• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.732-739
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the changes in quality properties of extract from roasted Pleurotus eryngii by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). MAE was carried out under different conditions including ethanol concentration, extraction time and microwave power. Total phenolics compound contents, electron donating ability (EDA) and nitrite-scavenging ability at pH 1.2 were high at 50% ethanol concentration. Superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity was high at 75% ethanol concentration. Soluble solid and total phenolics compound content decreased as extending extraction time up to 7 min. EDA decreased as increased extraction time. SOD-like activity and nitrite-scavenging ability were not significantly different. The highest soluble solid content, total phenolics compound content and EDA were obtained at 100 W extraction of microwave power. SOD-like activity was high at 25 W. But microwave power did not significantly affect the nitrite-scavenging ability.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.147-151
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• 2019

This study was performed to investigate the physiological activity of Hongsan garlic and Hansan garlic, which were registered in the plant breeders' right in 2016. The content of mineral components, except sodium and sulfur ingredients, was found to be high in Hansan garlic. In addition, organic sulfur components were high in Hansan garlic. Moreover, the total soluble solid content, reducing sugar content, and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity were high in Hansan garlic. Acidity, pH, total phenol, and flavonoid content were high in Hongsan garlic. Both varieties showed higher inhibitory activity to gram-positive bacteria than to gram-negative bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of Hongsan garlic was slightly higher than that of Hansan garlic. These results are expected to provide useful information to farmers who grow the above garlic varieties.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

Objectives : In other to determine the optimal extraction conditions, the various Bojungikgi-tang (BJIGT) decoctions prepared by different pressure levels and different extraction times were compared and evaluated in terms of the extract yield and the total soluble solid content. Methods : Decoctions were prepared by the pressure levels of 0 (non-pressurized) and 1 $kgf/cm^2$ (pressurized) for 60, 120 and 180 min. The extract yield and the total soluble solids content of decoctions were measured, and the amounts of the reference compounds in decoctions were investigated by the analysis using high performance liquid chromatography. Results : The extract yield and the total soluble solid content were higher in decoctions extracted by the pressurized method than those from decoction with non-pressurized method. The patterns of yield and contents showed a proportional increase to the extraction time. In analysis of the linear regression for four reference compounds such as liquiritin, nodakenin, hesperidin, and glycyrrhizin, the good linearity with the correlation coefficient more than 0.9999 was observed. The highest contents for four reference compounds were observed at 180 min of both the pressurized method and the non-pressurized method. Conclusions : This study suggests that the pressure in extraction method and the extraction time affect the compositional constituents in BJIGT decoctions. The extraction time of 180 min could be chosen in both pressurized and non-pressurized method as optimal extraction condition.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.203-214
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• 2011

Objectives: The objective of the current study is to determine whether an ultrasound device system is adequate for measuring distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver. Methods: We recruited 3 healthy young male subjects and 2 sonographers. The each sonographer measured vertical shortest distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver with a ultrasound device with three methods of 3.5 MHz convex probe and gel, 9 MHz linear probe and gel, and 9 MHz linear probe and solid gel pad, three times in random order. Because the total variation could be divided into repeatability, reproducibility and subject-to-subject variation in Gage R&R method, we compared the sources of variation associated with the measurement system with an analysis of variance model. Results & Conclusions: Number of distinct categories is calculated on the basis of standard deviation of subject-to-subject divided by standard deviation of total Gage R&R. If the number of categories is five or more, the measurement system may be acceptable for the analysis of the process. The number of distinct categories of the ultrasound device system for measuring distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver were 9.20 (9 MHz linear probe and gel), 14.70 (9 MHz linear probe and solid gel pad). So we concluded that repeatabilities and reproducibilities of the ultrasound device system for measuring distance from the abdominal surface of Sangwan (CV13) to peritoneum in front of anterior surface of liver with the methods of 9 MHz linear probe and gel, and 9 MHz linear probe and solid gel pad were acceptable.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2014

The effects of initial solid concentration and microwave irradiation (MWI) time on the hydrolysis of waste activated sludge (WAS) were investigated. MWI time strongly influenced WAS hydrolysis for all initial solid concentrations of 8.20, 31.51, and 52.88 g VSS/L. For all WAS, the volatile suspended solids (VSS) solubilization degree ranged from 35.6% to 38.4% during a total MWI time of 10 min. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentration increased at a rate proportional to the decrease of VSS during the MWI. However, the clearly different VSS solubilization patterns that were observed during the MWI were explained by the 2-step hydrolysis of WAS, consisting of the initial disintegration of the easily degradable part of the sludge, followed by the subsequent disintegration of the hardly degradable part of the sludge. WAS hydrolysis rates for 3 to 6 min of MWI were significantly lower than those for less than 3 min, or more than 6 min. From these results, 3 min MWI time and WAS of 31.51 g VSS/L (centrifugal thickener WAS) showed the most efficient hydrolysis of WAS at 36.0%. The profiles of total nitrogen (T-N) concentrations corresponded well to the SCOD increases in terms of the empirical formula of bacterial cell mass ($C_5H_7O_2N$). The negligible T-N increase and pH decrease during WAS hydrolysis by MWI will allow the application of this process to subsequent biological processes, such as anaerobic digestion.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.153-159
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• 2000

Large-scale simulated lysimeter experiments were conducted for 4 years as a fundamental study to develop enhanced landfill stabilization method, which accelerate stabilization time and make efficient practical use of self-purification capacity of pollutants in semi-aerobic solid waste landfill. The amount of TOC(total organic carbon) decomposition increased as the landfill depth increased. In case of T-N(total nitrogen), the self-purification capacity increased linearly with the landfill thickness until it reached a maximum level of 6 m. Beyond this level, the self-purification capacity was not increased. The results from lysimeter experiments indicate that 6m of landfill thickness is optimum for self-purification capacity of pollutants considering the mass balance of TOC and T-N.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.77-86
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• 2017

Globally, use of affordable fuels such as briquettes, woods and wood pellets has increased. Organic pollutants emitted from non-point sources using solid fuels may have contributed to air pollution in urban environment. In this study, we utilized simulated incinerator proposed by U.S. EPA and investigated concentrations of PM, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, OC/EC, CO, $SO_x$, $NO_x$, VOCs and PAHs emitted while cooking meat and fish using briquettes, woods and wood pellets, and developed emission factors. As a result, wood combustion produced more air pollutants than the others. Particulate matter emission factors for woods and wood pellets were 13.54 g/kg and 9.15 g/kg, respectively. Total VOCs emission factors for briquettes, woods and wood pellets were 36.12mg/kg, 46.13mg/kg and 18.26mg/kg, respectively. Additionally, total PAHs emission factors for briquette, woods and wood pellets were 0.44 mg/kg, 18.84mg/kg and 101.62mg/kg, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.512-516
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• 2014

Two different methods for TOC (Total Organic Carbon) analysis of livestock manure including high strength solid organics were evaluated. Firstly, an analyzing method by dilution after pre-treated by Ultrasonicator and 100 mesh sieve for homogenization was defined as TOC 1; and secondly method divided by particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was defined as TOC 2. 116 samples collected from 56 farms were analyzed in TOC1, TOC2, BOD and VSS. TOC1 method showed higher accuracy at less than 30,000 mg/L of TOC while TOC2 method presented significant reliability at over that concentration. Regarding to the sample with the same VSS concentration, the correlation between TOC 2 and VSS (${\rho}$: 0.806) was slightly higher than that between TOC 1 and VSS (${\rho}$: 0.784), resulted from a relatively low loss of solids and a low error probability (dilution and homogenization effects) in the analyzing procedures. In addition, the reliability between POC and VSS in TOC2 was high and the POC was about 4.4 fold that of the VSS. Consequently, TOC 2 without dilution effect was assessed as a proper method to increase the analyzing accuracy of swine manure including high solid organics.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 1994

Nodular thyroid disease is a common clinical problem. The problem in clinical practice is to distinguish malignant or potentially malignant tumor from harmless nodules. The cases of thyroid nodule surgically managed at Department of General Surgery, Soon Chun Hyang Univ. Hospital during the period Jan. 1985 to July. 1992 were reviewed retrospectively. To assess method of distinguishing malignant from benign lesions of the thyroid gland, we reviewed 162 patients with thyroid nodule. There were 61(37.7%) malignant nodules and 101(62.3%) benign nodules. According to the review, distinguishing the benign from the malignant nodule with history, physical examination, clinical manifestation, and duration of illness was not suggested sufficiently. In ultrasonogram of 73 cases, 57.5% of nodules were solid, 20.6% were cystic, 21.9% were mixed solid and cystic. Of these, 28.5% of the operated solid lesions, 12.5% of the mixed lesions, and only 6.7% of the cystic lesions were malignant. Thyroid scanning of 82 cases revealed cold nodules in 60 patients(73.2%), of which 26 cases were malignant(36.6%) 137 patients underwent fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC), and these results were as follow: sensitiviey was 70.6%, specificity was 93.0%, false-positive rate was 14.3%, and false-negative rate was 15.8%. 41 patients underwent frozen biopsy, and the results as follow: sensitivity was 80.0%, specificity was 89.7%. Neither scintigraphy nor ultrasonogram has sufficient specificity to distinguish benign from malignant nodule. But FNAC and frozen biopsy have sufficient accuracy to differentiate benign from malignant nodule. In the benign nodules, the most common type of operation was total lobectomy (60.4%). Of the malignant nodules, total thyroidectomy with or without modified radical neck dissection was performed in 30 cases(49.2%). We conclude that the single technique used to determine the differential diagnosis of a thyroid nodule are unrealiable. It is therefore essential to combine all avaiable clinical and laboratory information.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.19-28
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• 2014

Firing test of solid rocket motor with pintle-technology carried out and the measured pressure-time curve was compared with the values predicted by the internal ballistic and performance analysis. Without baffle, the measured combustion chamber pressure was similar with the predicted pressure at the beginning of combustion, but gradual increase in pressure, which was unexpected with the end-burning grain of which burning area is constant, was observed. A baffle was inserted to make uniform flow over the pintle. Unlike the thruster without baffle, the measured combustion chamber pressure was 1.4 times higher than the predicted value. Through the CFD simulation, 10% of total pressure loss of the flow was observed from combustion chamber to nozzle throat when the baffle was inserted. The measured pressure with baffle was predicted well by considering the total pressure loss in the internal ballistic modelling and performance analysis.