• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2001

Measurements of the initial values lead to an inverse and mathematically unprecisely formulated problem. A precise definition of an inverse problem is possible. It is to state a mathematical model of a physical process with clearly defined initial and exit values for the system behind the process. One can grasp the idea of an inverse problem by considering the tire as a copy of the objects of nature in a room with observations. Interpretation of nature is generally a result of an inverse problem. On one hand, the tire may be represented through the sensory organs and the nervous system as well as the experiences of the developer's existing apparatus of the projection of reality. On the other hand, it may be represented by a physical law or a model that can be confirmed or is to be refuted with the help of suitable measurements. During reconstruction of a measuring signal and the identification of a black box that can be assumed to be linear and causal, the tire becomes a first type Volterra integral equation of the convolution type. But measurements of the initial values are always fuzzy, the errors grow and the system behavior can no longer be forecasted. Thus, we have to deal with a chaotic system. This chaos produces fractals in a natural way. These are self-similar geometric structures. This self-similarity is clearly visible in the design.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.55-59
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• 1998

This paper probes into the influence of tire uniformity on tire's modal parameters with the method of experimental modal analysis. Two radial tires of the same kind with different uniformity level are taken to be tested at different exciting points and real modal parameters are abstracted. The differences of their modal parameters are presented. Then tire transfer functions are constructed with experimental modal parameters and ideal modal parameters respectively. It is found that the measured transfer functions of tire of good uniformity are closer to ideal transfer function than that of tire of bad uniformity. The study shows evident interrelation of experimental modal parameters and tire uniformity, and further study should be of great value.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.300-305
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• 2010

Poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET) tire cord has relatively lower adhesion properties caused by limited reacting sites. In order to improve the adhesion force between PET tire cord and rubber, an additional process to activate surface of PET has been employed. Atmospheric plasma was used to substitute the chemical finishing process of PET tire cord as a green dipping process. Contact angle was measured to confirm surface change of PET after plasma treatment. The treated PET tire cords with/without resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex(RFL) and unvulcanized rubber were vulcanized in a testing mold at $160^{\circ}C$. After atmospheric plasma treatment of PET tire cord, adhesion force was somewhat increased under some conditions.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2015

This paper presents a series of conventional undrained triaxial compression tests conducted to determine the effect of both tire crumbs and cement addition on Narli sand specimens. The tire crumb contents and cement contents were 3%, 7%, 15%; and 1%, 3%, 5% by dry weight of the sand specimens respectively. Specimens were prepared at about 35% relative density, cured during overnight (about 17 hours) for artificially bonding under a 100 kPa effective stress (confining pressure of 500 kPa with a back pressure of 400 kPa), and then sheared. Deviatoric stress-axial strain, pore water pressure-axial strain behavior, and Young's modulus of the specimens at various mixture ratios of tire crumb/cement/sand were measured. Test results indicated that the addition of tire crumb to sand decreases Young's modulus, deviatoric stress and brittleness, and increase pore water pressure generation. The addition of cement to sand with tire crumbs increases deviatoric stress, Young's modulus, and changes its ductile behavior to a more brittle one. The results suggest that specimen formation in the way used here could reduce the tire disposal problem in not only economically, and environmentally, but also more effectively beneficial way for some geotechnical applications.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.102-110
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• 2008

It is well known that the acoustic cavity inside the tire-wheel assembly contributes to vehicle interior noise and ride comfort. In this paper, we performed acoustic and structural modal testings by varying the temperature ranging from $20^{\circ}\;to\;45^{\circ}C$ to investigate the effects of temperature on acoustic cavity resonance and structural vibration characteristics for unloaded and loaded tires. The testing has given us some findings, which are reported in this paper.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.432-439
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• 2003

In this research, we are trying to develop the new hydraulic driven tire roller which is conventionally operated by mechanical transmission system. The reason why we would like to develop it is that tire roller is one of the most useful machine for the road construction site and also imported totally from overseas. In this paper, we conceptualize the new hydraulic system and derive the equations of motion for dynamic analysis. And we investigate system modeling by using DAQ system. Finally, we will design the controller, which can manage the hydraulic circuit of steering and traction mechanism system. The advent of modern high-speed computers coupled with the application of high-fidelity simulation technology can be used to create “virtual prototypes of construction equipment. Tests conducted on these virtual prototypes may be used to augment actual machine testing, thereby lowering costs and shortening time to production. So, we studied tire roller to integrate development technology. In System Analysis, We formulate hydraulic driving system model and hydraulic steering system model. Also, We integrate DAQ system to acquire experimental result in real tire roller equipment.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2011

The purpose of the study is to enhance the vehicle handling stability of the PACE formula vehicle. Required data for the dynamic analysis of the vehicle are as follows: Mass, moment of inertia, and tire's dynamic properties. Mass and moment of inertia data were calculated using Siemens NX 5.0 which results were verified with VIMF measurements of GMDAT. Dynamic data for the tire were supplied by Kumho Tire. Aerodynamic forces play an important role in the formula vehicle which forces were calculated by using Fluent. Full vehicle dynamic analysis using Carsim software has been carried out to find out the improvement of the vehicle stability by changing the shapes of the rear wing.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.128-134
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• 1999

Steel tire cords were coated via RF plasma polymerization of acetylene and butadiene gas in order to enhance adhesion to rubber compounds. Adhesion of tire cords was measured by TCAT and T-test as a function of type of gas, plasma powder, treatment time, gas pressure and Ar gas etching. Some samples were subjected to aging study in distilled water at $80^{\circ}C$ for a period of 7 days. After testing, tire cords were analysed by SEM to elucidate the adhesion mechanism. The highest adhesion values were obtained at 20W, 2min and 25mtorr for acetylene plasma polymerization, and l0W, 4min, 25mtorr for butadiene plasma polymerization. However, Ar plasma etching did not affect adhesion, while the adhesion of tire cords increased rather than decreased, contrary to expectations. It was not possible to elucidate failure mode by SEM, owing to the rough surface of the tire and the thin plasma polymer coating layer.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2016

In this study, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) prediction models for flexural strength of the cement mortars have been developed. For purpose of constructing this models, 12 different mixes with 144 specimens of the 2, 7, 28 and 90 days flexural strength experimental results of cement mortars containing pure Portland cement (PC), blast furnace slag (BFS), waste tire rubber powder (WTRP) and BFS+WTRP used in training and testing for ANN and ANFIS were gathered from the standard cement tests. The data used in the ANN and ANFIS models are arranged in a format of four input parameters that cover the Portland cement, BFS, WTRP and age of samples and an output parameter which is flexural strength of cement mortars. The ANN and ANFIS models have produced notable excellent outputs with higher coefficients of determination of $R^2$, RMS and MAPE. For the testing of dataset, the $R^2$, RMS and MAPE values for the ANN model were 0.9892, 0.1715 and 0.0212, respectively. Furthermore, the $R^2$, RMS and MAPE values for the ANFIS model were 0.9831, 0.1947 and 0.0270, respectively. As a result, in the models, the training and testing results indicated that experimental data can be estimated to a superior close extent by the ANN and ANFIS models.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.12-19
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• 2006

It is positively necessary to study on the stiffness of a 13degree-type impact tester in order to improve the fracture prediction of impact testing in wheels using FE(finite-element) analysis. The 13degree-type impact tester consists of an impact striker, a wheel fixer, a steel plate, and four cylindrical rubbers. Important parts of the tester are the steel plate and four cylindrical rubbers which play a role of absorbing impact energy during impact testing. Because of these buffers, the RF(reaction force) variation of the lower part in the 13degree-type impact tester showed the tendency like a damped harmony oscillation during impact testing. In order to investigate the stiffness of a 13degree-type impact tester, this work measured each stiffness of a steel plate and cylindrical rubbers. The stiffness of a cylindrical rubber was measured using a compressive tester. On the other hand, the stiffness of a steel plate was predicted by simulating experimental method using FE analysis.