Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (한국산업보건학회지)

Korean Industrial Hygiene Association (한국산업보건학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Study on Possibility of Use of Lead in Plasma as a Chronic Toxicity Biomarker

혈장 중 납의 만성독성 지표로의 활용에 관한 연구

  • Lee, Sung-Bae (Chemicals Research Bureau, Occupational Safety & Health Research Institute) ;
  • Lim, Cheol-Hong (Chemicals Research Bureau, Occupational Safety & Health Research Institute) ;
  • Kim, Nam Soo (Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Soonchunhyang University)
  • 이성배 (산업안전보건연구원 산업화학연구실) ;
  • 임철홍 (산업안전보건연구원 산업화학연구실) ;
  • 김남수 (순천향대학교 환경산업의학연구소)
  • Received : 2019.03.07
  • Accepted : 2019.06.25
  • Published : 2019.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: This study was performed to confirm whether plasma lead can be used as a chronic biomarker for the biological monitoring of exposure to lead. Methods: Lead concentrations in 66 plasma samples from retired lead workers (G.M. 60.25 years, Median 61.00 years) and 42 plasma samples from the general population (G.M. 53.76 years, Median 56.50 years) were measured using ICP/Mass. Tibia, whole blood, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and blood zinc protophorphyrin (ZPP) concentrations and urinary ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid (${\delta}-ALA$) were measured for correlation analysis with plasma lead. Results: The geometric mean concentration of lead in plasma was $0.23{\mu}g/L$ for the retired lead workers and $0.10{\mu}g/L$ for the general population sample. A simple correlation analysis of biomarkers showed that plasma lead concentration among the retired lead workers was highly correlated with lead concentration in the tibia and with blood lead concentration, and the plasma lead concentration among the general population correlated with ZPP concentration in the blood. The lead concentration in the tibia and the lead concentration in the whole blood increased with length of working period. As the period in the lead workplace increased, the ratio of lead in plasma to lead concentration in whole blood decreased. Conclusion: This study confirmed the possibility of a chronic biomarker of lead concentration in blood plasma as a biomarker. In the future, comparative studies with specific indicators will lead to more fruitful results.

Keywords

SOOSB1_2019_v29n2_195_f0001.png 이미지

Figure 1. Comparison of lead concentration among biomarkers of retired lead workers group

Table 1. Gender and age comparison of the general population group and the retired lead workers group

SOOSB1_2019_v29n2_195_t0001.png 이미지

Table 2. Summary statistics of study subjects by lead concentration of the retied lead workers

SOOSB1_2019_v29n2_195_t0002.png 이미지

Table 3. Summary statistics of study subjects by lead concentration of the general population

SOOSB1_2019_v29n2_195_t0003.png 이미지

Table 4. Correlation matrix of the retied lead workers group

SOOSB1_2019_v29n2_195_t0004.png 이미지

Table 5. Correlation matrix of the general population group

SOOSB1_2019_v29n2_195_t0005.png 이미지

Table 6. Comparison of lead concentration between biomarkers of the general population group and the retired lead workers group

SOOSB1_2019_v29n2_195_t0006.png 이미지

References

  1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH). Lead, elemental and inorganic. ACGIH lead BEI1-15, 2001.
  2. Barbosa Jr. F, Tanus-Santos JE, Gerhach RF, Parsons PJ. A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to lead: advantages, limitations, and future needs. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113(12):1669-1674 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7917
  3. Behinaein S, Chettle DR, Fisher M, Manton WI, Marro L et al. Age and sex influence on bone and blood lead concentrations in a cohort of the general population living in Toronto. Physiol Meas 2017;38(3):431-451 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aa57b9
  4. Bergdahl IA, Vahter Marie, Counter SA, Schutz A, Buchanan LH et al. Lead in plasma and whole blood from lead-exposed children. Environ research section A 1999;80:25-33 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.1998.3880
  5. Bergdahl IA, Skerfving S. Biomonitoring of lead exposurealternatives to blood. J. Toxicol Environ Health Part A 2008;71:1235-1243 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802209525
  6. Cake KM, Bowins RJ, Vaillancourt C, Gordon CL, McNutt RH et al. Partition of circulating lead between serum and red cells is different for internal and external sources of lead. Am J Ind Med 1996;29(5):440-445 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199605)29:5<440::AID-AJIM2>3.0.CO;2-Q
  7. Choi S-S and Lee S-H. Determination of trace iron by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Korean Soc Environ Adm 2002;8(4):331-337
  8. Gherase MR, Al-Hamdani S. A microbeam grazingincidence approach to L-shell x-ray fluorescence measurements of lead concentration in bone and soft tissue phantoms. Physiol Meas 2018;39:035007 (open access paper) DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aaad5a
  9. Hernandez-Avila M, Smith D, Meneses R, Sanin LH, Hu H. The influence of bone and blood lead on plasma lead levels in environmentally exposed adults. Environ Health Perspect 1998;106(8):473-477 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.106-1533211
  10. Hu H, Rabinowitz M, Smtih D. Bone lead as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity:conceptual parpdigms. Environ Health Perspect 1998;106(1):1-8 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.981061
  11. Jou H-M, Cho T-J, Yang W-H, Lee J-W, Son BS. Lead Levels in Blood of Residents in Industrial Area. J Env Hlth Sci 2009;35(2):86-94
  12. Kim N-S, Kim J-H, Kim H-S, Kim-H-S, Lee S-S et al. Effect of bone demineralization and tibia lead on blood lead in retired lead workers. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2006;16(4):324-333
  13. Kim HS, Lee SS, Kim YB, Hwang BY, Lee KS et al. The effect of ALAD polymorphism on the relationship of blood and bone lead with hematologic biomarkers in lead exposed workers. Korean J Occup Environ Med 2001;13(1):75-86 https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2001.13.1.75
  14. Lee CK, Kim YB, Lee GS, Hwang KY, Kim HS et al. The effect of smoking and drinking habit on the health status of lead workers. Korean J. Preventive Med 1998;31(4):708-718
  15. Lee S-B, Yang J-S, Choi S-B, Shin H-S. Trace level analysis of Pb in plasma by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry. Anal Sci Technol 2012;25(3):190-196 https://doi.org/10.5806/AST.2012.25.3.190
  16. Lee S-B, Yang J-S, Choi S-B, Kim N-S, Lee B-K et al. Analysis of Trace Level and Correlation of Lead in the Plasma of Field Workers and General Public by ICP-MS. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2013;23(2):65-74
  17. Ministry of Environment(MoE). Lead Risk Assessment Report. Ministry of Environment.; 2007. p. 10-18
  18. Ministry of Environment(MoE). Notice/Publicity Press, National Institute of Environmental Research, 2018.12.27. Available from: URL:http://www.me.go.kr/home/web/board/read.do?menuId=286&boardId=932040&boardMasterId=1
  19. Ministry of Health and Welfare(MHW). National Health Statistics I: National Health and Nutrition Survey, 3rd year(2015). Ministry of Health and Welfare Disease control center.; 2016. p. 2-3
  20. Palmer CD, Lewis Jr. ME, Geraghty CM, Barbosa Jr. F and Parsons PJ. Determination of lead, cadmium and mercury in blood for assessment of environmental exposure: A comparison between inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta part B 2006;61:980-990 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2006.09.001
  21. Park KS, Kim ST. A study on the determination of lead in whole blood by ICP/MS. Anal Sci Technol 1997;10(4):240-245
  22. Park D-W, Paik N-W, Choi B-S, Kim T-G, Lee K-Y et al. Model between lead and ZPP concentration of workers exposed to lead. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 1996;6(1):88-96
  23. Rezende VB, Amaral JH, Gerlach RF and Barbosa Jr. F. Should we measure serum or plasma lead concentrations? J Trace elem Med Biol 2010;24:147-151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.01.008
  24. Roberts FJ, Ebdon L. and Hill SJ. A preliminary clinical investigation into the potential of blood lead levels to measure bone resorption in patients with skeletal metastases, using ICP-MS. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2000;14:108-115 DOI: 10.1016/S0946-672X(00)80040-1
  25. Schutz A, Bergdahl IA, Ekholm A, Skerfving S. Measurement by ICP-MS of lead in plasma and whole blood of lead workers and controls. Occup Environ Med 1996;53:736-740 DOI: 10.1136/oem.53.11.736
  26. Silbergeld EK. Toward the twenty-first century: Lessons from lead and lessons yet to learn. Environ Health Perspect 1990;86:191-196 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9086191
  27. Specht AJ, Weisskopf MG, Nie LH. Theoreical modeling of a portable x-ray tube based KXRF system to measure lead in bone. Physiol Meas 2017;38(3):575-585 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aa5efe
  28. Specht AJ, Parish CN, Wallens EK, Watson RT, Nie LH et al. Feasibility of a portable x-ray fluorescence device for bone lead measurements of condor bones. Sci Total Environ 2018;615:398-403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.123
  29. Tellez-Rojo MM, Hernandez-Avila M, Lamadrid-figueroa H, Smith D, Hernandez-Cadena L et al. Impact of bone lead and bone resorption on plasma and whole blood lead levels during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160:668-678 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwh271
  30. Yoon G-H, Kim N-S, Kim J-H, Kim H-S, Lee B-K. Effect of cumulative blood lead and cumulative blood ZPP as lead body burden on renal lead biomarkers. Korean J Occup Environ Med. 2006;18(4):298-306 https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.4.298
  31. Yoon CS, Choi IJ, Park SK, Kim RH. Comparisons of sample preparation (acid digestion and microwave digestion) and measurement (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry) in the determination of bone lead. Anal Sci Technol 2003;16(2):152-158