• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.159-164
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• 2013

The mouse bioassay and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) post-column oxidation method are different methods of quantifying paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In this study, we compared their ability to accurately quantify the toxicity levels in two types of field sample (oysters and mussels) with different toxin profiles for routine regulatory monitoring. A total of 72 samples were analyzed by both methods, 44 of which gave negative results, with readings under the limit of detection of the mouse bioassay ($40{\mu}g/100g$ saxitoxin [STX] eq). In 14 oysters, the major toxin components were gonyautoxin (GTX) 1, -2, -3, -4, -5, decarbamoylgonyautoxin-2 (dcGTX2), and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX), while 14 mussels tested positive for dcSTX, GTX2, -3, -4, -5, dcGTX2, neosaxitoxin (NEO), STX, and dcSTX. When the results obtained by both methods were compared in two matrices, a better correlation ($r^2=0.9478$) was obtained for mussels than for oysters ($r^2=0.8244$). Additional studies are therefore needed in oysters to investigate the differences in the results obtained by both methods. Importantly, some samples with toxin levels around the legal limit gave inconsistent results using HPLC-based techniques, which could have a strong economic impact due to enforced harvest area closure. It should therefore be determined if all paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins can be quantified accurately by HPLC, and if the uncertainties of the method lead to doubts regarding regulatory limits.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.323-329
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: The conazoles, difenoconazole, diniconazole, hexaconazole, penconazole and tetraconazole are a large class of synthetic fungicides used extensively for foliage and seed treatments in agricultural crops. The extensive use of conazoles has brought concerns on the potentiality of environmental contamination and toxicity. Thus studies on the development of methods for monitoring the conazoles are required. METHODS AND RESULTS: A modified quick, easy, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method was involved in sample preparation. Quadrapole time of flight mass spectrometer (Q-TOF MS) in electron spray ionization (ESI) mode was employed to determine conazoles in garlic samples. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of conazoles by Q-TOF-MS ranged from 0.001 to 0.002 mg/L and 0.002 to 0.005 mg/L, respectively. Q-TOF-MS analysis exhibited less than 2.6 ppm error of accurate mass measurements for the detection of conazoles spiked at 0.05 mg/L in garlic matrix. Recovery values of conazoles fortified in garlic samples at 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L were between 79.2 and 106.2% with a maximum 11.8% of standard deviation. No detectable conazoles were found in the domestic market samples by using the Q-TOF-MS method. CONCLUSION(s): High degree of confirmation for conazoles by accurate mass measurements demonstrated that Q-TOF-MS analysis combined with a QuEChERS method may be applicable to simultaneous determination of conazoles in garlic samples.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 1999년도 정기총회 및 춘계 공동 학술발표회
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• pp.149-156
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• 1999

In the United States (U.S.), the monitored natural attenuation (MNA) approach has been used as an alternative remedial option for organic and inorganic compounds retained in soil and dissolved in groundwater. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines the MNA as“in-situ naturally-occurring processes include biodegradation, diffusion, dilution, sorption, volatilization, and/or chemical and biochemical stabilization of contaminants and reduce contaminant toxicity, mobility or volume to the levels that are protective of human health and the environment”. The Department of Soil Environment. National Institute Environmental Research (NIER) is in the process for demonstrating the MNA approach as a potential remedial option for the BTEX contaminated site in Uiwang City. The project is charactering the research site in terms of the nature and extend of contamination, biological degradation rate, and geochemical and hydrological properties. The microbial-degradation rate and effectiveness of nutrient and redox supplements will be determined through laboratory batch and column tests. The geochemical process will be monitored for determining the concentration changes of chemical species involved in the electron transfer processes that include methanogenesis, sulfate and iron reduction, denitrification, and aerobic respiration. Through field works, critical soil and hydrogeologic parameters will be acquired to simulate the effects of dispersion, advection, sorption, and biodegradation on the fate and transport of the dissolved-phase BTEX plume using Bioplume III model. The objectives of this multi-years research project are (1) to evaluate the MNA approach using the BTEX contaminated site in Uiwang City, (2) to establish a standard protocol for future application of the approach, (3) to investigate applicability of the passive approach as a secondary treatment remedy after active treatments. In this presentation, the overall picture and philosophy behind the MNA approach will be reviewed. Detailed discussions of the site characterization/monitoring plans and risk-based decision-making processes for the demonstration site will be included.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.195-207
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was performed to confirm whether plasma lead can be used as a chronic biomarker for the biological monitoring of exposure to lead. Methods: Lead concentrations in 66 plasma samples from retired lead workers (G.M. 60.25 years, Median 61.00 years) and 42 plasma samples from the general population (G.M. 53.76 years, Median 56.50 years) were measured using ICP/Mass. Tibia, whole blood, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and blood zinc protophorphyrin (ZPP) concentrations and urinary ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid (${\delta}-ALA$) were measured for correlation analysis with plasma lead. Results: The geometric mean concentration of lead in plasma was $0.23{\mu}g/L$ for the retired lead workers and $0.10{\mu}g/L$ for the general population sample. A simple correlation analysis of biomarkers showed that plasma lead concentration among the retired lead workers was highly correlated with lead concentration in the tibia and with blood lead concentration, and the plasma lead concentration among the general population correlated with ZPP concentration in the blood. The lead concentration in the tibia and the lead concentration in the whole blood increased with length of working period. As the period in the lead workplace increased, the ratio of lead in plasma to lead concentration in whole blood decreased. Conclusion: This study confirmed the possibility of a chronic biomarker of lead concentration in blood plasma as a biomarker. In the future, comparative studies with specific indicators will lead to more fruitful results.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2022

Erythrocytes deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is more susceptible to oxidative damage from free radical derived compounds. The hemolysis triggered by oxidative agents such as primaquine (PQ) is used for the radical treatment of hypnozoites of P. vivax. Testing of G6PD screening before malaria treatment is not a common practice in Thailand, which poses patients at risk of hemolysis. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the prevalence of G6PD in malaria patients who live in Southern Thailand. Eight hundred eighty-one malaria patients were collected for 8-year from 2012 to 2019, including 785 (89.1%) of P. vivax, 61 (6.9%) of P. falciparum, 27 (3.1%) of P. knowlesi, and 8 (0.9%) of mixed infections. The DiaPlexC genotyping kit (Asian type) and PCR-RFLP were employed to determine the G6PD variants. The result showed that 5 different types of G6PD variants were identified in 26 cases (2.9%); 12/26 (46.2%) had Mahidol (487G>A) and 11/26 (42.3%) had Viangchan (871G>A) variants, while the rest had Kaiping (1388G>A), Union (1360C>T), and Mediterranean (563C>T) variants. G6PD Songklanagarind (196T>A) variant was not found in the study. Our result did not show a significant difference in the malaria parasite densities in patients between G6PD-deficient and G6PD-normal groups. According to our findings, testing G6PD deficiency and monitoring the potential PQ toxicity in patients who receive PQ are highly recommended.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제63권3호
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• pp.21.1-21.6
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• 2023

The increasing prevalence of toxic substance-exposure in pets in South Korea endangers the health and safety of numerous companion animals, and has become a cause for concern. Notably, the annual incidence of forensic analysis in pets has increased by more than 150% in South Korea, mainly in populous regions such as Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi. In response to this growing issue, veterinary forensic examinations were conducted on 549 dogs and cats from 2019 to 2022. This study revealed the presence of various toxic substances, including pesticides, insecticides, and drugs such as analgesics, anesthetics, antidepressants, and muscle relaxants, in pets. Among the 38 different toxins identified in pets, coumatetralyl, methomyl, terbufos, and buprofezin were the most frequently detected. In this study, toxic substances for pets were identified based on the "toxic agent list for humans," developed by the National Forensic Services, because no list of toxic agents for animals currently exists and data regarding potentially toxic substances for dogs and cats is limited. This is one of the limitations of this study, and necessitates the establishment of a toxic agent list for animals. Continued monitoring and research is also recommended to reveal the incidence, causes, and solutions of toxicity in animals.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.113-124
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• 2024

Background: The increasing need to minimize animal testing has sparked interest in alternative methods with more humane, cost-effective, and time-saving attributes. In particular, in silico-based computational toxicology is gaining prominence. Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is a biological map depicting toxicological mechanisms, composed of molecular initiating events (MIEs), key events (KEs), and adverse outcomes (AOs). To understand toxicological mechanisms, predictive models are essential for AOP components in computational toxicology, including molecular structures. Objectives: This study reviewed the literature and investigated previous research cases related to AOP and in silico methodologies. We describe the results obtained from the analysis, including predictive techniques and approaches that can be used for future in silico-based alternative methods to animal testing using AOP. Methods: We analyzed in silico methods and databases used in the literature to identify trends in research on in silico prediction models. Results: We reviewed 26 studies related to AOP and in silico methodologies. The ToxCast/Tox21 database was commonly used for toxicity studies, and MIE was the most frequently used predictive factor among the AOP components. Machine learning was most widely used among prediction techniques, and various in silico methods, such as deep learning, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics, were also utilized. Conclusions: We analyzed the current research trends regarding in silico-based alternative methods for animal testing using AOPs. Developing predictive techniques that reflect toxicological mechanisms will be essential to replace animal testing with in silico methods. In the future, since the applicability of various predictive techniques is increasing, it will be necessary to continue monitoring the trend of predictive techniques and in silico-based approaches.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.710-725
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• 2024

Purpose: A scoping review was conducted to assess the toxicity and safety of Ganoderma lucidum. Methods: A literature search was conducted in several medical databases (EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScieneON, and RISS) to identify studies related to G. lucidum. We extracted clinical manifestations of adverse events described in the included studies and analyzed whether the incidence of each adverse event was higher in the G. lucidum group compared to the placebo group. Results: An initial search yielded 1,409 studies, of which 31 studies met the criteria and included in the final analysis (7 randomized controlled trials, 5 nonrandomized studies, and 19 case reports). Several gastrointestinal, respiratory, neurological, and dermatological manifestations were reported as adverse events in the included literature. However, no serious adverse events with a causal relationship to G. lucidum were reported in studies other than case reports, and no statistically significant differences in the incidence of any adverse events were observed between the G. lucidum group and the placebo group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our findings do not seem to support the claim that G. lucidum poses a safety risk when consumed as food or as an ingredient in food. However, given the existence of some adverse events where a causal link to G. lucidum cannot be entirely ruled out, further research and ongoing monitoring are still warranted.

• 분석과학
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.383-391
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• 2008

1,4-Dioxane은 IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer)에서 발암가능그룹으로 분류하고 있으며, WHO (World Health Organization)는 1,4-dioxane의 권고기준농도를 50 ng/mL로 설정하고 있다. 이러한 1,4-Dioxane의 독성과 음용수의 섭취량을 고려할 때, 음용수 섭취로 인한 인체 유해영향이 우려되고 있으며, 따라서 1,4-dioxane의 검출이 빈번한 낙동강 수계의 정수 및 원수의 모니터링은 중요성을 갖는다. 낙동강 수계 정수장 시료 중 1,4-dioxane 농도를 2000년부터 2007년까지 모니터링 한 결과 정수는 0.24~240.20 ng/mL의 농도 범위로 22.68 ng/mL의 평균값을 나타내었으며, 원수는 0.39~81.90 ng/mL의 농도범위로 19.15 ng/mL의 평균값을 나타내었다. 또한 2004년 수질감시항목 지정 이후 1,4-dioxane의 평균검출 농도는 저감되는 경향을 보였으나, 검출빈도는 변화가 없었다. 수질감시항목으로 지정된 2004년 이전과 이후의 위해도 평가 결과 낙동강 수계에서의 95 percentile 초과발암위해도 값이 2004년 이전의 정수는 $6.63{\times}10^{-6}$, 원수는 $3.17{\times}10^{-6}$로 나타났으며, 2004년 이후의 정수는 $2.10{\times}10^{-6}$, 원수는 $1.22{\times}10^{-6}$로 나타나 2004년 이후 초과발암위해도가 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 또한 계절별로 비교했을 때 봄 겨울에 주로 많이 검출되었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.118-127
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• 2024

본 연구에서는 인천광역시에서 유통 중인 한약재의 안전성을 확인하기 위해 24품목의 50건을 대상으로 345종의 잔류농약을 분석하였다. 잔류농약은 미량으로도 인체의 건강에 해를 가할 수 있는 유해 물질로 주의가 필요하다. 기준 규격외 다양한 잔류농약 확인을 위해, QuEChERS법으로 전처리후 분석한 결과, 7품목 24건(48%)의 한약재에서 총 22종의 잔류농약이 검출되었으며, 농약이 검출된 한약재는 천궁, 택사, 당귀, 백지 순으로 많았다. 검출 농약 중 2건을 제외하고는 모두 기준이 설정되어 있지 않은 농약이었으나, 위해 평가 결과 안전한 수준으로 확인되었다. 또한, 동일 품목에서 다빈도로 검출되는 농약을 확인하여, 해당 품목의 지속적인 잔류농약 모니터링의 필요성을 시사하였으며, 대한약전의 전처리법에 따른 비교분석에서도 동일한 농약이 검출되어, QuEChERS법을 이용한 생약의 잔류농약 분석 가능성을 제시하였다. 결과적으로, 소비자 안전을 위해서 기준규격 잔류농약 항목 외에도, 생약에 대한 지속적인 잔류농약 모니터링과 신뢰성 높은 고효율 분석법 개발 연구가 계속 필요할 것이다.