• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.398-409
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• 2020

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate environmental exposure to tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) by conducting an analysis of the concentration of TSNAs in deposited dust collected from a fertilizer plant and the surrounding village, a simulation of high-temperature drying of tobacco waste, and CALPUFF modeling. Methods: The raw materials of the products, deposited dust (inside and outside the plant and residential area), soil, and wastewater were sampled and the TSNA concentrations were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. As the plant was closed down before the investigation, simulation tests were conducted to confirm the substances discharged during high-temperature (300℃) drying of tobacco waste. CALPUFF modeling was performed to identify the area of influence due to exposure to TSNAs. Results: TSNAs were detected in organic fertilizers estimated to contain tobacco waste, deposited dust, and soil collected from inside and outside the plant. N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) components were detected in five of 15 deposited dust samples collected from the residential area around the plant, while TSNAs were not detected in the five sampling points in the control area. Also, the simulation test for the high temperature drying of tobacco waste found emissions of TSNAs. The CALPUFF modeling results showed that the survey area was likely to be included in the area of influence of TSNA emissions from the plant. Conclusions: It is estimated that harmful tobacco ingredients such as TSNAs were dispersed in nearby areas due to the illegal use of tobacco waste as a raw material to produce organic fertilizers at the plant. These findings assume that the residents have been exposed to TSNAs and suggest that the need for the establishment of measures to manage environmental health.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.64-72
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• 2004

On-going research has recently documented the certain tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are formed during the curing process by an interaction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) contained in combustion gases and naturally occurring compounds in the tobacco leaves. Although the role of TSNAs in human health have been extensively investigated, little research has been conducted on the physical and chemical phenomena relating to their formation during curing. In this paper, we developed a mathematical model for describing NOx absorption into green (uncured) tobacco. We found considerable uptake of NOx by green tobacco with variations related to several factors. Specifically, tobacco from the lower stalk positions (bottom one third) absorbs more NOx gas per unit weight than tobacco from upper stalk positions. Additionally, the green tobacco packed with a density of 0.103 g/㎤ absorbs more NOx gas per unit weight than either 0.0443 g/㎤ or 0.0739 g/㎤. Further, the NOx absorption increases proportionally with temperature with the maximum absorption point around 4$0^{\circ}C$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.1722-1728
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• 2012

During the analyzing processes of the compounds, some researchers are puzzled by the analytical signals for some TSNAs (with or without splitting peaks at various pHs and temperatures). In this work, a detailed theoretical study of structural and thermal properties of the $E/Z$ isomers of TSNAs and the corresponding protonated structures was performed using DFT methods. The calculations showed that the $E$ isomers are almost stable than $Z$ isomers, while the $Z$ isomers would be more stable when in protonation. The calculated results predicted the possibility of separation of their $E$ and $Z$ isomer forms and also showed that protonation affects the dipole moment of molecules significantly (0.1-0.5 to 0.7-2.1 Debye). The calculations agreed well with the experiments that the split-up of the HPLC signal for TSNAs into two peaks are very sensitive to the pH and temperature of the mobile-phase.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.125-132
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• 1991

We have previously reported that simulated snuff dipping in conjunction with type I herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) induced oral malignant changes in hamsters. Present study was designed to investigate the carcinogenic effect of tobacco specific-N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) and HSV-1, alone or in combination, in hamsters. Hamsters were divided into 6 groups and the right buccal pouch mucosa were treated as follows: Grp 1, Control (Mock inoculation) [MI]+Topical Application [TA] of mineral oil[MO] : Grp 2, TA of 1% n'- nitrosonornicotine [NNN] + IM: Grp3, TA of 1% 4-N-nitrosomethylamino-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone [NNK] + MI: Grp 4, HSV-1 inoculation [HI]+TA of MO : Grp 5, TA of 1% N-nitrosonornicotine [NNN] + HI: Grp 6, TA of 1% NNK + HI. TA of MO or TSNAs was initiated 1 day after the MI or HI and given 3 times per week for 20 consecutive weeks. At the buccal pouches were fixed for light microscope examination. No animal s developed tumors or malignant histopathologic changes in the mucosa of the buccal pouches. These data indicate that individual TSNAs, alone or in conjunction with HSV-1 infection, do not develop malignant changes in hamster buccal pouches.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.104-109
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• 2007

The amount of nitrate in the tobacco leaf has been shown to be correlated with the levels of alkaloids and nitrosamines. Also the nitrate content of the tobacco correlated closely with the smoke delivery of nitric oxide and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). These are related with the effect of the reconstituted tobacco leaf(Recon) using the tobacco stems. Adsorption process is gaining interest as one of the effective processes of advanced liquid treatment for liquid containing unnecessary materials. This study is focused on the evaluation of four anion exchangers, a cation exchanger and an activated carbon, as adsorbents for reduction of nitrate anion from Recon extract. In order to analyze the nitrate anion, the IC method used in this work was carried out with a Dionex ICS-2000 system. The effects of dosages of adsorbents and concentration of extract on the removal of nitrate anion were examined. Experimental results showed that for nitrate-anion exchanger, nitrate-cation exchanger and nitrate-activated carbon adsorption system, approximately 70 %, 10 %, and 4 % removal efficiencies were achieved at the Brix 10 and the 20 % addition. Although the activated carbon was little efficient for removal of nitrate ion, the removal of nicotine was very efficient at given conditions.

• 분석과학
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), a tobacco specific nitrosamine found only in tobacco products. The ability to monitor biomarker concentrations is very important in understanding environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). In this study, an efficient and sensitive method for the analysis of NNK in dust was developed and validated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Dust was collected with filter paper soaked in methanol. The standard solution and dust sample were diluted with 100 mM ammonium acetate and extracted using dichloromethane. Our calibration curves ranged from 25 to $10^4pg/mL$. Excellent linearity was obtained with correlation coefficient values between 0.9996 and 1.0000. The limit of detection (LOD) was 5 pg/mL ($S/N{\geq}3$) and the retention time was 10 min. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 25 pg/mL, and the acceptance criteria was the rate of 98-103% (80-120% at levels up to $3{\times}LOQ$). The coefficient of variations (CV) was 2.8%. Accuracies determined from dust samples spiked with four different levels of NNK racurves ranged that from 25 to 104 pg/mL. Excellent linearity was obtained between 92.1% and 114%. The precision of the method was acceptable (5% of CV). The recovery rates of the whole analytical procedure at low, medium, and high levels were 105.7-116.5% for NNK. The carry-over effects during LC-MS/MS analysis were not observed for NNK. This manuscript summarizes the scientific evidence on the use of markers to measure ETS.

• 분석과학
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.385-397
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• 2015

본 연구를 통하여 담배 주류연에 포함되어 있는 HPHCs (Harmful and potentially harmful constituents) 중 7 개 그룹의 분석법을 확립하였다. 이 7 개 그룹에는 방향족 아민, 휘발성 유기화합물, 중금속, 담배특이니트로사민, 벤조[a]피렌, 암모니아, 카르보닐 그룹이 있다. 시험법 검증을 위하여 표준담배인 1R5F와 3R4F를 사용하여 분석법의 특이성, 직선성, 정성한계, 정량한계, 정확도, 정밀도 및 회수율을 확인하였다. 모든 상관계수(r²)는 0.995 이상 이였고 정성한계는 방향족 아민, 휘발성 유기화합물, 중금속, 담배특이 니트로사민, 벤조[a]피렌, 암모니아, 카르보닐 순으로 0.01-0.04 ng/cig, 0.01-0.16 μg/cig, 0.01-1.27 ng/cig, 0.06-0.28 ng/cig, 0.04 ng/cig, 0.08 μg/cig, 0.78-1.77 μg/cig으로 확인되었다. 또한 일간과 일내 상대표준편차는 모두 15% 이하였고, 회수율의 상대표준편차는 15% 이하, 회수율 범위는 79.2-117.5%로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들을 바탕으로 7 개 그룹에 대하여 확립된 시험법은 각각의 해당성분을 분석하기에 적합하다고 판단된다.