• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.605-610
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• 2007

This experimental study was performed to evaluate the effects of ehtanol extract of Purple Solanum tuberosum L(EPSTL) on obesity and hyperlipidemia in rats induced by high fat diet. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normal group, control group, EPSTL (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) treated group. EPSTL was orally administered to the obese rats by high fat diet for 6 weeks. The effect of EPSTL on obesity and hyperlipidemia were examined in vitro and in vivo as follows : EPSTL effectively inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a concentration dependent manner. EPSTL significantly lowered body weight of rats fe high fat diet for 6 weeks from 4 weeks treatment compared with untreated control. EPSTL significantly reduced the weight of retroperitoneal fat only at 100 mg/kg and epididymal fat pad in rats fed high fat diet for 4 weeks at 100 and 200 mg/kg. EPSTL significantly reduced the level of triglyceride at 200 mg/kg, while EPSTL tended to lower the levels of total lipid and phospholipid in rats fed high fat diet for 4 weeks with no significance. EPSTL significantly attenuated the level of total cholesterol, LDL and atherosclerosis index (Al) as well as increased the level of HDL at 200 mg/kg. EPSTL significantly reduced the levels of total lipid and triglyceride of hepatic tissues in rats fed high fat diet for 4 weeks at 200 mg/kg. EPSTL significantly lowered the level of insulin, while it did not affect leptin compared with untreated control. Taken together, these results suggest that EPSTL can be used for the treatment or prevention of hyperlipidemia and obesity.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.85-123
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• 2004

Back ground : Subcutaneous fat area is the main factor involved in replacement disease and arteriosclerosis. Simple weight control is the appropriate medical treatment. It's understood that weight reduction does not only reduce the fat concentrations in blood but also reduces blood pressure, improves glucose levels in diabetes patients and reduces incidents of heart disease. there are several methods for reducing fat in the abdominal region but their effectiveness is not folly understood. one method is electrical stimulation of the problem areas. Method : From May 1st 2002 to October 31st. The 15 subjects who received medical examination were aged between 25 and 53 and were of mixed gender. The subjects were divided into two groups one to received functional electrical stimulation and the other a control group. Using Broca's criterion for judging fat grades. I analysed the differences between the two groups before and after the treatment. Subjects received functional electrical stimulation on the abdominal muscle intensity 50Hz. They received this treatment 4 days a week for 40 minutes a day. In the case of aerobic exercise, at the Treadmill, we used it with the intensity of $75\%$ maximum heart rate (220-age). Result 1)After functional electrical stimulation in the case of male subjects, the weight was reduced 1.93kg, obesity $2.60\%$, fat mass 2.73kg, Percent body fat $4.40\%$, waist circumference 6.53cm, circumference of hips 5.53cm. On the other side, the quality of muscle was increased at the rate of 1.03kg, but it's not attentional level. The subcutaneous fat area was reduced by $26.63cm^2$, the visceral fat area was reduced by $43.00cm^2$, In the female subjects, we can see the reduction of fat grade by $26.63cm^2$, the quantity of body fat by 1.5kg, percent body fat by $1.77\%$, circumference of waist by 4.02cm, circumference of hips by 3.67cm, weight by 1.40kg but was increased 0.72kg at the quantity of muscles. We can see the reduction also in the subcutaneous fat area $24.03cm^2$, the visceral fat area by $25.36cm^2$. 2)After aerobic exercise, on the male subjects, we can see reduction of weight by 3.36kg, obesity by $4.00\%$, fat mass by 2.83kg and we can see increase at the soft lean mass by 2.96kg, but we can see reduction, the percent body fat by $3.03\%$, fat distribution by $0.023\%$, circumference of waist by 3.10cm, circumference of hips by 2.23cm. The female subjects show a reduction in the weight by 2.48kg, percent body fat by $2.20\%$, show an increase in the soft lean mass by 1.54kg. We can see a reduction in the quantity of fat mass by 2.32kg, the percent body fat by $2.80\%$, the circumference of waist by 2.16cm, the circumference of hips by 2.68cm, the fat distribution by $0.016\%$, the subcutaneous fat area by $15.25cm^2$ the visceral fat area by $11.52cm^2$. After aerobic exercise, we can't see the attentional change at the total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol. 3)After the application of functional electrical stimulation and aerobic exercise, in result of measurement on the body ingredient, we could see the weight reduction and increase the quantity of muscle with the male group who exercised aerobic. We can see the attentional rate on the electrical stimulation about abdominal fat rate, circumference of waist, circumference of hips. The other hand, I couldn't see the attentional differences between the two groups in the rate of fatness and quantity of body fat and the rate of body fat. There isn't any attentional difference in the area of fat under skin, on the contrary, There is attentional difference in the fat in the internal organs area at the electrical stimulation site. We can't see the attentional change of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol between electrical stimulation and aerobic exercise. 4)After execution of functional electrical stimulation and aerobic exercise, in result of measurement on change of body ingredient among female objects, We could see weight reduction, increase at muscle quantity in the aerobic exercise group. We could see the attentional differences in the rate of fatness, the rate of abdominal region, the circumference which received electrical stimulation. But, we couldn't see the attentional differences between two groups in the quantity of body fatness, the circumference of hips. The subcutaneous fat area doesn't show the attentional differences. On the Contrary, we could see lots of differences in the visceral fat area of the electrical stimulation group. Conclusion The results show that functional electrical stimulation and aerobic exercise have insignificant differences when if comes to total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Though there is affirmative change in body ingredient after both electrical stimulation and aerobic exercise. Functional electrical stimulation is more effective on the subcutaneous fat area and in changing visceral fat area. There fore. It is concluded that the physical therapy is more effective in the treatment of abdominal fatness.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.308-321
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• 2001

Behavior modification is an approach to decrease degree of obesity through changing maladaptive eating habit and life style. It produces small amount of weight loss but it has few side effects and low dropout rate. It also has great effectiveness on maintenance of decreased weight. This study was performed to investigate effects of behavior modification on physical variables, fat and thin habit, and self-esteem in obese elementary school children. Sixty two students of 4th, 5th, and 6th grade were selected from two elementary schools located in the suburbs of Seoul. Thirty four children in one school were assigned to experimental group and twenty eight children in another school were assigned to control group. All subjects were healthy and were not on any type of obesity control. Behavior modification, in this study, was consisted of introduction, self-monitoring and stimuli control, education about diet and physical activities, individual counseling and reinforcement, requesting personal assistance, cognitive restructuring, and closing and long-term planning. Experimental group was received 60～70 minutes of behavior modification once a week for 8 weeks from October 16 to December 22, 2000. Control group was not received any intervention. Data were collected before and after intervention by measuring physical variables, fat and thin habit, and self-esteem. Physical variables consisted of obesity index, skinfold thickness, body fat(percentage of body fat, fat mass, fat free mass), serum lipids(total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglyceride) and serum leptin. The results were as follows ; 1. physical variables 1) Obesity index of the experimental group was significantly decreased after behavior modification. But there was no significant difference between two groups. 2) The increase of skinfold thickness was significantly low in the experimental group compared to the control group. 3) Percentage of body fat and fat mass were significantly decreased in the experimental group. Fat free mass was significantly increased in the experimental group. 4) Total cholesterol, HDL-C, triglyceride and serum leptin between the experimental group and control group showed no significant difference. LDL-C was significantly decreased in the control group. 2. Thin habit score was significantly increased in the experimental group. In subcategories of habit, thin scores of life style, attitude, social relationship, nutrition were signifi- cantly increased in the experimental group. 3. Self-esteem score was significantly increased in the experimental group. These results indicate that behavior modification is effective in decreasing percentage of body fat and fat mass, in less increasing skinfold thickness and in increasing fat free mass, thin habit, and self-esteem. In conclusion, behavior modification can be used as safe and effective strategy for managing obesity in elementary school children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1121-1131
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• 1996

The nutritional status is America has been monitored by National Monitoring System since 1960's, mainly conducted by United States Department of Agriculture. The data from these programs were computerized and distributed to researchers. Researchers have manipulated and recalculated the data to produce meaningful results. Korean nutritional status has been investigated by National Nutrition Survey ever year, including food consumption, biochemical measurements and demographic variables. The Korean Nutritional Survey has not been organized and integrated as much as the nutritional survey in the United States and its results have been presented no more than as a report. Its raw data should be distributed to researchers and researchers could use the data to get more information. The purpose of this study is to compare the measurement of food consumption in Korean and America using Korean Nutrition Survey and Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals(CSFII), respectively, and to compare the consumption of fat and foods with a high fat content. The fat consumption in the Unite States has been decreased from more than 40% of total energy intake to 35%, while Koreas have consumed more fat according to the economic growth. However, the fat consumption in Korea was still much lower than that in the United States. Korean should pay attention to saturated fat consumption(animal fat), especially rich middle aged men, since they ate meat as much as much as men in the United States according to a recent study. In America availability of food with a low fat content(e.g. low-fat milk) and new recipes along with nutritional education has decreased fat consumption, especially animal fat, any more. Also, each consumption of polyunsaturated fat and saturated fat should be measured since the ratio of them are more important for preventing heart disease and some cancers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.350-366
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• 1987

This research was designed to study the effect of Korean dietary lipids on the lipid metabolism and the immune function in young rats . The three different lipid sources were compared lard, perilla oil and fish oil. Three different levels of lipid in the diet, 2%, 15% and 30%,on the weight basis, were included. After four weeks feeding, the rats were sacrified and blood sample was collected to analyze for the total lipid, TG and cholesterol contents in serum. The HDL fraction in serum was seperated by the electrophoresis of lipoproteins. The immune responses were measured by the blastogenesis of spleen lymphocyte stimulated by PHA and in serum were measured. The following results were obtained. Lower body weight gain was shown in 30% lipid diet fed group on the isocaloric basis. In concerning the different dietary lipid sources, there were significantly lower boyd weight gain in fish oil than in perilla seed oil and lard group in 30% lipid groups. Deposition of body fat expressed by epididymal fat pad in serum were significantly different among perilla seed oil, lard and fish oil groups. Perilla seed oil group showed lowest level of total lipid and TG in serum regardless of dietary fat level. The feeding perilla seed oil to rats was resulted in lower serum cholesterol levels than lard in all three levels of fats tested. The HDL fraction was elevated in perilla seed oil group at the high fat level. The stimulating responses of lymphycotes by PHA did not seem to be influenced by different dietary fat sources. However, conA mitogenic responses was significantly increased in perilla seed oil group. The lower level of perilla seed oil (2%, 15%) showed slightly higher responses of ConA, indicating that lower level of perilla seed oil might have stimulatory response on the immune response. The number of antibody forming cells of spleen against SRBC was increased in 30% fat level for all the three kind of fats. However, no effect has been found in plaque forming cell response by the differences in dietary fat sources. There were no significant differences in serum IgG and IgA levels in all dietary groups.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.30-40
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether gocho (苦椒) extract mesotherapy can effectively reduce weight and abdominal fat in obese patients. Methods: Forty obese participants were recruited and randomly assigned to two groups. Five participants dropped out voluntarily during the course of the study and four men were excluded from the analysis to avoid gender bias. Results are presented on a total of thirty-one women. Over an eight-week period, the treatment group (n=13) received gocho (苦椒) extract injections (100mcg/3cc) in the abdominal skin, twice per week; the control group (n=18) received normal saline injections (3cc). A mixed lidocaine and prilocaine cream (2.5%/2.5% EMLA cream) was applied before the injection. At baseline and 8 weeks, body weight, body-mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), abdominal fat, energy expenditure, and questionnaires (eating attitudes and physical activity) were evaluated in both groups. Results: Reductions in body weight (p<0.005), BMI, and WC (p<0.05) were greater in the treatment group. WHR, total fat area, and visceral fat area decreased only in the treatment group (p<0.05). Resting metabolic rate (RMR) change was correlated with weight loss only in the control group (r=-0.498, p<0.05). Before and after the treatment, there were no significant differences between the two groups in questionnaire variables (p>0.05). Conclusion: his study suggests that abdominal gocho (苦椒) extract mesotherapy might be an effective way to promote weight and abdominal fat loss in obese Korean women.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2007

To examine the effects of pomegranate on cerebral blood flow and obesity, we observed regional cerebral blood flow in normal rats, as well as body weight, serum total cholesterol, serum HDL-cholesterol, serum LDL-cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum total lipids, serum phospholipids and serum free fatty acid levels in rats fed a high fat diet. The results were as follows. Pomegranate seed extract significantly increased regional cerebral blood flow and the peel extract increased regional the cerebral blood flow in a dose dependent manner. In addition, the pomegranate extracts(seed, peel, juice) decreased body weight, serum total cholesterol, serum LDL-cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum total lipids, serum phospholipids and serum free fatty acid levels, and increased serum HDL-cholesterol in the rats fed a high fat diet. More specially the seed extract significantly decreased serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides and serum phospholipid levels.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.25-45
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• 1992

Many phychiatrists have reported that the change of serotonin concentration would cause mental disorder and affect the pathological conditions such as schizophrenia, depression and eating behabior. The end product of serotonin metabolism was excreted as 5-HIAA in urine. Serum lipids, according to the report, were concerned with obesity, said it was. This study aims to observe the changes of plasma serotonin, urinary 5-HIAA and serum lipids, making use of Fat Cell Mass rate of 27 normal persons and 42 psychosomatic patients. For this, I also observed the change of serotonin, 5-HIAA and lipids of the psychosomatic patients by the use of 3 kinds of herbs as treatment medication on the basis of physical symptoms and the results were obtained as follows; 1. Urinary 5-HIAA is correlated with the body water rate(r=0.381), while reversely correlated with the Fat Cell Mass rate(r=-0.330). 2. Compared the control group with the patients group for the serum lipids value, they showed the significant results ; $146.4{\pm}5.71$ mg/dl and $166.9{\pm}6.56$ mg/dl in the total cholestrol value over- weights, $471.2{\pm}42.99$ mg/dl in the total lipid value, and $158.1{\pm}6.50$ mg/dl and $181.1{\pm}6.30$ mg/dl in the phospholipid of the obesity, respectively. 3. With comparison of each group to other group to the others for Fat Cell Mass rate, the total cholesterol showed the significant differences when the Fat Cell Mass rate was 20% or more, HDL-cholesterol value when 30% or more, and triglyceride when 30% or more, respectively. 4. there was significant variations in the relations between Fat Cell Mass rate and body water, which body mass index was increased as the body water was decreased. 5. Fat Cell Mass rate was correlated with Cholesterol(r = 0.420), triglyceride (r = 0.443), and $\beta$-lipoprotein(r = 0.450) of serum lipids, while reversely correlated with HDL -Cholesterol(r = -0.354) and urinary 5- HIAA had the correlation coefficient of -0.330. 6. What related with body water rate urinary 5-HIAA (r = 0.381) and $\beta$-lipoprotein(r = -0.405). 7. there were significant changes in the total cholesterol value and HDL-Cholesterol Value of serum lipids after dose of Ondamtang, significant increase in the 5-HIAA value after dose of Samulansintang, and significant devrease in the Trigylceride value of serum lipids after dose of Shihosogansan. As a result, it was seen that there was direct correlations among the Fat Cell Mass, urinary 5-HIAA, and serum lipids and stress from the mental conditions was not correlated directly to Serotonin, 5-HIAA, and serum lipids. I would like to conclude, therefore, that the detailed study should be performed on the function of serotonin of hypothalamus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 1988

This research was designed to investigate the influence of dietary fat and cholesterol on the excretions of neutral steroids and bile acids of rats. Experimental groups were divided into 6 groups according to the dietary treatment. A $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments included 3 levels of dietary fat(15, 30 or 45% energy) and 2 levels of dietary fat saturation(0.5 or 1.0n P/S ratio). After 4 weeks feeding, fecal excretions of total lipids, neutral steroids and bile acids were determined. The following results were obtained. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were singnificantly influenced by dietary fat level. Lipid digestibility was significantly increased in proportion to the level of dietary fat. However, no effect has been found in fecal secretions of total lipids, neutral steroids and bile acids by the differences of dietary fat levels and P/S ratios. The consumption of dietary cholesterol improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and lipid digestibility, but decreased total lipids excretion. And also, neutral steroids excretion showed tendency of increase with decreasing the fraction of coprostanol and increasing that of coprostanone, and total bile acids showed tendency of decrease by the consumption of dietary cholesterol.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2004

As a central component of a novel protein kinase cascade, the activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade has attracted considerable attention. We sought to determine the effect of exercise and diet on the activation of the extracellular-signal regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2 and the p38 MAP kinase pathways in rat soleus muscle. Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of two dietary conditions: high-carbohydrate (CHO) or high-fat (FAT). Animals having each dietary condition were further divided into one of three subgroups: a sedentary control group that did not exercise (NT), a group that performed 8 weeks of treadmill running and was sacrificed 48 h after their final treadmill run (CE), and a group that was sacrificed immediately after their final routine exercise training (AE). A high-fat diet did not have any significant effect on phosphorylated and total forms of ERK 1/2 or p38 MAP kinase. In chronically trained muscle that was taken 48 h after the last training, phosphorylated ERK 1/2 significantly increased only in the FAT but not in the CHO groups. In the case of total ERK 1/2, it increased significantly for both groups. In contrast, both phosphorylated and total forms of p38 MAP kinase decreased markedly compared to sedentary muscle. In muscle that was taken immediately after a last bout of exercise, phosphorylated ERK 1/2 increased in both groups but statistical significance was seen only in the CHO group. Total ERK 1/2 in acutely stimulated muscle increased only in the CHO-AE group even though the degree was much lower than the phosphorylated status. Muscle that was taken immediately after the routine training increased in phosphorylation status of p38 MAP kinase for both dietary conditions. However, statistical significance was seen only in the CHO group owing to a large variation with FAT. In conclusion, a high-fat diet per se did not have any notable effect versus a high-carbohydrate diet on MAP kinase pathways. However, when diet (either CHO or FAT) was combined with exercise and/or training, there was differentiated protein expression in MAP kinase pathways. This indicates MAP kinase pathways have diverse control mechanisms in slow-twitch fibers.