• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.263-276
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• 2006

This study examined the relationship between children's temperament and their early vocabulary acquisition. Mothers of 317 toddlers (18 months of age) completed the Toddler Temperament Scale(Bak, 1996) and a vocabulary checklist(Pae, 2002). Results showed that mood, adaptability, and activity were associated with vocabulary acquisition. Specifically, infants rated as having a positive mood and low activity level acquired more expressive words. On the other hands, infants rated as easily adaptive and low activity level acquired more receptive words. These results suggest that different components of temperament may influence the way in which toddlers acquire vocabulary.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.163-176
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• 2002

Objectives：This study was designed to investigate the temperamental characteristics and the differences of temperamental characteristics in Korean children according to the sociodemographic and family environment factors using Toddler Temperament Scale(TTS). Methods：The samples consisted of 1,175 children who were attending twenty-five Samsung Child Care Centers nationwide. Both Korean version of TTS and child developmental questionnaire(designed by the Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center) were distributed to the parents of these children. Score of 9 temperamental categories was determined using the result of TTS, and determination of 5 temperamental clusters was conducted by the Fullard's criteria. Statistical analyses were performed according to the sex, birth order, existence of siblings, residential city, residential province, marital state of child's parents, and parental relationship to compare the scores of temperamental categories and the distribution of temperamental clusters. Results：The distribution of temperamental clusters was as follows；Easy 35.8%, Intermediate Low (IL) 33.1%, Intermediate High(IH) 11.1%, Slow-To-Warm-Up 6.3%, and Difficult 13.6%. Some of 9 temperamental categories were statistically different according to the sex, birth order, existence of siblings, residential city, residental province, marital state of child's parents, and parental relationship. From the viewpoint of 5 temperamental clusters, there were statistically more Easy and less Difficult children in good relation between each parent(p=.022). In spite of no statistical significance, the children in conditions of first-born, non-existence of siblings, middle or small residential city, Chung-Cheong province, married state of parent had a tendency to be easier to care. Conclusions：The toddler temperamental characteristics of Korean children showed some differences in several sociodemographic and family environment factors. We could confirm that the 'Goodness of Fit' was very important in child temperament.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.114-123
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• 1993

The authors applied Toddler Temperament Scale(TTS) to ADHD patient group, other disease group and normal control group to elucidate temperamental characteristics of ADHD patients in their toddler stage. 1) ADHD group showed significant difference from the control group in 'activity', 'rhythmicity', 'approach', 'adaptability', 'intensity', 'persistence' and 'threshold' categories. 2) ADHD group and other disease showed significant difference from the control group in 'adaptability' and 'persistence' categories. 3) ADHD group was significantly different from other disease group or control group in 'activity' and 'approach' categories. 4) In total scores of TTS, ADHD group and other diease group showed significant difference from control group. 5) Classification ratio of TTS for ADHD by discriminant analysis was 84.3%. Above results suggest that the ADHD patients may reveal characteristic traits in their toddler stage Further research should be focused on the development and refinement of assessment tools for the early detection and prevention for ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.47-58
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• 2008

Using the Toddler Temperament Scale(Saslow, 1993), the temperament stability of 239 toddlers from the ages of 18 and 30-months was analyzed longitudinally. TTS was composed of five sub-scales; Activity, Approach-Withdrawal, Adaptability, Intensity, and Mood. Significant correlations were established when stabilities of the temperamental sub-scales from 18- to 24-months, 24- to 30-months and 18- to 30-months were examined. For example, in relation to 'Approach-Withdrawal' factor, which was the most stable across infancy, infants who showed higher scores in 18 months of age also showed higher scores in 24- and 30-months of age. In addition, the stability of temperament in the categorical status of each infant was analyzed. Infants were divided into three groups at each age: 'Easy', 'slow-to-warm up', or 'difficult' according to their relative status within each age group. It was found that 54% of infants stayed in the same temperament group from 18 to 24 months, and so did 78% of infants from 24 to 30 months. In particular, 'easy' group illustrated the highest stability among the groups; 71.2% of infants stayed in the same temperament group between 18 and 24 months of age, while 85.9% of infants did so between 24 and 30 months of age. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate high temperament stability during the studied age bracket, while also confirming the fact that stability, in general, increases with age.