• Title/Summary/Keyword: Tissue nitrogen content

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The effects of temperature on the growth rate and nitrogen content of invasive Gracilaria vermiculophylla and native Gracilaria tikvahiae from Long Island Sound, USA

  • Gorman, Leah;Kraemer, George P.;Yarish, Charles;Boo, Sung Min;Kim, Jang K.
    • ALGAE
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.57-66
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    • 2017
  • The red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla, a species native to the waters of Korea and Japan, has invaded marine coastal areas of Europe and the Americas, thriving in conditions that differ from those of its native habitat. In recent years, G. vermiculophylla has been discovered in the Long Island Sound (LIS) estuary growing alongside the native congener Gracilaria tikvahiae. The goal of this study was to determine whether the two strains of G. vermiculophylla from different regions of the world have evolved genetic differences (i.e., ecotypic differentiation) or if the physiological performance of the strains simply reflects phenotypic plasticity. Two strains of G. vermiculophylla (isolated in Korea and LIS) and a strain of the LIS native G. tikvahiae were grown for four weeks under temperatures ranging from 20 to $34^{\circ}C$ using a temperature gradient table (all other environmental conditions were kept constant). At the end of each week, wet weight of each sample was recorded, and thalli were reduced to the original stocking density of $1gL^{-1}$ (excess biomass was preserved for tissue carbon and nitrogen analysis). Generally, the growth rates of Korean G. vermiculophylla > LIS G. vermiculophylla > G. tikvahiae. After one week of growth G. tikvahiae grew 9.1, 12.0, 9.4, and 0.2% $d^{-1}$, at temperatures of 20, 24, 29, and $34^{\circ}C$, respectively, while G. vermiculophylla (LIS) grew 6.6, 6.2, 5.7, and 3.6% $d^{-1}$. G. vermiculophylla (Korea) grew 15.4, 22.9, 23.2, and 10.1% $d^{-1}$, much higher than the two strains currently inhabiting the LIS. On average, the LIS G. vermiculophylla strain contained 4-5% DW N, while the Korean strain and G. tikvahiae had more modest levels of 2-3% N DW. However, tissue N content declined as temperature increased in LIS and Korean G. vermiculophylla. The non-native haplotype may have evolved genetic differences resulting in lower growth capacity while concentrating significantly more nitrogen, giving the non-native a competitive advantage.

Effect of N and P Fertilization on Nutrient Use Efficiency of Pinus densiflora, Larix leptolepis, and Betula platyphylla var. japonica Seedlings (질소와 인 시비가 소나무, 일본잎갈나무, 자작나무 묘목의 양분이용효율에 미치는 영향)

  • Shin, Jung-A;Son, Yo-Whan;Hong, Sung-Gak;Kim, Young-Kul
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.304-309
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    • 1999
  • Biomass, tissue (foliage, stem. and root) nutrient concentration, and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) were determined for 1-year-old Pinus densiflora, Larix leptolepis and Betula platyphvlla var. japonica seedlings in a greenhouse under nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization treatments. There were no consistent patterns in the effect of fertilization on seedling growth, however, in most cases the addition of N and P had no stimulating effect on biomass. In general, seedling tissue N and P concentrations increased after fertilization. It appeared that fertilization induced luxury nutrient consumption because uptake was increased without altering biomass. The NUE. calculated as the ratio between total above and belowground production and nutrient content in seedlings, decreased with increasing N and P supply for P. densiflora and B. platyphylla var. japonica while that for L. leptolepisthe did not change. B. platyphylla var. japonica had the highest NUE, L. leptolepis the lowest, with P. densiflora having the intermediate NUE.

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Early Growth Response and Nutrient Absorption Characteristics of Willows (Salix sp.) Treated with Nitrogen Source (질소원 처리에 따른 버드나무류의 생육초기 반응과 양분 흡수 특성)

  • Chae, Seung-Min;Kim, Mi-Ja;Kim, Sun-Young;Lee, Chang-Heon
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.63-79
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    • 2020
  • The present study was to investigate the growth response and nutrient absorption in three willow species (Salix gracilistyla, S. koreensis and S. chaenomeloides) treated with nitrogen source (NH4+:NO3- rate; 200:0, 150:50, 100:100, 50:150, 200:0) for a period of 90days. The height, dry weight and chlorophyll contents of three species of willows were found to be highest at 50:150 (NH4+:NO3-) treatment. NO3--N was more effective than NH4+-N in the early growth of three species of willows. The increase in percentage of NO3--N handling, T-N, NO3--N in plant tissue increased. The analysis of C, N and mineral content in various parts revealed that the amounts of C, N, K, Ca and Mg were higher in leaves than those in the stems and the roots. However, the amount of NO3--N and P were higher in roots than those in the leaves and the stems. Salix koreensis was excellent, followed by S. chaenomeloides and S. gracilistyla in absorption of nitrate nitrogen. Higher percentage of NO3--N, the amounts of T-N, NO3--N, P2O5, K, Na, Ca, and pH in soil were decreased.

Growth of Chinese Cabbage Plug Seedlings as Influenced by Various Pre-planting Nitrogen Concentrations in Inert Media (혼합상토에 기비로 혼합된 질소 농도가 배추 플러그묘 생장에 미치는 영향)

  • Sung, Jwa Kyung;Lee, Nu Ri;Choi, Jong Myung
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.616-625
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    • 2016
  • This research was conducted to investigate the optimum level of nitrogen incorporated during formulation of root media as pre-plant fertilizer on the growth of plug seedlings of 'Bool-am No.3' Chinese cabbage. A root medium was formulated by blending peatmoss:coir dust:perlite at a ratio of 3.5:3.5:3.0 (v/v/v). The nitrogen was incorporated in the seven treatments at a rate of 0, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, and $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ during the root medium formulation. The concentrations of other essential nutrients except nitrogen were controlled to equal in all treatments. Then, the root medium was packed into 72-cell plug trays and seeds were sown. The growth measurements as well as tissue and soil solution analysis for nutrients were conducted 2 and 4 weeks after seed sowing. As seedlings grew, the pH in the extracted solution of all treatments tended to decrease. The decreases in the treatments of high N concentrations were more severe than those with low N, but the differences among treatments were not statistically significant. The differences of EC in extracted solution of root media among treatments were sizable until week 3, but the differences began to lessen and the EC decreased in all treatments after week 4. Growth of the aerial parts of plug seedlings at 2 weeks after sowing were highest in the $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and lowest in the $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments, but those at 4 weeks after sowing were highest in the $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and lowest in the $0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments among all treatments tested. The tissue N content was highest and lowest in the treatments of 250 and $1,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively, when tissues were harvested at 4 weeks after sowing and analysed based on the dry weight of above-ground tissue. The contents of micronutrients were the highest in the 1,000 and $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments among all treatments. The results shown above indicate that the $250mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of pre-plant N and elevation of post-plant N concentration to above $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ are suitable for raising plug seedlings of Chinese cabbage using inert media.

Effects of Water Extract in Fruits of Omija (Schizandra chinensis Baillon) Alloxan-induced diabetic Rats (오미자 열매의 물추출물이 Alloxan-induced diabetic rats에 미치는 효과)

  • Lee, Joung-Sook;Lee, Sung-Woo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.265-268
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    • 1990
  • The effect of water extract in fruits of Omija (Schizandra chinensis Baillon) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats were determining the contents of metabolites and enzyme activities in the liver and serum of rat. The treatment with water extract in fruits of Omija showed increased in contents of protein, glycogen, and activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and a decreased in pyruvate content in the hepatic tissue from the alloxan treated group. These treatments were decreased contents of glucose, urea nitrogen, free fatty acid and activities of GPT, GOT, LDH.

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Physiological Responses of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) Exposed to High Ammonium Effluent in a Seaweed-based Integrated Aquaculture System

  • Kang, Yun-Hee;Park, Sang-Rul;Oak, Jung-Hyun;Seo, Tae-Ho;Shin, Jong-Ahm;Chung, Ik-Kyo
    • Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.70-77
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    • 2009
  • Porphyra yezoensis is known to act as a biofilter against nutrient-rich effluent in seaweed-based integrated aquaculture systems. However, few studies have examined its physiological status under such conditions. In this study, we estimated the photosynthetic activity of P. yezoensis by chlorophyll fluorescence of PSII (${\Delta}F/F'm$ and relative $ETR_{max}$) using the Diving-PAM fluorometer (Walz, Germany). In addition, bioremediation capacity, tissue nutrients, and C:N ratio of P. yezoensis were investigated. The ammonium concentration in seawater of seaweed tank 4 decreased from $72.1{\pm}2.2$ to $33.8{\pm}0.4{\mu}M$ after 24 hours. This indicates the potential role of P. yezoensis in removing around 43% of ammonium from the effluents. Tissue carbon contents in P. yezoensis were constant during the experimental period, while nitrogen contents had increased slightly by 24 hours. In comparison with the initial values, the ${\Delta}F/F'm$ and $rETR_{max}$ of P. yezoensis had increased by about 20 and 40%, respectively, after 24 hours. This indicates that P. yezoensis condition improved or remained constant. These results suggest that chlorophyll fluorescence is a powerful tool in evaluating the physiological status of seaweeds in a seaweed-based integrated aquaculture system.

Determination of the Optimal Nitrogen Concentration in Pre-planting Fertilizers for the Cultivation of Tomato Plug Seedlings

  • Lee, Dong Hoon;Park, Myong Sun;Lee, Chiwon W.;Choi, Jong Myung
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.431-438
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    • 2017
  • This study investigated the effect of pre-planting nitrogen (N) fertilization levels added to a soilless root medium on the growth of 'Dotaerang Dia' tomato seedlings. The N levels were varied for a total of 7 treatments: 0, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, or $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. The pH of the root media gradually rose in all treatments as the seedlings grew; however, the differences in the pH were not significant among the treatments. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the root media was significantly different among the treatments from sowing to week three, then drastically decreased after week four, which diminished the differences in the EC among the treatments. At week six, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, and fresh and dry weights of the shoot were highest for the treatment with $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}N$. In contrast, the treatment with $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}N$ had the lowest results for all growth measurements. The fresh weight was 67% heavier in the $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}N$ treatment compared to the $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}N$ treatment. The total N content in the tissues was lowest in the treatment with $0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}N$ and highest in the treatment with $1,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}N$. The contents of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and metal micronutrients in the tissues were highest in the $250mg{\cdot}L^{-1}N$ treatment. A previous study demonstrated that adjusting the fertilization level to promote growth to over 90% of the maximum growth is a good strategy for lowering production costs and preventing damage due to excessive fertilizer absorption by crops. Our results indicated that the optimal pre-planting N fertilization level for tomato plug seedlings should be lower than $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and the optimum tissue N contents should be around 3.21% to 4.60%.

Growth and Quality Changes of Creeping Bentgrass by Application of Liquid Fertilizer Containing Humic Acid (부식산 함유 액상비료 시비에 따른 크리핑 벤트그래스의 생육과 품질 변화)

  • Kim, Young-Sun;Lee, Tae-Soon;Cho, Sung-Hyun;Lee, Geung-Joo
    • Weed & Turfgrass Science
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    • v.6 no.3
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    • pp.272-281
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    • 2017
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of liquid fertilizer containing humic acid (LFHA) on changes of creeping bentgrass quality and growth. Treatments were designed as follows; control fertilizer (CF), HA-1 ($CF+1ml\;m^{-2}LFHA$ LFHA), HA-2 ($CF+2ml\;m^{-2}LFHA$ LFHA), and HA-3 ($CF+4ml\;m^{-2}LFHA$). As compared with CF, soil chemical properties and chlorophyll content of clipping of LFHA treatments were not significantly different. Visual quality in both of HA-2 and HA-3 treatments was higher than that of CF treatment from September to November, and clipping yield on October 27. Shoot density, root length, and the content of nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium were increased by application of LFHA. The clipping yield was positively correlated with phosphorus content, potassium content or shoot density. Similarly, LFHA level was proportionate to clipping yield of creeping bentgrass, and N, P, K contents in the leaf tissue. These results generally demonstrated that the application of LFHA improved the growth and quality of creeping bentgrass by increase of N content or P in leaf tissue.

Variation in Cartenoid Pigment and lipids of the Arkshell, (Anadara broughtonii) according to the Environmental Factors of the Growing Area (서식환경요인에 따른 피조개육의 Carotenoid색소와 지질성분의 변화)

  • Ha, Bong-Senk;Kang, Dong-Soo;Kim, Yung-Gwan;Kim, Kui-Shik
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.71-92
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    • 1989
  • The seasonal variations of environmental sea water, arid carotenoid and lipid composition of reddish muscle tissue of arkshell, Anadara broughtonii in Chungmu and $Y{\check{o}}su-area$ were investigated. In the sea water, pH value, salinity, electrical conductivity of Chungmu and $Y{\check{o}}su-area$ were similar tendency, but water temperature in annual average at Chungmu-area was about $2^{\circ}C$ higher than that of $Y{\check{o}}su-area$. The concentration of nitrite-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, phosphate-phosphours at Chungmu-area were slightly higher than those at $Y{\check{o}}su-area$. Meanwhile the concentration of silicate-silicious at $Y{\check{o}}su-area$ was about 2 times higher than that of Chungmu-area. The bacterial density of the sea water was ranged from 3.6 to 93/100ml for coliform and 3.0 to 15/100ml for fecal colifrom at Chungmu-area, but the coliform was ranged 7.3 to 150/100ml and the fecal coliform was ranged 3.6 to 20/100ml at $Y{\check{o}}su-area$. Among the coliform, 8.9% Escherichia coli, 33.9% Citrobacter freundii, 41.1% Enterobacter aerogenes groups were classified and 16.1% was not identified. In the hemoglobin content of reddish muscle tissue of arkshell, one from Chungmu-area was ranged from 1.1 to 2.5 g /dl and one from $Y{\check{o}}su-area$ was ranged from 1.7 to 4.4 g /dl. In total carotenoid content, 0.80 to 1.28mg/100 g muscle was in Chungmu-area and 0.45 to 0.99mg/100 g muscle was in $Y{\check{o}}su-area$. Among the carotenoid compositions, pectenolone content was 63.0% in annual average from Chungmu area and 59.6% from $Y{\check{o}}su-area$, 6.5% from Chungmu area and 18.9% from $Y{\check{o}}su-area$ in ${\beta}-carotene$, 9.9% from Chungmu-area and 9.1% from Yosu-area in pectenoxanthin, 11.2% from Chungmu-area and 5.2% from $Y{\check{o}}su-area$ in diatoxanthin monoester were observed. In the seasonal variation for the major carotenoids, the content of pectenolone was continuously incresedbefore spawning period and showed the maximum in July, but decresed after spawning period. Diatoxanthin monoester was gradually incresed during all growing period from March to next January. And ${\beta}-carotene$ was decresed before spawning period and showed the maximum in July but incresed after spawning period. The major fatty acids of total lipid and fractionated lipid classes from total lipid namely neutral-, glyco- and phospholipid were $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{22:6},\;C_{20:2},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{20:5}\;and\;C_{18:3}$ acid in the muscle tissue of arkshell. The content of neutral lipid showed about 2 times higher than polar lipid in the muscle tissue of arkshell from both Chungmu and, $Y{\check{o}}su-area$. The content of total and neutral lipid was decresed during spawning period. In the seasonal variation for fatty acid compositions, the content of polyenenoic acid in total and neutral lipid was decresed and saturated acid was incresed. On contrary, polyenoic acid in glyco and phospholipid was incresed and saturated acid was decresed during spawning period from July to September. The sterol composition in total lipid were mainly consisted of cholesterol, campesterol, brassicasterol and ${\beta}-sitosterol$. Especially, the rate of content in cholesterol showed decrese during spawning period butcampesterol showed increse from March to November.

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Initial Root Development of Larix leptolepis Gordon Cuttings as Related to Organic Substances and Cutting Date (낙엽송(落葉松)의 삽목발근(揷木發根)에 관련된 물질(物質) 및 발근과정(發根過程))

  • Koo, Yeong Bon;Hyun, Jung Oh
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.85 no.2
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    • pp.300-308
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    • 1996
  • This study was conducted to identify factors involved in rooting of Japanese larch cuttings. Cuttings were taken every week from June 24th to July 25th before and after the 10th of July which supposed to be best time for cutting. The content of IAA, carbohydrate, nitrogen and inorganic elements such as $Mg^{{+}{+}}$, $K^+$ and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ within cutting materials were analyzed. After the cuttings were planted, the root development was observed every week. Cuttings of easy-to-root clones were higher in IAA contents than the cuttings of hard-to-root clones at the time of cuttings were taken. There were significant differences in moisture content of cuttings taken on June 24th and July 25th between easy-to-root and hard-to-root clones, however no significant differences in moisture contents were observed between them taken on the 8th and 15th of July which supposed to be the best time for cutting. Inorganic matters and carbohydrate contents of cuttings taken from hedged trees were higher than those of non-hedged trees. The ratios K/C and C/N of cuttings taken from hedged trees were higher than those of non-hedged trees. Cuttings taken from easy-to-root clones showed higher content of carbohydrate and nitrogen than those of hard-to-root clones. The contents of inorganic elements, such as $Mg^{{+}{+}}$, $K^+$, and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ in cutting taken from hard-to-root clones were slightly higher than that of easy-to-root clones. The ratio C/N and K/C of cuttings which were taken from easy-to-root clones have shown a similar trend of carbohydrate and nitrogen. These data indicate that there was no one dominant factor that affect rooting of cutting, but many factors such as contents of IAA, carbohydrate, nitrogen, phosphate, and ratios of C/N and K/C appeared to affect on rooting of cuttings variously. Most of root initials were formed from phloem tissue within one week after cutting, and few were formed from callus tissue. Root primordia were developed from root initials within two weeks after cutting, and most of new roots were developed from root primordia within about five weeks after cutting.

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