• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

Over the past centuries, industrialization in developed and developing countries has had a negative impact on global warming, releasing $CO_2$ emissions into the Earth's atmosphere. In recent years, the transportation sector, which emits one-third of total $CO_2$ emissions in the United States, has adapted by implementing a climate change action plan to reduce $CO_2$ emissions. Having an environmental policy might be an essential factor in mitigating the man-made global warming threats to protect public health and the coexistent needs of current and future generations; however, to my best knowledge, no research has been conducted in such a context with appropriate statistical validation process to evaluate the effects of climate change policy on $CO_2$ emission reduction in recent years in the U.S. transportation. The empirical findings using an entity fixed-effects model with valid statistical tests show the positive effects of climate change policy on $CO_2$ emission reduction in a state. With all the 49 states joining the climate change action plans, the U.S. transportation sector is expected to reduce its $CO_2$ emissions by 20.2 MMT per year, and for the next 10 years, the cumulated $CO_2$ emission reduction is projected to reach 202.3 MMT, which is almost equivalent to the $CO_2$ emissions from the transportation sector produced in 2012 by California, the largest $CO_2$ emission state in the nation.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.71-79
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• 2022

The aim of this study is to see how government spending on education, health, and social security affects ratios in Indonesia. The third sector has a critical role to play in reducing the dependency ratio. It also aims to lower unemployment and poverty rates. This study uses the GMM panel data model. This model can determine the dynamic response of the ratio that comes from a number of variables. This study uses data from 33 provinces from 2010 to 2018. The results show that government spending in the education and health sectors has a positive effect on the dependency ratio, both in the short and long term. Social security has a significant effect on the dependency ratio in the long term, but not in the short term. Government spending in the education sector and health sector and social security sector have a positive and significant effect on disease and illness. The study's findings show a high level of poverty with a large standard deviation. The high ratio value is due to the large number of restrictions placed on a number of regions. Each province has made a significant contribution to overcoming these challenges, particularly in terms of the comparative ratio.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.519-527
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• 2019

In Korea, the $6^{th}$ industrialization in the agricultural sector has increased farmers' income and value-added agricultural products. Local governments, including Chungcheongnam-do, as well as the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, introduced the $6^{th}$ industrialization to the agricultural sector and operated various programs for the $6^{th}$ industrialization in the agricultural sector. Recently, the capacity of human resources for the $6^{th}$ industrialization in the agricultural sector became one of the important problems which might limit the effect of the $6^{th}$ industrialization in Korea. Chungcheongnam-do introduced an education program in 2018 to improve the capacity of people who work for the $6^{th}$ industrialization in the agricultural sector. However, researchers have rarely studied or discussed the current status of this education program. The aims of this paper were to analyze the current status of the education program for the $6^{th}$ industrialization in the agricultural sector through a survey, frequency analysis and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and to present a way to improve the effect of the education program. The results of this study are as follows: First, the students in the education program were generally satisfied with the lectures and achieved knowledge and social networking among the students. Second, practical lectures, including practice and field experience, need to be expanded for the students instead of theory lectures. Third, networking between students and experts should be strengthened.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.801-824
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• 2022

Recently, United Nations found that 38% of global carbon emissions are generated in the building sector, surpassing other industries (32%) and transportation (23%), and ESG is actively used as a way to reduce carbon emissions in the building sector, led by overseas advanced countries. In Korea, as the National Pension Service announced "Consider ESG with more than 50% of investment assets" this year, the move to introduce ESG in the building sector is accelerating, centering on construction companies and asset management companies. However, as the domestic ESG evaluation system is still mainly focused on corporate governance and social responsibility, interest in the environmental sector is lagging behind that of advanced countries. As ESG in the building sector is expected to grow rapidly over the next 10 years, I would like to suggest the following development directions. The first is the expansion of the incentive system. In order for the government to successfully implement policies related to ESG in the building sector, incentive system such as tax reduction and building standards should be expanded further than now in addition to negative systems such as rent restrictions and punishment taxes due to regulatory violations. Second, standardized ESG standards are established. Rather than creating an independent Korean ESG standard that is far from global standards, it is necessary to organize the common parts of global standards and evaluation methods and create and provide guidelines in the form of standard textbooks that can be used equally by all stakeholders. Third, it is an effort to link ESG in the building sector with Digital Transformation(DX). This is because actual energy savings and carbon emission reduction can be realized only when the operation method of the building sector, which is operated mainly by manpower, is digitalized and converted to an intelligent way.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.1083-1096
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• 2020

Global attention to the greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation is increasing. There is a growing recognition of reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation plus (REDD+) as an effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the forestry sector. The Republic of Korea is implementing REDD+ pilot projects in four Southeast Asian countries as part of its efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study evaluates countries with the potential to become priority partner countries for Korea's REDD+ programs, using the following five criteria: The first criterion is that a country should include the forest sector and REDD+ in its national plan for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The second and third criteria refer to an average forest coverage rate of over 44% and a forest change rate of over - 0.1%, among the countries with forest cover of more than 10 million ha. The fourth criterion is that the country should meet the Forest Reference Emission Level requirements, one of the four elements of the Warsaw REDD+ Framework. The fifth criterion is that the country should have bilateral relations with the Republic of Korea in forestry while at the same time be a partner country for cooperation on climate change as well as a REDD+ pilot country. Based on our evaluation, we conclude that the first priority countries are Indonesia, Cambodia, and Myanmar. The second priority countries include Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. Finally, the third priority countries are Columbia, Congo, and Mozambique. This study suggests that for the selection of priority partner countries, Korean REDD+ programs should center on existing REDD+ pilot countries.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.81-96
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• 2016

For rural landscape management to run in virtuous circle, the present study has paid attention to the roles and activities of local residents and administration, which are the main sectors of managing landscape. In this respect, this study is aimed to arrange the roles of local residents and administration for landscape management and propose the basic data necessary to develope evaluation index for effectiveness of rural landscape policy. Key findings and implications are as follows. First, literature reviews of 18 landscape management studies found 37 administrative roles and 7 roles of local residents. And those roles were classified into 3 factors by similar concept: 'local government support system', 'landscape management planning', and 'promoting the participation of residents'. Second, two Delphi surveys were conducted with landscape experts to verify the validity of those evaluation items by sector. Third, factor analysis was carried out to analyze the hierarchical structure of those evaluation items. 3 sub-factors were extracted from 'local government support system' sector; 2 sub-factors from the 'landscape management planning' sector; and 4 sub-factors from the 'promoting participation of residents' sector. Fourth, the hierarchy of those evaluation factors was divided into high and low classes and sub-indexes were structured to examine the relative importance of each class and assign a relative weight on each index. The most important sub-factors were turned out as follows: 'local residents' will to practice landscape activities (0.112)', 'local government budget for rural landscape management (0.088), and 'restriction on buildings by village regulation (0.068). It indicates the viewpoints of the landscape experts that local residents' voluntary participation in landscape activities and agreement of local residents on landscape management by village, e.g. village regulation, are preconditions for successful landscape management. In addition, it is significant for a local government to secure the budget of landscape management to support local residents support.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.3-12
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to draw implications for revitalizing public-private partnership system that can reduce the financial burden of the government and utilize the creative know-how of the private sector by analyzing the cases of public building construction projects by public-private partnership method in Japan. In this study, first of all, I looked at the current state of public-private partnership policy in Japan and then selected 8 representative projects as an analysis target. Next, in order to grasp the specific situation that is aimed at securing publicity and revitalizing private participation, I analyzed the role sharing between public and private sectors in the maintenance and management of public buildings, and examined the conditions for private revenue facilities. As a result of the analysis, the following implications were drawn. First, the methods of public building construction by public-private partnership in Japan are largely divided into BTO method based on the PFI method, and the method of installing public facilities and private revenue facilities based on the term leasehold rights system. Second, measures were taken to mitigate the burden of the state and local governments in establishing public facilities. Third, the public has delegated to the private sector actively about the role that the private sector can play, expanding the role of private sector widely from design to operation in the public building construction projects. Fourth, in order to actively participate in private sectors and promote regional revitalization, private profit-making projects are widely accepted, but consideration has been given to guarantee a certain level of publicity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.41-53
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• 2022

This study aims to identify perceptions on ESG management evaluation priorities based on public value in the agricultural and rural sector with the focus on the Korea Rural Community Corporation. We conduct Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to analyze how ESG management evaluation priorities are perceived by distinctive groups across industrial fields. To this end, experts working in the agricultural and rural sector and the general public in non-agricultural sector were questioned to derive and compare the weights for each class of ESG management. Results show the followings: First, the weight for the environment (E) was derived as 0.51774 in the first layer, which was found to be the most important evaluation item among the environment (E), society (S), and governance (G). Second, "ecosystem restoration," "urban-rural exchange expansion and regional development," and "increasing transparency" were the most important items in the second layer. Third, priorities between the agricultural and non-agricultural respondents groups were different in environmental (E) and social (S) categories, which explained that perceptions on ESG management by workers and policy makers in the agricultural and rural sector are different from those by general public in the non-agricultural sector.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.71-98
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• 1998

This paper analyzes the characteristics of technological knowledge flow-structure of Korean manufacturing in dynamic perspective. In doing that, the concept of the knowledge network is introduced which is defined as a set of industries and their interaction(knowledge flow) or linkage. The analysis of the inter-industrial knowledge flows is based on the technological similarity by using R&D researchers' academic background in the year of 1984, 1987, 1990. The analysis is carried out by such methodology as network analysis, indicator analysis and simple statistical analysis. And the final results are drawn both in absolute terms(dimension effect) and in relative terms(proportion effect) respectively. The main findings are as follow. First, the Korean manufacturing knowledge network appears to strengthen existing inter-industrial knowledge linkages rather than to construct new linkages. Second, the network seems to form a dualistic structure in that some high-technology sectors(knowledge production sectors) emerge along with traditional sectors(knowledge absorbing sectors). Third, since the mid-1980s, an inter-industrial fusion is witnessed among technologically intensive sectors, indicating that some sophisticated innovation modes are emerging in Korean manufacturing system. And fourth, by using the relations of the inter-industrial knowledge-flows, we classified manufacturing industries into 3 type ; knowledge-outflow sector, knowledge-inflow sector and knowledge intermediary sector.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.461-467
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• 2015

The 6th industrialization is one of the most important policies for Korean agricultural sector, and Korean government allocates the large portion of policy budget to promote the 6th industrialization. However, recently, Korean government has experienced the confusion and inefficiency due to too many policy programs for the 6th industrialization. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current policy programs for the 6th industrialization and to suggest the several guidelines for the more efficient policy system, including the priority of policy programs for the 6th industrialization. The results of studies present a few findings as follows: First, Korean government should evenly promote the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd industry in agricultural sector. Second, the main agent of the 6th industrialization needs to be the ministry of agriculture, food and rural affairs. Third, the policy resource for the 6th industrialization should be focused on the prominent farmers or enterprises. Forth, the policy programs for the 6th industrialization need to be grouped.