• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• 제3권4호
• /
• pp.274-285
• /
• 2011

The supercavitating vehicle is an underwater vehicle that is surrounded almost completely by a supercavity to reduce hydrodynamic drag substantially. Since the cruise speed of the vehicle is much higher than that of conventional submarines, the drag force is huge and a buckling may occur. The buckling phenomenon is analyzed in this study through static and dynamic approaches. Critical buckling load and pressure as well as buckling mode shapes are calculated using static buckling analysis and a stability map is obtained from dynamic buckling analysis. When the finite element method (FEM) is used for the buckling analysis, the solver requires a linear static solver and an eigenvalue solver. In this study, these two solvers are integrated and a consolidated buckling analysis module is constructed. Furthermore, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is combined in the buckling analysis module to perform a design optimization computation of a simplified supercavitating vehicle. The simplified configuration includes cylindrical shell structure with three stiffeners. The target for the design optimization process is to minimize total weight while maintaining the given structure buckling-free.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.165-178
• /
• 2000

본 연구에서는 고속철도차량(TGV)이 교량 상을 통과할 경우 교량의 동적 거동을 해석하기 위한 단순화된 3차원 차량-교량 상호작용해석 모델을 제시한다. 축하중 편심 모델링 방법을 도입하여 교량에 작용하는 축하중에 의한 비틀림력과 교량의 비틀림 회전변위의 영향을 고려하여 보다 정확한 교량의 거동에 대한 해석 결과를 얻는다. 앞기관차, 뒷기관차, 객차들에 대해서 운동에너지, 포텐셜에너지, 감쇠에너지를 차량과 교량의 자유도로 각각 나타내고, Lagrange의 운동방정식을 적용하여 차량과 교량의 운동방정식을 유도한다. 또한, 차량-교량 사이에 상호작용을 고려하여 교량에 작용하게 되는 하중에 관한 식을 유도하며, 이러한 하중을 받는 교량의 운동 방정식이 구성된다. 시간경과에 따라 차량의 위치를 결정하면서 그 위치에 따른 차량-교량 시스템의 질량행렬, 강성행렬, 감쇠행렬, 그리고 하중벡터를 구성할 수 있고, Newmark의 β방법(평균가속도법)을 이용하여 전체 차량-교량 시스템의 거동을 해석한다.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제34권5호
• /
• pp.462-469
• /
• 2018

There are differences in method and cycle of flow rate survey depending on purpose of the operating department. To verify and use results of flow data according to the purpose, flow data of the directly measured and tele monitoring system were compared to verify validity. Flow measurement in the Ministry of Environment is aimed at setting up a standard flow of target water quality for water quality management and securing flow data of low and normal water level seasons for water quality evaluation. In this study, correlation analysis result ($R^2$) of same time zone data by direct measurement and tele monitoring system (TMS) at Seombon D point, a unit watershed of Seomjin river, for six years ('10 ~ '15) according to implementation of Total Daily Maximum Load (TDML) was wading 0.716, boating 0.962 and on bridge 0.943, and effectiveness of measurement method was verified by characteristics of flow duration as a season of dry and low-water; normal and high water are appropriate for wading, boating, and on bridge respectively. Results revealed it is reasonable to use directly measured results using the wading and boating method for low water level and dry seasons, and TMS data for rainy seasons. It can be used important data for future policy decisions.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제34권5호
• /
• pp.470-486
• /
• 2018

This study is to investigate the allochthonous load and water quality of a typical river-reservoir, Paldang during spring (March ~ May) of 17 years (2001 ~ 2017). Phosphorus loading from point sources seems to have been reduced by 74 % in the 2010s. As a result, trophic state of the Paldang reservoir, eutrophic during the 2000s, has returned to the lmesotrophic state. Along with decrease in phosphorus concentration, standing crops of algae (Chl.a) decreased, and concentration of biodegradable organic material decreased to the past level. Concentration of total suspended solids has decreased, and it is due to the decrease of phytoplankton standing crops since the mid-2000s. As transparency increased, it is estimated that euphotic area increased by 22 % and euphotic capacity expanded by 27 %. In the river/transition zone of Paldang, concentration of organic matter increases slightly due to algal growth, but concentration of all water quality items decreases in the lacustrine zone. Although algal growth rate revealed positive correlation with concentration of phosphorus, it was insignificant. Algal growth appeared to be dependent on renewal of phosphorus by flow, than either flow rate or phosphorus concentration. The empirical model including inflow phytoplankton concentration fit well with observed values, and indicates the Paldang reservoir is greatly influenced by allochthonous loads.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.100-114
• /
• 2015

This paper deploys optimization techniques to obtain the optimum hull form of KSUEZMAX at the conditions of full-load draft and design speed. The processes have been carried out using a RaPID-HOP program. The bow and the stern hull-forms are optimized separately without altering neither, and the resulting versions of the two are then combined. Objective functions are the minimum values of wave-making and viscous pressure resistance coefficients for the bow and stern. Parametric modification functions for the bow hull-form variation are SAC shape, section shape (U-V type, DLWL type), bulb shape (bulb height and size); and those for the stern are SAC and section shape (U-V type, DLWL type). WAVIS version 1.3 code is used for the potential and the viscous-flow solver. Prior to the optimization, a parametric study has been conducted to observe the effects of design parameters on the objective functions. SQP has been applied for the optimization algorithm. The model tests have been conducted at a towing tank to evaluate the resistance performance of the optimized hull-form. It has been noted that the optimized hull-form brings 2.4% and 6.8% reduction in total and residual resistance coefficients compared to those of the original hull-form. The propulsive efficiency increases by 2.0% and the delivered power is reduced 3.7%, whereas the propeller rotating speed increases slightly by 0.41 rpm.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.84-90
• /
• 2016

Regionally the lowest average concentration of TOC was observed with 0.66 mg/L in Nakdong river, while the highest concentration of TOC was observed with 0.91 mg/L in Yeongsan river. The average concentration of TOC for national water quality monitoring site showed that the lowest average concentration of TOC was 1.58 mg/L in Han river, while the highest concentration of TOC was 3.37 mg/L in Yeongsan river. Seasonally, the average concentration of TOC at six upstream sites showed 0.77 mg/L and 0.56 mg/L, 0.69 mg/L and 0.63 mg/L, 0.80 mg/L and 0.73 mg/L, and 1.21 mg/L and 0.68 mg/L between wet season and dry season in Han river, Nakdong river, Gem river and Yeongsan river, respectively. For the national water quality site, the average concentration of TOC between wet season and dry season was 1.70 mg/L and 1.45 mg/L in Han river, 2.01 mg/L and 1.75 mg/L in Nakdong river, 2.01 mg/L and 1.60 mg/L in Gem river, and 3.75 mg/L and 3.00 mg/L in Yeongsan river. The distribution of TOC in upstream and national water quality monitoring sites on four major rivers have been influenced by seasonal and regional characteristics in Korea.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.25-33
• /
• 2012

본 연구에서는 내력벽 시스템에 대하여 연결보의 단부에 적용이 가능한 박판형 금속감쇠기의 성능을 실험을 통하여 규명하고자 하였다. 박판형 금속감쇠기의 박판 두께와 길이를 변수로 하여 5개 시험체를 제작하였으며, 층간변위비 5%까지 반복하여 횡력을 가력하였다. 실험결과, 금속 박판에 좌굴발생 후 소성변형이 발생하면서 에너지 발산이 이루어졌으며, 기존의 일반 콘크리트 시험체보다 에너지 발산량이 크게 나타났다. 박판의 길이가 짧을수록 전단내력의 값은 증가하였으나 발산에너지의 양의 증가는 크게 나타나지 않았다. 실험 내력을 탄성좌굴해석과 비교한 결과, 해석에 의한 내력은 내력곡선 선형영역의 최대값을 적절히 예측함을 알 수 있었다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제17권6호
• /
• pp.1033-1042
• /
• 2005

최근에 이르기까지 철근콘크리트 휨부재에 있어 콘크리트의 인장응력은 극한강도에 현저한 영향을 미치지 못하기 때문에 그 역할이 고려되어지지 않았다. 그러나 하중-처짐 관계의 구명을 위해서는, 인장증강효과라고 불리는 콘크리트와 보강철근 사이의 인장응력에 의한 강정증가 효과가 반드시 고려되어져야 한다. 이러한 인장증강효과에 영향을 주는 주요 구조변수는 콘크리트의 강도 및 콘크리트와 철근의 부착 등으로 알려져 있다. 이 연구에서는 휨을 받는 보를 대상으론 각기 다른 콘크리트 강도, 피복두께 및 주근의 비부착 길이를 갖도록 모두 20개의 시험체를 제작하여 실험하였다. 이를 통해 각 구조변수들이 시험체의 휨강성, 균열발생 및 진전 등에 미치는 영향 등을 주의 깊게 관찰하고 분석하였다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.492-502
• /
• 2002

게르버보의 댑단부는 PCI와 CPCI 배근방법에 의하여 설계하였고, 남은 두 단부는 본 연구에서 고려한 배근방법으로 배근하였다. 본 실험에서 고려한 댑단부의 깊이는 프리캐스트 콘크리트의 깊이 77 cm와 토핑콘크리트의 깊이 18.2 cm를 합한 전체 보깊이의 1/2에 해당한다. 실물크기 게르버 U형보 2개에 대하여 4회의 전단실험을 수행하였다. PCI와 CPCI 설계방법에 의한 모든 시험체는 사용하중의 32 % 이전에 댑 모서리 요각부위에서 초기균열이 발생하였으며, 예상 공칭강도에는 못 미치나 설계강도를 상회하여 종국 파괴되었다. 걸이 철근량을 PCI 요구량보다 증가시킬수록 초기균열 제어에 효과적이었으며, 폭 넓은 균열을 발생시키며 연성적으로 파괴되었고 강도도 증가하였다. CPCI 설계방법에 의한 시험체는 PCI시험체에 비하여 보다 연성적으로 파괴되었다.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 2017

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the spine and the flat-foot, the stability and the alignment of the posture of the neck to prevent the alignment of the ankle joint operation and the lower back flexibility of the lumbar region according to the type of treatment using active stretching of the triceps, back pain, and to see how they affect weight bearing differences. Methods: The subjects of this study were 24 chronic low back pain patients. They were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. In the experimental group, ankle joint mobilization and active scraping of triceps were performed three times a week for a total of 6 weeks. The control group was performed in the same way without articulation. The range of flexion and extension motion of the lumbar spine and pain degree and difference of weight-bearing were measured before and after the experiment. Results: The model of ankle joint mobilization and calf muscle elongation of flat foot significantly improved the range of flexion and extension motion of the vertebrae (p<.05) and the VAS and distribution of weight-bearing were decreased in both of two groups (p<.05). In other words, the exercise and mobilization help to recover of the balance of the whole musculoskeletal, the vertebrae. Conclusions: The active exercise of the triceps muscle of the lower leg in this study It affects the flexibility of the lumbar spine, the pain and the difference in the weight support of the lower extremities, when we performed ankle joint mobilization for exercise and cramping, pain and the difference in weight support between the two lower limbs.