• 대한교통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한교통학회 1995년도 제27회 학술발표회
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• pp.3-32
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• 1995

The Highway Capacity Manual specifies procedures for evaluating intersection performance in terms of delay per vehicle. What is lacking in the current methodology is a comparable quantitative procedure for ass~ssing the safety-based level of service provided to motorists. The objective of the research described herein was to develop a computational procedure for evaluating the safety-based level of service of signalized intersections based on the relative hazard of alternative intersection designs and signal timing plans. Conflict opportunity models were developed for those crossing, diverging, and stopping maneuvers which are associated with left-turn and rear-end accidents. Safety¬based level-of-service criteria were then developed based on the distribution of conflict opportunities computed from the developed models. A case study evaluation of the level of service analysis methodology revealed that the developed safety-based criteria were not as sensitive to changes in prevailing traffic, roadway, and signal timing conditions as the traditional delay-based measure. However, the methodology did permit a quantitative assessment of the trade-off between delay reduction and safety improvement. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) specifies procedures for evaluating intersection performance in terms of a wide variety of prevailing conditions such as traffic composition, intersection geometry, traffic volumes, and signal timing (1). At the present time, however, performance is only measured in terms of delay per vehicle. This is a parameter which is widely accepted as a meaningful and useful indicator of the efficiency with which an intersection is serving traffic needs. What is lacking in the current methodology is a comparable quantitative procedure for assessing the safety-based level of service provided to motorists. For example, it is well¬known that the change from permissive to protected left-turn phasing can reduce left-turn accident frequency. However, the HCM only permits a quantitative assessment of the impact of this alternative phasing arrangement on vehicle delay. It is left to the engineer or planner to subjectively judge the level of safety benefits, and to evaluate the trade-off between the efficiency and safety consequences of the alternative phasing plans. Numerous examples of other geometric design and signal timing improvements could also be given. At present, the principal methods available to the practitioner for evaluating the relative safety at signalized intersections are: a) the application of engineering judgement, b) accident analyses, and c) traffic conflicts analysis. Reliance on engineering judgement has obvious limitations, especially when placed in the context of the elaborate HCM procedures for calculating delay. Accident analyses generally require some type of before-after comparison, either for the case study intersection or for a large set of similar intersections. In e.ither situation, there are problems associated with compensating for regression-to-the-mean phenomena (2), as well as obtaining an adequate sample size. Research has also pointed to potential bias caused by the way in which exposure to accidents is measured (3, 4). Because of the problems associated with traditional accident analyses, some have promoted the use of tqe traffic conflicts technique (5). However, this procedure also has shortcomings in that it.requires extensive field data collection and trained observers to identify the different types of conflicts occurring in the field. The objective of the research described herein was to develop a computational procedure for evaluating the safety-based level of service of signalized intersections that would be compatible and consistent with that presently found in the HCM for evaluating efficiency-based level of service as measured by delay per vehicle (6). The intent was not to develop a new set of accident prediction models, but to design a methodology to quantitatively predict the relative hazard of alternative intersection designs and signal timing plans.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2015

Compact Network Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) is a method that combines compact RTK and network RTK, and it can effectively reduce the time and spatial de-correlation errors. A network RTK user receives multiple correction information generated from reference stations that constitute a network, calculates correction information that is appropriate for one's own position through a proper combination method, and uses the information for the estimation of the position. This combination method is classified depending on the method for modeling the GPS error elements included in correction information, and the user position accuracy is affected by the accuracy of this modeling. Among the GPS error elements included in correction information, tropospheric delay is generally eliminated using a tropospheric model, and a combination method is then applied. In the case of a tropospheric model, the estimation accuracy varies depending on the meteorological condition, and thus eliminating the tropospheric delay of correction information using a tropospheric model is limited to a certain extent. In this study, correction information modeling accuracy performances were compared focusing on the Low-Order Surface Model (LSM), which models the GPS error elements included in correction information using a low-order surface, and a modified LSM method that considers tropospheric delay characteristics depending on altitude. Both of the two methods model GPS error elements in relation to altitude, but the second method reflects the characteristics of actual tropospheric delay depending on altitude. In this study, the final residual errors of user measurements were compared and analyzed using the correction information generated by the various methods mentioned above. For the performance comparison and analysis, various GPS actual measurement data were collected. The results indicated that the modified LSM method that considers actual tropospheric characteristics showed improved performance in terms of user measurement residual error and position domain residual error.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2010

To satisfy the needs on fuel economy and engine performance, continuous variable valve lift systems are applying to engines. In the CVVL system, fuel economy can be improved by reducing pumping loss during the induction process, and engine performance can be also improved by controlling volumetric efficiency and the residual gas fraction. Because the residual gas fraction directly affects volumetric efficiency, engine performance, combustion efficiency and emissions in SI engines, controlling residual gas fraction is one of the important things in engine development process. This analysis investigates the residual gas fraction and volumetric efficiency with changes of intake valve lifts and intake valve timings. In this study, unsteady state solutions were solved during exhaust and induction processes. Results show variation of the residual gas fraction and volumetric efficiency by changing intake valve timing and lift. Decreasing intake valve lift leads to increase the residual gas fraction and to decrease volumetric efficiency.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.32-39
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• 2018

염해에 따라 발생하는 보수시기와 보수로 유지되는 내구수명은 보수비용 평가에 매우 중요한 요소이다. 일반적으로 사용하는 결정론적 보수비용 평가는 사용기간의 연장에 따라 계단식으로 증가하게 되며, 보수로 인해 변동되는 내구수명의 변화를 고려하지 못한다. 본 연구에서는 확률론적인 보수시기 및 비용을 평가하기 위해, 염해에 노출된 콘크리트 교각을 선정하였다. 두 가지 배합과 염화물에 노출된 외부 환경조건을 고려하여 염화물 거동을 평가하였으며, 도출된 내구수명과 수명에 대한 확률변수를 변화시키면서 보수시기 및 비용 변화를 분석하였다. 변동계수의 변화에 따른 보수회수는 큰 차이가 발생하지 않았으나, 초기의 내구수명 연장이 구조물의 보수시기 및 비용에 큰 영향을 미치고 있었다. 또한 확률론적 보수비용 산정 모델은 결정론적 모델과 다르게 연속적인 보수비용이 평가되므로 목표내구수명에 따라 보수회수를 감소시킬 수 있는 효과적인 기법임을 규명되었다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.82-93
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• 2015

Purpose: This retrospective study evaluated the relationship between the timing of peri-implantitis diagnosis and marginal bone level after a 5-year follow-up of non-surgical peri-implantitis treatment. Methods: Thirty-three patients (69 implants) were given peri-implantitis diagnosis in 2008-2009 in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. Among them, 31 implants from 16 patients were included in this study. They were treated non-surgically in this hospital, and came for regular maintenance visits for at least 5 years after peri-implantitis treatment. Radiographic marginal bone levels at each interval were measured and statistical analysis was performed. Results: Timing of peri-implantitis was one of the significant factors affecting initial bone loss and total bone loss not additional bone after peri-implantitis diagnosis. Patients with cardiovascular disease and diabetic mellitus were positively influenced on both initial bone loss and total bone loss. Patients who needed periodontal treatment after implant placement showed a negative effect on bone loss compared to those who needed periodontal treatment before implant placement during entire periods. Implant location also significantly influenced on amounts of bone loss. Mandibular implants showed less bone loss than maxillary implants. Among surgical factors, combined use of autogenous and xenogenic bone graft materials showed a negative effect on bone loss compared to autogenous bone graft materials. Use of membrane negatively affected on initial bone loss but positively on additional bone loss and total bone loss. Thread exposure showed positive effects on initial bone loss and total bone loss. Conclusions: Early peri-implantitis diagnosis led to early non-surgical intervention for peri-implantitis treatment, which resulted in the maintenance of the bone level as well as preservation of the implant.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.255-267
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• 2011

국내 정치적 사회적 경제적 요인 및 국제 정치 상황, 해외 경제 동향 등의 요인들을 비롯한 IMF이후의 금융시장 개방에 따른 외국투자자본의 유출입으로 인하여 한국 금융시장의 불확실성은 더욱 증가되었다. 특히 투자자들은 의사결정에 더 많은 혼돈을 겪게 되었고 투자 시 도움을 줄 수 있는 보다 유용한 도구들을 필요로 하게 되었다. 본 연구는 시스템 트레이딩을 이용하여 선물시장에서 거래 할 때 최적의 매매 타이밍을 알아보고 이에 적합한 전략을 알아보는 것이 목적이다. 패턴인식 알고리즘인 동적 시간 와핑 (DTW; Dynamic Time Warping) 알고리즘을 이용하여 빈도별 (10분, 30분, 60분, 일 별) 유사 패턴을 찾아내고 최적의 매매 타이밍을 분석한다. 이를 위해 주식시장의 대표적인 패턴들을 알아보고, 유사한 패턴을 보이는 기간을 DTW를 이용하여 빈도별로 분석한다. 유사한 패턴들의 검증을 위해 기술적 지표들의 개별 전략을 적용한 거래 시뮬레이션을 실시한다. 시뮬레이션 결과 대부분 30분 데이터에 적용된 전략들이 높은 수익률을 가져왔다.

• 대기
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.133-150
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• 2017

This study evaluates CMIP5 model performance on rainy season evolution in the East Asian summer monsoon. Historical (1986~2005) simulation is analyzed using ensemble mean of CMIP5 19 models. Simulated rainfall amount is underestimated than the observed and onset and termination of rainy season are earlier in the simulation. Compared with evolution timing, duration of the rainy season is uncertain with large model spread. This area-averaged analysis results mix relative differences among the models. All model show similarity in the underestimated rainfall, but there are quite large difference in dynamic and thermodynamic processes. The model difference is shown in horizontal distribution analysis. BEST and WORST group is selected based on skill score. BEST shows better performance in northward movement of the rain band, summer monsoon domain. Especially, meridional gradient of equivalent potential temperature and low-level circulation for evolving frontal system is quite well captured in BEST. According to RCP8.5, CMIP5 projects earlier onset, delayed termination and longer duration of the rainy season with increasing rainfall amount at the end of 21st century. BEST and WORST shows similar projection for the rainy season evolution timing, meanwhile there are large discrepancy in thermodynamic structure. BEST and WORST in future projection are different in moisture flux, vertical structure of equivalent potential temperature and the subsequent unstable changes in the conditional instability.

• 천문학회보
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.121.1-121.1
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• 2012

It has been suggested that oscillatory earthward bursty bulk flows (BBFs) in the magnetotail are driving Pi2 oscillations on the ground. However, only a few studies examined the BBF-driven Pi2 model. The goal of this study is to establish the relation between BBFs and Pi2s. In order to examine BBF-drive model, we will conduct the timing analysis between BBFs and Pi2s for the intervals during which both Pi2 and BBF are present. In our study BBFs are identified with earthward flow speeds up to 200 km/s from THEMIS probes with a geocentric distance between 7 and 12 RE in the nightside magnetosphere for the interval from January 2008 to March 2008. Pi2 pulsations are identified at three low/mid-latitude ground stations having different local times; Bohyun (L = 1.35, LT ~ UT +9 hr), Hermanus (L = 1.83, LT ~ UT +2 hr) and Carson city (L = 2.00, LT ~ UT -2 hr). It is found that ~28% of BBFs have onset timing nearly identical to Pi2 onset. To investigate whether there is high similarity in the waveform between BBF and Pi2 oscillations, the coherence analysis is applied to the time series of BBF and Pi2 events. We found that there is no high coherence between BBF and Pi2 oscillations. Thus our observations suggest that low-latitude Pi2 oscillations are not directly driven by earthward flow bursts.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.561-572
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• 2001

CMOS 회로의 전력 소모는 공급 전압의 제곱에 비례하기 때문에 공급 전압을 낮추는 것이 전력 소모를 줄이는 데 매우 효과적이다. 본 논문에서는 저전력 경성 실시간 응용프로그램을 위한 태스크내 전압 스케줄링 알고리즘을 제안한다. 정적 시간 분석 기법을 바탕으로 제안된 이 알고리즘은 각각의 태스크 내부에서 프로세서의 공급 전압을 조정한다. 제안된 알고리즘에 의해 전압 스케줄링된 프로그램은 모든 유휴 시간을 완전히 이용함으로써 항상 프로그램의 수행을 마감 시간에 근접하여 끝나도록 하여 많은 전력 감소 효과를 얻을 수 있다. 제안된 알고리즘의 효과를 검증하기 위해 일반적인 프로그램을 동적 전압을 사용하는 같은 기능의 프로그램으로 자동으로 변환하는 소프트웨어 도구도 개발되었다. 실험 결과, 자동화 소프트웨어 도구에 의해 변환된 MPEG-4 부호기와 복호기의 저전력 버전이 전원 차단 기능을 가진 고정 전압 시스템에서 실행된 원래 프로그램에 비하여 전력 소모가 7~25%에 불과함을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2019

A method that applies space-time adaptive signal processing (STAP) algorithm based on an array antenna consisting of multiple antenna elements has been known to be effective to remove wide-band jamming signals in GPS receivers. However, the occurrence of phase distortion in navigation signals has been a problem when navigation signals, from which jamming signals are removed using STAP, are supplied to global positioning system (GPS) receivers. This paper verified the navigation performance degradation as a result of phase distortion. To mitigate this phenomenon, this paper proposes a mode switching scheme, in which a bypass mode is adopted to make the best use of the tracking performance of receivers without performing signal processing when jamming signals are not present or weak, and a STAP mode is employed when jamming signals exceed the threshold value. In this paper, the mode switching scheme is proposed for two environments: when receivers are stationary, and when receivers are moving. This paper confirmed that the performance of position error improved because phase distortion could be excluded due to STAP if the bypass mode was adopted under a condition where the jamming signal power level was below the threshold value in an environment where receivers were stationary. However, this paper also observed that the navigation failed due to the instability of tracking performance of receivers due to phase distortion that occurred at the switching time, although the number of switching could be reduced dramatically by proposing a dual threshold scheme of on- and off-thresholds that switched a mode due to the array antenna characteristics of varying gains according to the jamming signal incident direction in an environment where receivers were moving. The analysis results verified that running the STAP algorithm at all times is more efficient than the mode switching, in terms of maintaining stable navigation and ensuring position error performance, to remove jamming signals in an environment where receivers were moving.