• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.205-209
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• 1982

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the so-called "double-sandwich"technique was applied to determine Clostridium botulinum type F toxin. Polystyrene tubes were coated with horse anti-type F toxin serum and then toxin sample was added. The tubes were subsequently treated with rabbit anti-type F toxin IgG and sheep anti-rabbit serum IgG-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. By this technique, about 10 mouse intraperitoneal 50% lethal doses (ip LD/50/) of type F toxin could be detected. Low back-ground reading was achieved with the use of phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween 20 and 1% bovine serum albumin as diluents of rabbit IgG and conjugate. Addition of EDTA in the diluents of toxin increased ELISA extinction value significantly. No cross-reaction was observed with botulinum type A and B toxin, but type E toxin gave sleight cross-reaction.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 1993

토양을 비롯하여 어류, 패류, 조류, 포유류의 소화기관으로부터 Clostridium botulinum 분리를 시도하였다. 총 158개 분리원을 screening한 결과 10개 시료로부터 Clostridium botulinum 분포 가능성을 확인하였으며 6개 시료로부터 Clostridium botulinum을 순수 분리하여 3.8% 분리율을 나타내었다. 분리 균주의 형태적 특징, 배양상의 특성 및 생화학적 특성 등을 표준 균주의 특성과 비교하고 항혈청에 의한 중화시험을 실시하여 분리균주를 동정하였다. Egg york agar에서의 opalescence 생성, 탄수화물 이용성, Egg york GAM 배지상에서의 pearly layer 생성 등으로부터 Clostridium botulinum으로 동정할 수 있었으며 trypsin에 의한 toxicity 활성화, type E 항혈청에 의한 opalescence 생성억제 및 mouse 방어효과가 인정되어 type E 로 동정하였다. 국내에서 시판되고 있는 수 종의 식품을 대상으로 Clostridium botulinum 의 toxin 생성능을 비교하였던 바 식품의 종류, 사용균주에 따라 toxin 생성량에 현저한 차이가 있었다. 분리균주 type E 의 경우 어패류통조림, ham 식품에서 많은 양의 toxin 이 생성되었으며 sausage, 과일통조림 식품에서는 비교적 적었다. 그러나 type A 의 경우에는 어패류, ham , sausage 식품에서 상당량의 toxin 이 생성되었으며 과일통조림에서도 비교적 맣은 양의 toxin이 생성되었다 .

• 대한음성언어의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성언어의학회 2002년도 제16회 학술대회
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• pp.75-82
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• 2002

Botulinum toxin-A, a neurotoxin derived from Clostridia Botulinum, has been injected into the laryngeal muscle(s) for the treatment of the spasmodic dysphonia at the Voice Clinic, Yonsei Institute of Logopedics and phoniatrics since December 1995. We analyzed 355 patients with spasmodic dysphonia, using Botox register review. In the 355 patients, female is 86.8%. male is 13.2%. 305 patients (85.9%) had adductor type of spasmodic dysphonia and 35 patients (9.9%) were vocal tremor type and 15 patients were abduction and mixed type. Botulinum toxin type-A (Botox) injection using EMG was most frequently conducted as 587 cases, comparing with flexible nasopharyngoscopy gudied injection (68cases) and tele- laryn-goscopy guided injection (31cases). In the respect of frequency of Botox injection, 137 patients(38.6%) were injected one time but 1 patient was injected 17times. The mean dose of Botox is 6.2U. Clinically, initial dose of Botulinum toxin-A was high dose (7-8U) but current dose is small dose (3U). And the mean duration of Botox injection is 6.4 month. In conclusion, to optimize effect of the treatment for spasmodic dysphonia, Botulinum toxin-A injection is combined with voice therapy.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.129-131
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to present a case of persistent parotid fistula treated successfully with preoperative botulinum toxin type A injection into the parotid parenchyma, followed by fistulectomy. Methods: A 72-year-old female patient presented to the hospital with a 5-month history of clear, watery discharge from a tiny opening on the left cheek, which increased during food intake. A chemistry test of the fluid revealed an high amylase level. An ultrasonography of left parotid gland showed a $1.13{\times}0.6cm$ sized fistula. After demarcating the left parotid gland with assistance of ultrasonography, a total 40 units of botulinum toxin type A (Botox, Allergan, Irvine, CA) was injected into 4 subdivisions of the left parotid gland. The clear serous discharge ceased completely on the 5th day after botulinum toxin injection. On the 7th day, a fistulectomy was performed under the local anesthesia. Results: The parotid fistula healed completely without complications. During the 6-month follow up period, there was no discharge from the cheek. Conclusion: On the basis of our experience with type A botulinum toxin as a local anticholinergic agent in treating parotid fistula, preoperative botulinum toxin A injection seems to be very useful to prevent recurrence after fistulectomy.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제41권6호통권409호
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• pp.450-454
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• 2003

The Purpose of this study is to report the effect botulinum toxin type A injection for the masseter hypertrophy patient with bruxism. Nine patients enrolled in this study were diagnosed as masseter hypertrophy associated with bruxism and the patients were injected with a 25U of botulinum toxin type A (BTXA:Lanzhou) to each masseter muscles. All nine patients showed marked reduction of masseter hypertrophy and eight patients reported the resolution of bruxism in 8 weeks after injection, with no significant complications. This preliminary study suggest that the botulinum toxin type A injection is an alternative method to treat the masseter hypertrophy with bruxism.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2003

Background and Objectives : The vocal fold granuloma has been associated with vocal abuse, gastroesophageal reflux, endotracheal intubation and habitual throat clearing etc.. Granuloma is benign growth of hypertrophic granulation tissue. It is usually located on the posterior third of vocal fold, in one or both vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage In spite of the voice therapy, steroid therapy, anti-reflex therapy and surgical procedure. The distinct advantage and uniform success rate of each methods have not been generally shown. Authors report that localized injection of botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX$^{\circledR}$) is the promising method both as an initial treatment and as an alternative treatment in patients who do not respond to standard therapy or who are poor surgical candidates. Materials and Method : We carried out a retrospective study of 9 patients with the diagnosis of vocal fold granuloma on the videostroboscopic examination from Jan 2000 to Mar 2003. The botulinum toxin type A was injected into one or both thyroarytenoid muscle or lateral cricoarytenoid muscle under the electromyography. The average dosage ranges from 6U to 8U per injection. Results : Unilateral vocal fold granuloma in 7 patients had been resolved completely within 2-3 months after first injection : 5 patients received th\ulcorner GER medical therapy in addition to the Botulinum toxin injections, 2 patients was resolved completely who had shown recurrence after $CO_2$ laser vaporization. 2 patients who had shown recurrence after $1^st$ injection were also completely resolved within 6 months after further injections. Conclusion : We expect that localized injection of Botulinum toxin type A can provide an alternative treatment for the refractory cases to the traditional forms of therapy and avoid the recurrence in conjunction with proper medical and voice therapy against GER and vocal abuse.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.177-180
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• 1992

Among 120 U. maydis strains isolated in Korea 14 different strains containing specific viral dsRNA segments were analyzed for the distribution of dsRNA and the production of toxin protein. Several distinctive dsRNA patterns were identified, 9 cases of P type with typical H, M and L ds RNA and one case of non-P-type, the frequency of a specific isolate was decreased with increasing number of dsRNA segments. The presence of dsRNA had no effect on the cultural or morphological phenotype of the host. Two isolates containing P type dsRNA segments appeared to produce toxin protein (killer strains) which inhibited the growth of 4 isolates (sensitive strain) with different susceptibility. Two killer strains contain unique M dsRNA segment which may code for toxin protein. However, the presence of toxin-sensitive strains among dsRNA-free isolates was similar to that of ds RNA containing strains.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.9-11
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• 2019

Botulinum toxin (BTX) has been widely used to treat muscle spasms in many voice disorders. Most commercially available forms of BTX require reconstitution before use, which may increase the risk of contamination and requires careful titration. Recently, a liquid-type BTX type A (BTX-A) has been developed, which should simplify the procedure and enhance its efficacy. In this session, I will discuss about the differences of BTX-A from existing types and the practical issues associated with it.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.183-188
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• 1982

Clostidium botulinum type B가 생성하는 독소를 정제할 수 있는 방법을 연구하였다. 정제과정은 독소를 ammonium sulfate로 배양액에서 침전시켜 추출한후 Polymin P를 처리하여 핵산 및 기타 단백질을 최대한 제거한 후 Sephaex G-I00에서 gel fiItration을 시키고 DEAE-Sephadex로 이온교환 크로마토그래피를 시켰다. 이러한 과정으로 정제된 독소의 회수율은 17%였으며 SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 결과 하나의 선을 나타내 동질성을 증명하였다. 정제된 독소의 분자량은 163,000이였으며 $\beta$-mercaptoethanol을 사용하여 환원시킨 결과 분자량 106,000과 56,000의 하위 단위체로 분리되었다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.417-421
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• 1997

Synaptobrevin is a kind of vesicle associated membrane proteins (VAMPs) which plays a secretary role in the neuronal synapse and was recently known as the biochemical target of botulinum neurotoxin type B. The structural gene of the synaptobrevin was cloned from mouse brain using RT-PCR technique and was seqrtenced. The deduced amino acid sequence showed that the synaptobrevin protein from mouse brain is exactly the same with that of the rat brain in the amino acid level. The synaptobrevin gene was subcloned into pET3a vector and expressed in E. coli. The molecular weight of the recombinant protein was 19 kDa as expected. Moreover, when the recombinant synaptobrevin protein was incubated with the native neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum type B, it was cleaved by the toxin in a time dependent manner. This implies that the recombinant synaptobrevin protein and the native toxin are reacted in the same way as the native synaptobrevin did in the neuronal cells.