• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.100-113
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• 2021

Purpose: Previous studies have solely focused on fresh extraction sockets, whereas in clinical settings, alveolar sockets are commonly associated with chronic inflammation. Because the extent of tissue destruction varies depending on the origin and the severity of inflammation, infected alveolar sockets may display various configurations of their remaining soft and hard tissues following tooth extraction. The aim of this study was to classify infected alveolar sockets and to provide the appropriate treatment approaches. Methods: A proposed classification of extraction sockets with chronic inflammation was developed based upon the morphology of the bone defect and soft tissue at the time of tooth extraction. The prevalence of each type of the suggested classification was determined retrospectively in a cohort of patients who underwent, between 2011 and 2015, immediate bone grafting procedures (ridge preservation/augmentation) after tooth extractions at Seoul National University Dental Hospital. Results: The extraction sockets were classified into 5 types: type I, type II, type III, type IV (A & B), and type V. In this system, the severity of bone and soft tissue breakdown increases from type I to type V, while the reconstruction potential and treatment predictability decrease according to the same sequence of socket types. The retrospective screening of the included extraction sites revealed that most of the sockets assigned to ridge preservation displayed features of type IV (86.87%). Conclusions: The present article classified different types of commonly observed infected sockets based on diverse levels of ridge destruction. Type IV sockets, featuring an advanced breakdown of alveolar bone, appear to be more frequent than the other socket types.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11c
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• pp.715-721
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• 2000

In this research, rule and neuro net based boundary extraction algorithm was developed. Extracting boundary of the interest, lean tissue, is essential for the quality evaluation of the beef based on color machine vision. Major quality features of the beef are size, marveling state of the lean tissue, color of the fat, and thickness of back fat. To evaluate the beef quality, extracting of loin parts from the sectional image of beef rib is crucial and the first step. Since its boundary is not clear and very difficult to trace, neural network model was developed to isolate loin parts from the entire image input. At the stage of training network, normalized color image data was used. Model reference of boundary was determined by binary feature extraction algorithm using R(red) channel. And 100 sub-images(selected from maximum extended boundary rectangle 11${\times}$11 masks) were used as training data set. Each mask has information on the curvature of boundary. The basic rule in boundary extraction is the adaptation of the known curvature of the boundary. The structured model reference and neural net based boundary extraction algorithm was developed and implemented to the beef image and results were analyzed.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2005

Optimal extraction conditions such as pressures, temperatures, and modifiers on glycyrrhizin extraction from licorice were investigated using supercritical $CO_2\;(SC-CO_2)$ at 3 mL/min flow rate. Morphology of licorice tissue, after glycyrrhizin extraction, was examined by SEM, and absolute density ($g/cm^3$) measurement and glycyrrhizin content were determined by HPLC. Pure $SC-CO_2$ had no effect on glycyrrhizin extraction, but recovery of glycyrrhizin ($32.66{\pm}0.77%$) was enhanced when water was used as modifier. The highest recovery was $97.22{\pm}2.17%$ when 70% (v/v) aqueous methanol was added to 15% (v/v) $SC-CO_2$ at 50 MPa and $60^{\circ}C$. Under optimal extraction conditions, 30 MPa pressure and $60^{\circ}C$ heating temperature, glycyrrhizin recovery reached maximum ($102.67{\pm}1.13%$) within 60 min. Licorice tissue was severely damaged by excessive swelling, and absolute density of licorice residues was highest when aqueous methanol was used as a modifier.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.735-751
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• 1996

An ultimate goal of periodontal therapy is to stop the disease process and to regenerate a functionally-oriented periodontium destroyed as a result of periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of grafting granulation tissue obtained from extraction socket on the regeneration of horizontal furcation defect. Six dogs were used in this study. All mandibular first and third premolars were extracted. At 2, 3, and 5 days after extraction, tissues were obtained from extraction socket of 1 mongrel dog and examined by light microscope. Granulation tissue obtained at 5 days after extraction was chosen as the graft material. Five days later, horizontal furcation defects were created surgically at mandibular second and fourth premolars in the right and left side of the 5 beagle dogs. The entrance area of the artificially prepared "key hole" defects were about $3\;4mm^2$. By random selections, 2 exposed furcation defects were grafted with granulation tissue obtained from extraction socket as experimental group and 1 furcation defect was as control. The flaps were replaced to their original position and sutured with 4-0 chromic cat-gut. Three dogs were sacrificed 4 weeks and two dogs 8 weeks after surgery, and the prepared specimens were examined by light microscope. At 4 weeks, furcations were filled with epithelial lining and fibrous connective tissue infiltrated with chronic inflammatory cells. New bone formation was observed in all groups. Only experimental group showed new cementum formation. At 8 weeks, new cementum, functional arrangement of new PDL fiber, root resorption, and some ankylotic union of newly formed alveolar bone and root surface were observed in all groups. Experimental group showed that epithelial downgrowth was inhibited and new bone formation was more active compared to control. The success rate of the furcation defect healing was higher in experimental group than control. These results suggested that grafting of granulation tissue obtained from extraction socket which combined with reconstructive periodontal flap surgery may promote periodontal regeneration of horizontal furcation defect.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.455-458
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• 2010

Extracting the brain from magnetic resonance imaging head scans is an essential preprocessing step of which the accuracy greatly affects subsequent image analysis. The currently popular Brain Extraction Tool produces a brain mask which may be too smooth for practical use to reduce the accuracy. This paper presents a novel and indirect brain extraction method based on non-brain tissue segmentation. Based on ITK, the proposed method allows a non-brain contour by using region growing to match with the original image naturally and extract the brain tissue. Experiments on two set of MRI data and 2D brain image in horizontal plane and 3D brain model indicate successful extraction of brain tissue from a head.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.99-103
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• 2023

McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is a disease with clinical features such as fibrous dysplasia in which normal bone tissue is replaced with abnormal fibrous tissue, abnormalities in the endocrine system, and cafe-au-lait spots on the skin. Although MAS patients are generally known to have reduced bone healing ability, postoperative healing after invasive surgical extraction is still not clearly known due to its relatively rare occurrence. In this report, a 25-year-old female patient, who had been diagnosed with MAS and had a history of abnormal bone healing after fractures of her extremities, underwent surgical extraction of the mandibular third molar with surrounding bone removal. Postoperatively, the patient showed favorable soft tissue and bone healing at the surgical site without abnormal findings such as newly developed fibro-osseous lesions, postoperative infection, or osteomyelitis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.406-417
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• 2020

Purpose: This study investigated whether the placement of ribose cross-linked collagen (RCLC) membranes without primary soft tissue closure predictably resulted in sufficient alveolar ridge preservation in contained and non-contained extraction sockets. Methods: Membranes were positioned across extraction sockets, undermining full-thickness flaps, and the gingival margins were fixed by double-interrupted sutures without crossed horizontal mattress sutures for 1 week. In non-contained sockets, a bone substitute was used to support the membrane within the bony envelope. Radiographs and clinical images obtained 4 months later were analyzed by ImageJ software using non-parametric tests. Results: In 18 patients, 20 extraction sockets healed uneventfully and all sites received standard-diameter implants (4.1, 4.8, or 5.0 mm) without additional bone augmentation. Soft tissues and the muco-gingival border were well maintained. A retrospective analysis of X-rays and clinical photographs showed non-significant shrinkage in the vertical and horizontal dimensions (P=0.575 and P=0.444, respectively). The new bone contained vital bone cells embedded in mineralized tissues. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this pilot study, open healing of RCLC membranes may result in sufficient bone volume for implant placement without additional bone augmentation in contained and non-contained extraction sockets.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2021

When maxillary anterior tooth is extracted due to alveolar bone loss, the augmentation of alveolar ridge is very important for esthetic implant restoration. Because alveolar bone loss increases after extraction, the ridge preservation performed right after tooth extraction is meaningful for esthetic implant restoration. However, no achievement of primary closure during ridge preservation can negatively affect bone regeneration. To overcome this problem, we can use granulation tissue in the extraction socket for primary closure. This case report confirmed that primary closure using granulation tissue resulted in not only ridge preservation but also ridge augmentation by providing an environment more advantageous of bone regeneration than the open wound.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.198-204
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• 2011

The brown seaweed Ecklonia cava is known to be a rich source of phlorotannins that have diverse biological activities. Among the phlorotannins in E. cava, concentrations of dieckol and phlorofucofuroeckol-A, which were identified as major active components, were determined in different parts of the tissue. We compared the efficacy of different pretreatments for their extraction. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to determine phlorotannin concentrations showed good accuracy (92.64 and 94.02%, respectively), precision (3.92 and 3.94%, respectively), and linearity (r>0.996). Mature thalli contained 1.5-fold more dieckol (1.82 mg/g-dry tissue) than young thalli. In the tissues of E. cava, blade tissue contained more phlorotannins than the stipe or holdfast. Among differently dried thalli, approximately 90% or more dieckol and phlorofucofuroeckol-A were extracted from shadow-dried tissue as compared with lyophilized tissue. In sun-dried and oven-dried thalli, approximately 60% of the phlorotannins were extracted. Thalli washed with fresh water, boiled thalli, and steamed thalli showed reduced extraction of the compounds.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 2021

Immediate implant placement (IIP) in fresh extraction sockets exhibits similar survival and success rates to delayed implant placement in healed sockets. Several advantages of IIP involve shortened total treatment time, reduction of the number of invasive surgeries, and subsequent reduction of patient discomfort due to lack of additional surgeries. The major shortcomings in IIP, however, include the inability to obtain early bony support, presence of a gap between the extraction socket and fixture, and the inability to cover the fixture with soft tissue, leading to increased risk of infection and implant loss. When IIP is performed, atraumatic or minimally traumatic extractions, conservation of the septal bone in molars, minimal flap elevation or flapless surgery, bone grafting the gap between the fixture and the extraction socket, and coverage with soft tissue or a membrane must be considered.