payment (thereby saving finance costs) and safe funds (in case of stop payment by the issuing bank right after the proceeds are reimbursed). And further the beneficiary banks (being nominated or claim banks) are also recommended to take advantage of the 3rd party reimbursement in view of the cases illustrated.