• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.133-145
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• 2011

Unsaturated soil column tests were performed for weathered gneiss soil and weathered granite soil to assess the relationship between infiltration velocity and rainfall condition for different rainfall durations and for multiple rainfall events separated by dry periods of various lengths (herein, 'rainfall break duration'). The volumetric water content was measured using TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) sensors at regular time intervals. For the column tests, rainfall intensity was 20 mm/h and we varied the rainfall duration and rainfall break duration. The unit weight of weathered gneiss soil was designed 1.21 $g/cm^3$, which is lower than the in situ unit weight without overflow in the column. The in situ unit weight for weathered granite soil was designed 1.35 $g/cm^3$. The initial infiltration velocity of precipitation for the two weathered soils under total amount of rainfall as much as 200 mm conditions was $2.090{\times}10^{-3}$ to $2.854{\times}10^{-3}$ cm/s and $1.692{\times}10^{-3}$ to $2.012{\times}10^{-3}$ cm/s, respectively. These rates are higher than the repeated-infiltration velocities of precipitation under total amount of rainfall as much as 100 mm conditions ($1.309{\times}10^{-3}$ to $1.871{\times}10^{-3}$ cm/s and $1.175{\times}10^{-3}$ to $1.581{\times}10^{-3}$ cm/s, respectively), because the amount of precipitation under 200 mm conditions is more than that under 100 mm conditions. The repeated-infiltration velocities of weathered gneiss soil and weathered granite soil were $1.309{\times}10^{-3}$ to $2.854{\times}10^{-3}$ cm/s and $1.175{\times}10^{-3}$ to $2.012{\times}10^{-3}$ cm/s, respectively, being higher than the first-infiltration velocities ($1.307{\times}10^{-2}$ to $1.718{\times}10^{-2}$ cm/s and $1.789{\times}10^{-2}$ to $2.070{\times}10^{-2}$ cm/s, respectively). The results reflect the effect of reduced matric suction due to a reduction in the amount of air in the soil.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.217-223
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• 1979

The present study was to investigate the effect of sugars on the psychrophillic spoilage in ground meat. The obtained results were summarized as follows: 1. The minimum pH values for the ground beef containing 2, 5 and 10 % glucose were 5.25, 5.15 and 4.5, respectively. For the ground pork, the respective values were 5.1, 4.45 and 4.1. 2. Total aerobes, coliform, lactic acid bacteria and lactobacillus counts per gram for the control and 2% glucose-contained ground beef after 9 days for storage at $5^{\circ}C$ were $8.3{\times}10^9vs\;6.0{\times}10^7,\;3.5{\times}10^5vs\;2.4{\times}10^3,\;5.8{\times}10^7vs\;4.7{\times}10^6$ and $3.6{\times}10^5vs\;4.2{\times}10^6$ respectively. For the ground pork, the respective values were $1.2{\times}10^{10}vs\;7.8{\times}10^8,\;3.4{\times}10^5vs\;3.1{\times}10^4,\;5.5{\times}10^7vs\;4.5{\times}10^6$ and $3.3{\times}10^5vs\;3.7{\times}10^5$. The glucose-added ground meat showed higher counts than those of the controls only in the case of lactobacillus without any apparent adverse effects. 3. The length of storage time until the depletion of added glucose was 12, 16 and 28 days for the 2, 5 and 10 % glucose contained ground beef and 9, 16 and 30 days for the ground pork, respectively. pH did not start to increase until the added glucose was depleted completely. 4. The addition of glucose extended significantly the average shelf-life of ground beef at refrigeration condition $(5^{\circ}C)$. The extended shelf-life over the control was 7, 9 and 12days for the 2, 5 and 10 % glucose contained ground beef and 8, 10 and 12 days for the respective ground porks. 5. Although the addition of disaccharides (maltose, lactose, saccharose) lowered the pH of ground meat, the extension of shelf-life as seen in glucose treatment was not affected. In fact, the higher the concentration of added disaccharides was, the greater the degree of putrefaction occurred.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.127-134
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• 1976

The K-Ar age determined on six granitic rocks samples from the Eonyang- and the northwestern part of Ulsan-quardrangle, Kyeongsang-nam-do, Korea, ranges from $87{\times}10^6$ years to $58{\times}10^6$ years. Three of the samples belong to the upper Cretaceous ($87{\times}10^6-71{\times}10^6years$) and three to the late Cretaceous-early Tertiary ($63{\times}10^6-58{\times}10^6years$) in age. The early Tertiary ages are measured first on the "Younger Granites" in Korea. These two emplacement periods of granitic rocks are representative that the former is correlated to north Kyushu-Seto Inland belt ($95{\times}10^6-75{\times}10^6years$) and the later to Sanin-central Honshu belt ($65{\times}10^6-50{\times}10^6years$), in southwestern Japan.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2010

$3{\times}3{\times}3$ is the meaningful smallest product of three chains of each size 2n+1 since $1{\times}1{\times}1$ is a 1-element poset. The linear discrepancy of the product of three chains $2n{\times}2n{\times}2n$ is found as $6n^3-2n^2-1$. But the case of the product of three chains $(2n + 1){\times}(2n + 1){\times}(2n + 1)$ is not known yet. In this paper, we determine ld$(3{\times}3{\times}3)$ as a case to determine the linear discrepancy of the product of three chains of each size 2n + 1.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.123-133
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• 2007

Thermal spatial representativities of meteorological stations over Korea have been investigated using land surface temperature (LST) based on MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite observation. The linear regression method was used to estimate air temperatures from MODIS LST product. To compare MODIS LST with observed air temperatures at six meteorological stations, the mean values of MODIS LST with nine given window sizes were calculated. In this case, the position of centered pixel in each given window size is correspond to that of each meteorological station. We also applied $4^{\circ}C$ threshold for RMSE comparison, which is based on a analogous study on daily maximum air temperature model using satellite data. In this study, the results showed that each station has a different representativity; Deajeon $15km{\times}15km$, Chuncheon $11km{\times}11km$, Seoul $7km{\times}7km$, Deagu $5km{\times}5km$, Kwangju $3km{\times}3km$, and Busan $3km{\times}3km$.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.293-299
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• 1998

We have investigated the atomic and electronic structures of Cu-adsorbed Si(100)-2$\times$1 surface, by using LEED and UPS. In the UPS spectra, the weak structures (peaks) related to Cu silicide appeared for low coverages less than 1.3 ML at room temperature, and the intensity of Cu 3d band rapidly increased with respect to Cu coverages. The Cu silicide peaks become clear after Cu deposition at room temperature followed by high temperature annealing ($\geq 300^{\circ}C$) or for Cu deposited surface at the substrate temperature of $400^{\circ}C$. On the other hand, these structures disappeared by annealing at $750^{\circ}C$. At very low coverage, a surface state near Fermi level $(E_F)$ was observed at $400^{\circ}C$. According to the rigid band model, it seems to be originated from the surface empty state occupied partially with Cu 4s electron. In the LEED patterns, no Cu-induced superstructure observed for RT-depositions and post annealing, while there were several surface structures which depend on substrate temperatures and coverages. we observed the clean surface 2$\times$1+2$\times$2 phase for 1.5 ML at $400^{\circ}C$, the clean surface 2$\times$1+5$\times$1 phase for 0.5 ML at $450^{\circ}C$ and the clean surface 2$\times$1+2$\times$2+5$\times$2+5$\times$5+10$\times$2 mixed phases for 3 ML at $450^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of FOST (fermented omija sugar treatment extracts) using Lactobacillus brevis HLJ59. Antioxidant activities of FOST were evaluated through viable cell number of L. brevis HLJ59, DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and SOD-like activity, compared to non-FOST(non-fermented omija sugar treatment extracts). Also it was to evaluate Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and Urease inhibitory activity of FOST. The viable cell number of L. brevis was about $2.05{\pm}0.21{\times}10^8$, $6.31{\pm}0.56{\times}10^{11}$, and $8.14{\pm}0.14{\times}10^9$ at ${\times}2$, ${\times}5$, and ${\times}10$ dilution, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity of FOST was about 60.3%, 71.8%, and 44.5% at ${\times}2$, ${\times}5$, and ${\times}10$ dilution, respectively. The reducing power of FOST was about 0.92, 1.19, and 0.73 (OD at 700 nm) at ${\times}2$, ${\times}5$, and ${\times}10$ dilution, and SOD-like activity of FOST was about 50.4%, 53.7%, and 33.4% at ${\times}2$, ${\times}5$, and ${\times}10$ dilution, respectively. ACE and Urease inhibitory activity by FOST was about 47.4%, 78.2%, 56.4% and 58.1%, 83.4%, 63.2% at ${\times}2$, ${\times}5$, and ${\times}10$ dilution, respectively. The results indicated that the fermentation of omija sugar treatment extracts using Lactobacillus brevis HLJ59 increased the antioxidant activities campared to the non-fermented omija sugar treatment extracts.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.143-151
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• 2000

Acute and subacute toxicity of Artemisia asistica Nakai Aqua-acupuncture Solution (ANAS) were studied in ICR mice. In acute toxicity test, mice were injected intraperitoneally with single dose of $1{\times}$, $5{\times}$, $10{\times}$ ANAS, and toxicological responeses were observed for consecutive 14 days. Mortality, body weight changes, organ weight, and serum chemistry were performed. The mortality and body weight changes of mice treated with $1{\times}$ and $5{\times}$ ANAS were not affected during the experimental periods. With the $10{\times}$ ANAS treatment, there were dead animals and changes of body weight, organ weight and serum biochemical values were observed during the experimental period. In subacute toxicity test, mice were injected intraperitoneally with doses of $1{\times}$, $10{\times}$ ANAS for 14 days. No difference was found between control and $1{\times}$ ANAS treated group in mortality, changes of body weight and organ weight, and serum biochemical values. However, Dead animals, changes of body weight and organ weight, and increased serum biochemical values were observed with $10{\times}$ ANAS treated groups. These results suggest that $1{\times}$ ANAS causes no toxicity in acute and subacute toxicity tests. However $10{\times}$ ANAS causes toxicity in both tests.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.770-777
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• 1999

In this study a phase diagram has been used to investigate the unsteadiness of two-dimensional lid-driven closed flows within a square cavity for twelve Reynolds numbers; $7.5{\times}10^3,\; 8{\times}10^3,\; 8.5{\times}10^3,\; 9{\times}10^3,\; 9.5{\times}10^3,\; 10^4,\;1.5{\times}10^4,\;2{\times}10^4,\; 3{\times}10^4,\; 7.5{\times}10^4$ and $10^5$. The results indicate that the first critical Reynolds number at which the flow unsteadiness of sinusoidal fluctuation appears from the temporal variation of total kinetic energy curves is assumed of sinusoidal fluctuation appears form the temporal variation of total kinetic energy curves is assumed to be in the neigh-bourhood of $Re=8.5{\times}10^3$ The second critical Reynolds number where the periodic amplitude and frequency collapse to random disturbance being existed around $Re=1.5{\times}10^4$ The exponentially decreasing vortices formed at the lower two corners are found commonly at the time-mean flow pattern of $Re=3{\times}10^4$.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2014

To explore effects on each the emotional awareness, emotional expression, emotional empathy, and emotional regulation, of the sub-factors of the child's emotional intelligence, to mural preference, emotion cultivation, and community connection, the hierarchical multiple regression analyses are performed(as in Table 1, 2, and 3). As the results, we found the following facts. Children's mural preference, emotion cultivation, and community connection were expressed by the following equations in order, respectively. Mural Preference = $.170{\times}$[Emotional Awareness](t=2.118, $p=.036^*$) - $.025{\times}$[Emotional Expression](t=-.275, p=.783) + $.088{\times}$[Emotional Empathy](t=.938, p=.350) + $.139{\times}$[Emotional Regulation] (t=1.529, p=.128). Mural Emotion Cultivation = $-.021{\times}$[Emotional Awareness](t=-.294, p=.769) - $.205{\times}$[Emotional Expression](t=-2.573, $p=.011^*$) + $.265{\times}$[Emotional Empathy](t=3.156, $p=.002^*$) + $.192{\times}$[Emotional Regulation](t=2.361, $p=.019^*$). Mural Community Connection = $-.001{\times}$[Emotional Awareness](t=-.007, p=.995) - $.132{\times}$[Emotional Expression](t=-1.478, p=.141) + $.172{\times}$[Emotional Empathy](t=1.732, $p=.027^*$) + $.098{\times}$[Emotional Regulation](t=1.072, p=.285).