• Molecules and Cells
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.30-42
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• 2008

The disease-specific (dsp) region and the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes, including the hrpW, $hrpN_{Ep}$, and hrpC operons have previously been sequenced in Erwinia pyrifoliae WT3 [Shrestha et al. (2005a)]. In this study, the remaining hrp genes, including the hrpC, hrpA, hrpS, hrpXY, hrpL and hrpJ operons, were determined. The hrp genes cluster (ca. 38 kb) was comprised of eight transcriptional units and contained nine hrc (hrp conserved) genes. The genetic organization of the hrp/hrc genes and their orientation for the transcriptions were also similar to and collinear with those of E. amylovora, showing ${\geq}80%$ homologies. However, ORFU1 and ORFU2 of unknown functions, present between the hrpA and hrpS operons of E. amylovora, were absent in E. pyrifoliae. To determine the HR active domains, several proteins were prepared from truncated fragments of the N-terminal and the C-terminal regions of $HrpN_{Ep}$ protein of E. pyrifoliae. The proteins prepared from the N-terminal region elicited HR, but not from those of the C-terminal region indicating that HR active domains are located in only N-terminal region of the $HrpN_{Ep}$ protein. Two synthetic oligopeptides produced HR on tobacco confirming presence of two HR active domains in the $HrpN_{Ep}$. The HR positive N-terminal fragment ($HN{\Delta}C187$) was further narrowed down by deleting C-terminal amino acids and internal amino acids to investigate whether amino acid insertion region have role in faster and stronger HR activity in $HrpN_{Ep}$ than $HrpN_{Ea}$. The $HrpN_{Ep}$ mutant proteins $HN{\Delta}C187$ (D1AIR), $HN{\Delta}C187$ (D2AIR) and $HN{\Delta}C187$ (DM41) retained similar HR activation to that of wild-type $HrpN_{Ep}$. However, the $HrpN_{Ep}$ mutant protein $HN{\Delta}C187$ (D3AIR) lacking third amino acid insertion region (102 to 113 aa) reduced HR when compared to that of wild-type $HrpN_{Ep}$. Reduction in HR elicitation could not be observed when single amino acids at different positions were substituted at third amino acids insertion region. But, substitution of amino acids at L103R, L106K and L110R showed reduction in HR activity on tobacco suggesting their importance in activation of HR faster in the $HrpN_{Ep}$ although it requires further detailed analysis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권17호
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• pp.7675-7681
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• 2015

Background: Hazardous health behaviour in young people is an important factor that affects the individual risk for non-communicable diseases and other disorders later in life. This study aimed to determine the hazardous health behaviour of first and last class medical students of Erciyes University. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out with 240 medical students from the first and 130 students from the last (sixth) class. Data were obtained by questionnaire between March-April 2012. In total, 339 students were included with a response rate of 91.6%. Socio-demographic characteristics, school success, self-reported economic difficulties, health perceptions, hazardous health behaviour related to chronic disease, tobacco, alcohol, substance use, body weight, height, traffic, violence and nutrition were assessed in line with the literature. Results: Of the participants; 64.0% were from first and 36.0% were from the last class. Mean ages for the first and last classes were $19.4{\pm}1.5$ and $24.0{\pm}1.5years$, respectively. In the current study, males exhibited more hazardous behaviour than females. Sime 19.8% of the students in the study group used alcohol, 35.4% used a waterpipe, and 24.8% used tobacco at least once. These rates increased in both genders in the last class and the increase in males was significant. Some 3.8% of the students in the current study used pleasure-inducing illegal substances at least once. All the students participating in the current study were single, the number of males reported not using condoms (8.6%) was 4.56 times higher compared to females. Some 64.0% of the students did not perform physical activity lasting at least 30 minutes for five times a week, 13.0% did not sleep for mean 7-8 hours daily, males having a 2.9 times higher risk. More than 1/3 of the students did not consume cooked vegetable dishes and 1/4 did not consume fresh fruits and salads, the rates were higher among males. Conclusions: In the current study, hazardous health behaviour was prevalent among medical students, with higher risks among males and last class students. According to these results, medical curriculum may be focused on decreasing hazardous health behaviour. In addition, in order to prevent unhealthy behaviour, the number of youth-friendly health facilities should be increased.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권17호
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• pp.7021-7027
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• 2014

Background: The problem of cancer, especially lung cancer, is very acute in Bangladesh. The present study was conducted to evaluate the risk of lung cancer among Bangladeshi people based on hereditary, socio-economic and demographic factors. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in 208 people (patients-104, controls-104) from January 2012 to September 2013 using a structured questionnaire containing details of lung cancer risk factors including smoking, secondhand smoke, tobacco leaf intake, age, gender, family history, chronic lung diseases, radiotherapy in the chest area, diet, obesity, physical activity, alcohol consumption, occupation, education, and income. Descriptive statistics and testing of hypotheses were used for the analysis using SPSS software (version 20). Results: According to this study, lung cancer was more prevalent in males than females. Smoking was the highest risk factor (OR=9.707; RR=3.924; sensitivity=0.8872 and P<0.0001) followed by previous lung disease (asthma, tuberculosis etc.) (OR=7.095; RR=1.508; sensitivity=0.316 and P<0.0001)) for male patients. Highly cooked food (OR=2.485; RR=1.126; sensitivity=0.418 and P=0.004)) and also genetic inheritance (OR=1.93; RR=1.335; sensitivity=0.163 and P=0.138) demonstrated significant correlation with lung cancer as risk factors after these two and alcohol consumption was not prevalent. On the other hand, for female patients, tobacco leaf intake represented the highest risk (OR=2.00; RR=1.429; sensitivity= 0.667 and P=0.5603) while genetic inheritance and highly cooked food also correlate with lung cancer but not so significantly. Socioeconomic status and education level also play important roles in causing lung cancer. Some 78.5% male and 83.3% of female cancer patients were rural residents, while 58.2% lived at the margin or below the poverty line. Most male (39.8%) and female (50.0%) patients had completed only primary level education, and 27.6% male and 33.3% female patients were illiterate. Smoking was found to be more prevalent among the less educated persons. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study indicate the importance of creating awareness about lung cancer risk factors among Bangladeshi people and making appropriate access to health services for the illiterate, poor, rural people.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 10종의 국내 학술지와 11종의 SCI 학술지에 국내 학자들이 게재한 GM 식물 개발 관련 논문을 분석하여 국내의 GM 식물 개발 현황을 조사하였다. 국내 학술지의 경우 지난 1990년부터 2002년 9월까지 발표된 총 204편중에서 총설 등에 해당하는 논문을 제외한 190편에 대하여 분석한 결과, 담배를 대상으로 한 연구 논문이 65편으로 가장 많았으며, 벼가 20편으로 2위를 차지하였으나 다른 주요 곡류 작물인 옥수수, 밀, 콩, 보리 등은 각각 단 1편씩의 연구결과가 발표되었다. 대부분의 연구가 기초 연구인 형질 전환 기술의 확립(46편), 유전자 발현기술(34), 유전자 운반체 개발(10) 등에 해당하는 논문들이었으나 최근 들어 유용물질 및 단백질 생산 작물 및 영양성분이 강화된 작물 등 품질을 개량하기 위한 연구가 점차 많이 발표되는 것으로 조사되었다. 연도별 논문의 발표건수는 1990년도부터 점차 증가하여 1996년도에 최고치(39편)를 기록한 후 다시 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 식물생명공학회지가 100여 편의 GM 식물 개발 관련 논문을 게재함으로써 이 분야에서는 주된 학술지인 것으로 조사되었다. SCI 학술지의 경우에도 담배를 대상으로 한 연구가 10편으로 가장 많았으며 벼가 7편, 애기장대가 5편 등으로 발표되었으나, 주곡작물인 옥수수, 밀, 보리, 콩 등은 단 1편의 논문도 발표되지 않았으며, 유전자 발현 기술 등에 해당하는 기초연구 논문이 16편으로 50%를 차지하였으며 내병성이 7편, 재해저항성이 3편, 제초제 내성이 2편 등으로 조사되었다. 한편, SCI 학술지의 논문 게재 건수는 해마다 꾸준히 증가하는 추세에 있으며 impact factor가 높은 유수한 국제 학술지에도 점차 게재 건수가 많아지고 있는 사실을 확인할 수 있었으나 실험실, 온실 등에서 유전자의 도입이 확인된 GM 식물에 관한 안전성 평가 연구의 일환인 포장 시험 연구 결과에 관한 논문은 거의 없는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2011

우리나라에서 주로 재배되는 가지과작물의 종자 전염 병원균 중에서 세균성 병원균 Xanthomonns campestris pv. vesicatoria(Xcv), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc)와 바이러스 병원균 Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV)를 종자로부터 동시검출하기 위한 One-step Multiplex RT-PCR을 개발하였다. 각각의 병원균을 특이적으로 증폭시키는 병원균 검출용 프라이머 15세트를 primer-blast 프로그램을 이용하여 제작하였고 각각의 병원균을 특이적으로 검출할 수 있는 5세트의 프라이머 세트(Cmm-F/R, Ecc-F/R, Xcv-F/R, PMMoV-F/R, TMGMVF/R)를 선발하였다. 이들 프라이머 세트는 프라이머간의 또는 병원균 cDNA간의 간섭없이 타겟 병원균만을 검출하였다. 가지과 작물 중에서 유통 중인 고추종자 20품종과 토마토종자 10품종에 대한 종자 감염 병원균 검출을 위한 PCR을 수행한 결과, 2개 품종의 토마토종자에서 Ecc가 검출되었고 4개 품종의 고추종자에서도 Ecc가 검출되었다. 특히 고추 종자에선 Ecc가 검출된 4개 품종 외에 1개 품종에서 PMMoV, TMGMV가 동시 검출되었다. 이로 인해 개발된 One-step multiplex RT-PCR은 서로 간섭 현상 없이 병원균을 효율적으로 검출할 수 있음을 보여 주었다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제5_6권
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• pp.1-7
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• 1968

본 연구는 오동나무천구소병 바이러스의 매개충을 구명하기 위하여 착수했으며, 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 오동나무천구소병의 이병수에 모여드는 흡수성곤충 중에서 가장 발생이 많았던 곤충은 담배장님노린제며 난, 약충, 성충이 8월 중순부터 10월 하순까지 발생하였다. 2) 담배장님노린재가 오동나무천구소병 바이러스의 매개곤충임이 구명되었다. 3) 담배장님노린재에 의하여 오동나무천구소병 바이러스를 접종한 결과 오동나무유식물에서는 접종 후 20일만에 발병을 보았고 접종 40일만에 오통나무천구소병 특유의 병징이 발현되었다. 4) 접종실험을 통해서 확인된 오동나무천구소병 바이러스의 기주식물은 오동나무 이외에 금잔화 및 나팔꽃이며, 일년감$\cdot$당근$\cdot$과꽃$\cdot$ 백일흥$\cdot$코스므스$\cdot$대두$\cdot$질경이 등에서는 충접종 후 2개월까지도 뚜렷한 발병을 확인할 수 없었다. 5) 금잔화와 나팔꽃은 발병까지의 잠복기간이 짧고 병징발현이 뚜렷한 점으로 미뤄 오동나무천구소병 바이러스의 유망한 검정식물로 생각된다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.265-270
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• 1993

과채류의 저장중, 신선도를 유지하고 병리적 장해를 감소시키기 위하여 천연 식물성 항균제인 grapefruit종자추출물(GFSE)로 처리하여 과채류의 품질향상을 유도할 수 있었고 저장시 과채류 부패병원균의 감염 및 생육을 억제할 수 있었다. Grapefruit종자추출물은 세균, 곰팡이 등, 광범위한 범위의 식물변패미생물에 대하여 $50\;ppm{\sim}2,000\;ppm$의 처리농도로 뚜렷한 항균효과를 나타내었다. 변패된 과채류에서 분리한 Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus와 같은 세균을 100 ppm의 GFSE용액으로 처리하여 균체세포의 세포막기능이 파괴되어 세포내용물이 균체외부로 유출되어 균체의 생육이 억제되는 것을 관찰할 수 있었으며 곰팡이 Fusarium sp.의 균사체도 1,000 ppm의 용액처리로 세포벽기능이 파괴되었고, Penicillum sp.의 포자 내용물도 GFSE처리로 소실되어 정상적인 발아기능이 저해됨을 알 수 있었다. 한편, 농가에서 수확한 대파, 양파, 고추 등을 GFSE용액에 침지처리하고 동결건조하여 색택 및 조직면에서 우수한 저장효과를 얻을 수 있었고, 감자의 발아를 억제하고, 호박, 오이, 토마토, 밀감 등 과채류의 신선도를 상당기간 동안 연장할 수 있었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권18호
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• pp.7897-7907
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• 2014

Background: There is paucity of studies defining the prevalence of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in Saudi Arabia despite the surging epidemic of obesity, change in dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle. Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of NCDs risk factors among employees at King Faisal University in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia and to determine the possible correlates for clustering of NCDs risk factors among them. Materials and Methods: All employees were invited to participate; the World Health Organization STEPwise approach was used for data collection which consisted of a personal interview to collect socio-demographic characteristics, NCD history, tobacco use, vegetables and fruit consumption, and physical activity (PA), followed by anthropometric measurements namely weight, height and waist circumference and blood pressure measurements, subjects were finally subjected to biochemical tests with determination of fasting plasma glucose, serum triglycerides, cholesterol and high density lipoproteins. Results: Of the surveyed employees (n=691), daily current smokers accounted for 22.7%. 94.9%, 95.1% and 86% consumed < 5 servings per day of vegetables, fruits and both fruits and vegetables respectively, 73% were physically inactive, 64% were overweight or obese, 22.1% had hypertension, and 21.5% were diabetics. Elevated cholesterol levels were found in 36.6%, low high density lipoproteins in 36.8%, and elevated triglycerides in 36.1%. Only 3% had no NCD risk factors, and 57.6% had ${\geq}3$ factors. Multivariate logistic regression showed that gender (being male, adjusted odds ratio 'aOR'=1.51), aged ${\geq}50$ years (aOR=3.06), < college education (aOR=1.75), current smokers (aOR=2.37), being obese (aOR=6.96) and having a low PA level (aOR=4.59) were the significant positive predictors for clustering of NCD risk factors. Conclusions: Over fifty percent of the studied university's employees had multiple (${\geq}3$) NCD risk factors. Screening and health promotion initiatives should be launched at least targeting the modifiable factors to avert the excessive risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and several types of cancers.

• 식물병연구
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.328-331
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• 2018

2018년 4월 전북 김제 오이 육묘장에서 오이의 자엽과 본엽에 반점이 형성되고 괴사되는 증상이 관찰되었다. 초기증상은 물방울이 잘 맺히는 자엽 부근에서 시작되었고, 병증상이 확대되면 본엽에 반점이 생기면서 백화 되어 마르는 증상이 관찰되었다. 세균병이 의심되는 식물체를 채집하여 LB agar에 계대하였다. 분리한 한 균주를 가지고 LOPAT test를 수행한 결과, KB agar에서 형광발현, 감자절편에서 무름 증상이 나타나며, Arginine dihydrolase 음성임을 확인하였다. oxidase를 형성하지 않고 담배과민성 실험에서 양성인 것을 확인하여 LOPAT 2그룹에 속하는 것을 확인하였다. 병원성 실험은 발아 후 3주된 오이에 접종하여 접종 3일 후 병징이 동일하게 발생된 것을 확인하였다. 16s rDNA 유전자 염기서열을 이용하여 염기서열분석과 계통수를 분석하여 분리된 균주가 P. viridiflava로 동정되었다. 이 병은 국내에서 처음으로 P. viridiflava에 의해 발생되는 오이점무늬병으로 보고하고자 한다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2014

A rapid, user-friendly and simple immune-chromatographic dipstick kit named 'rapid immune-gold strip' (RIGS) kit was developed in a novel single strip format to detect on-site detection of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) from polyclonal antisera raised in rabbits against TSWV was purified through protein-A affinity chromatography and then the purified TSWV-IgG was conjugated to colloidal gold nano-particles which served as a test line on nitrocellulose membrane. Protein A that non-specifically binds to TSWV antibody was used as a control line on the same strip. The diagnosis process with the TSWV-RIGS involves simply grinding the suspect plant sample in a bag that contains the extraction buffer and inserting the strip the bag. Results can be seen in 2-5 minutes. The flow of the complexes of gold particles coated with TSWV-IgG and a crude sap from TSWV-infected pepper, tobacco and tomato plants resulted in intensive color formed on the test lines proportional to the concentrations of TSWV. The RIGS-TSWV kit did not show any cross-reactions against other tomato-infecting viruses unrelated to TSWV. These results indicate that the TSWV-RIGS kit is highly sensitive and is not required for laboratory training and experience prior to testing. The TSWV-RIGS kit is suitable for on-site detection of suspect TSWV-infected plants as well as for laboratory diagnosis.