• 제목/요약/키워드: Thick Ring

검색결과 70건 처리시간 0.033초

자성체 코어 형상에 따른 마이크로 플럭스게이트 센서의 검출 특성 (The Performance of Micro Fluxgate Sensor with Magnetic Core Shape)

  • 조중희;최원열
    • 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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    • 제17권5호
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    • pp.508-514
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    • 2004
  • A fluxgate magnetic sensor consists of a solenoid excitation coil, pick-up coil, and magnetic core. We presents the effect of magnetic core shape in a micromachined fluxgate sensor. To observe the performance of fluxgate sensor with magnetic core side width and gap, side width of 125 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, 250 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, and 500 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ were designed in a rectangular-ring shaped core and the gaps of 0 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, 50 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, and 100 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ were also fabricated in a racetrack shaped core. The solenoid coils and magnetic core were separated by benzocyclobutane(BCB) which had high insulation and good planarization characters. Copper coil patterns of 10 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ width and 6${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thickness were electroplated on Ti(300 $\AA$) / Cu(1500 $\AA$) seed layers. 3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thick N $i_{0.8}$F $e_{0.2.}$(permalloy) film for the magnetic core was also electroplated under 2000 gauss to induce the magnetic anisotropy. The magnetic core had the high DC effective permeability of ∼1,300 and coercive field of ∼0.1 Oe. Because the magnetic cores of 500 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ side width and 0 gap had a low magnetic flux leakage, high sensitivity of ∼350 V/T were measured at excitation condition of 3 $V_{P-P}$ and 2 MHz square wave. The power consumption of ∼14 ㎽ was measured. The fabricated fluxgate sensor had the very small actual size of 3.0${\times}$1.7 $\textrm{mm}^2$. When two fluxgates were perpendicularly aligned in terrestrial field, their two-axis output signals were very useful to commercialize an electronic azimuth compass for the portable navigation system.m.m.m.

가잠(家蠶)으로부터 분리(分離)된 새로운 Microsporidia S80의 특성(特性) (Characteristics of New Microsporidia S80 Isolated from Silkworm, Bombyx mori L. in Korea)

  • 임종성;조세연
    • Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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    • 제1권
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    • pp.67-83
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    • 1983
  • 1980년(年) 한국(韓國)에서 발견(發見)된 Microsporidia S 80은 포자(胞子)의 길이가 $2.9{\pm}0.28{\mu}$ 폭(幅)이 $1.7{\pm}0.29{\mu}$으로 난원형(卵圓形)인데 그 크기가 형태(形態)로 보아 누에에 기생(寄生)하는 Microsporidia로서 지금까지 한국(韓國)이나 일본(日本)에서 알려진 것 들과는 다른 것이다. 과산화수소(過酸化水素) 원액(原液)으로 처리(處理)하였을때에 추출(抽出)된 극사(極絲)의 길이는 평균(平均) $26{\mu}$이었고 극사(極絲)의 선단(先端)에서 둥근 모양의 sporoplasm이 돌출(突出)되어 있는 것이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 한편 포자(胞子)는 Giemsa, Safranin-O, Gram 등(等)의 염색(染色)에서 부분적(部分的)으로 염색(染色)되는 특징(特徵)이 나타났으며, 전자현미경(電子顯微鏡)으로 관찰(觀察)한 포자(胞子)의 미세구조(微細構造)는 제일 바깥 부분(部分)이 전자밀도(電子密度)가 높고 요철(凹凸)이 있는 얇은 exospore로 둘러싸여 있고 그 안쪽에는 투명(透明)하고 두꺼운 endospore가 있는데 endospor는 포자(胞子)의 정단부(頂端部)가 다른 부위(部位)보다 상당히 얇은데 이곳으로 극사(極絲)가 추출(抽出)되는 것으로 생각된다. endospore와 cytoplasm과의 경계부(境界部)에는 세포질(細胞質)을 싸고 있는 한층(層)의 한계막(限界膜)인 inner limitting layer가 있다. 세포질(細胞質)의 전단부(前端部)에는 polar cap이 있고 그 밑에는 lamellar 구조(構造)의 발달(發達)된 polaroplast가 있으며 polaroplast의 후부(後部)는 vesiculate part로 되어 있는 것으로 보인다. polar filament는 anchoring disc인 polar cap에서 곧게 뻗어 나아가다가 포자(胞子)의 내벽(內壁)을 따라 돌면서 용수철 처럼 말려 있는데 polar filament의 coiled part 중앙(中央)에 2중막(重膜)에 싸여진 전자밀도(電子密度)가 높은 후형질(厚形質)로된 2핵(核)이 인접(隣接)하여 있으며 포자(胞子)의 부단부(部端部)에는 posterior vacuole이 있을 것이다. 이러한 포자(胞子)의 크기와 형태(形態) 및 미세구조(微細構造)로 보아 Microsporidia인 것을 확인(確認)할 수 있으며 분류학(分類學) 상(上)의 위치(位置)는 Microsporea 강(綱), Microsporidia 일(日)에 소속(所屬)시킬 수 있고 아목(亞目) 및 속(屬)을 규명(糾明)하기 위(爲)해서는 그 생활사(生活史)가 밝혀져야 한다. Mcrosporidia S80을 2령(齡) 기잠(起蠶)에 경구접종(經口接種)한 경우(境遇)의 LD50은 $7.1{\times}10^7/ml$로서 $1.2{\times}10^7/ml$인 Nosema bombycis와 비교(比較)할때 병원성(病原性)이 낮은 것으로 나타났으나 그 발생지역(發生地域)이 경기도(京畿道)를 중심(中心)으로 인접지역(隣接地域)인 강원(江原), 충북(忠北) 충남(忠南) 및 전남(全南)에서도 발생(發生)되고 있는 점(點)과 4령기(齡期) 접종시(接種時) 전견중(全繭重)과 견층중(繭層重)에 나쁜 영향(影響)을 미칠뿐 아니라 화아비율(化蛾比率)이 낮고, 감염(感染)된 모아(母蛾)는 물론 감염(感染)된 웅아(雄蛾)와 교미(交尾)한 모아(母蛾)에서도 산란불능아(産卵不能蛾)가 발생(發生)하거나 산란수(産卵數)가 건전구(健全區)에 비(比)하여 떨어지는 동시(同時)에 부수정란(不受精卵) 비율(比率)도 높은 것으로 볼 때 사견양잠(絲繭養蠶)은 물론 종견양잠(種繭養蠶)에 있어서도 피해(被害)를 입고 있을 것으로 본다. 감염모아(感染母蛾) 21마리에서 얻은 차대잠(次代蠶)의 검사결과(檢査結果) 경란전달(徑卵傳達)은 되지 않는 것으로 나타났으나 혹시 경란전달(徑卵傳達)이 된다고 해도 그 빈도(頻度)는 매우 낮을 것이며 1/21 미만(未滿)일 것으로 생각된다.

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THE MILLIMETER-RADIO EMISSION OF BL LACERTAE DURING TWO γ-RAY OUTBURSTS

  • Kim, Dae-Won;Trippe, Sascha;Lee, Sang-Sung;Park, Jong-Ho;Kim, Jae-Young;Algaba, Juan-Carlos;Hodgson, Jeffrey A.;Kino, Motoki;Zhao, Guang-Yao;Wajima, Kiyoaki;Kang, Sincheol;Oh, Junghwan;Lee, Taeseok;Byun, Do-Young;Kim, Soon-Wook;Kim, Jeong-Sook
    • 천문학회지
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    • 제50권6호
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    • pp.167-178
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    • 2017
  • We present a study of the inexplicit connection between radio jet activity and ${\gamma}$-ray emission of BL Lacertae (BL Lac; 2200+420). We analyze the long-term millimeter activity of BL Lac via interferometric observations with the Korean VLBI Network (KVN) obtained at 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz simultaneously over three years (from January 2013 to March 2016); during this time, two ${\gamma}$-ray outbursts (in November 2013 and March 2015) can be seen in ${\gamma}$-ray light curves obtained from Fermi observations. The KVN radio core is optically thick at least up to 86 GHz; there is indication that it might be optically thin at higher frequencies. To first order, the radio light curves decay exponentially over the time span covered by our observations, with decay timescales of $411{\pm}85$ days, $352{\pm}79$ days, $310{\pm}57$ days, and $283{\pm}55$ days at 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz, respectively. Assuming synchrotron cooling, a cooling time of around one year is consistent with magnetic field strengths $B{\sim}2{\mu}T$ and electron Lorentz factors ${\gamma}$ ~ 10 000. Taking into account that our formal measurement errors include intrinsic variability and thus over-estimate the statistical uncertainties, we find that the decay timescale ${\tau}$ scales with frequency ${\nu}$ like ${\tau}{\propto}{\nu}^{-0.2}$. This relation is much shallower than the one expected from opacity effects (core shift), but in agreement with the (sub-)mm radio core being a standing recollimation shock. We do not find convincing radio flux counterparts to the ${\gamma}$-ray outbursts. The spectral evolution is consistent with the 'generalized shock model' of Valtaoja et al. (1992). A temporary increase in the core opacity and the emergence of a knot around the time of the second ${\gamma}$-ray event indicate that this ${\gamma}$-ray outburst might be an 'orphan' flare powered by the 'ring of fire' mechanism.

후박(厚朴)의 외.내부형태 및 이화학패턴연구 (A Study of Morphology and Pattern Analysis in Magnoliae Cortex)

  • 이금산;김정훈;최고야;강대훈;황성연;정승일;김홍준;주영승
    • 대한본초학회지
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    • 제23권4호
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    • pp.21-29
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    • 2008
  • Objectives: To determine the standards for discrimination of Magnoliae Cortex, the experiment of specific external-internal characters and the physicochemical pattern analysis were performed. Methods: External characteristics was observed using a stereoscope. Paraffin-mediated sectioned materials were stained by Ju's method. Physicochemical patterns of materials were analyzed using HPLC. Results: 1. Botanical characteristics: Magnolia officinalis had one seed and a white flower, while M. obovata had two seeds and a white flower. Machilus thunbergii had berry and spherical fruits and yellowish green panicles. 2. External characteristics: M. officinalis and M obovata were dark and thick. M. officinalis was gray brown and greasy while M. obovata was light-gray, less oily and smoothly sectioned. Machilus thunbergii was thin and relatively light or yellow-brown, coarsely sectioned and faintly specific scents. 3. Internal characteristics: The bast parts of M. officinalis and M. obovata were commonly wider than Machilus thunbergii The cork cortex of M. officinalis was $10{\sim}mg/L$ cell layers with many oil cells, while that of M. obovata was $4{\sim}7$ cell layers with less oil cells. Machilus thunbergii's xylem which consisted of ring-shaped cambium at 1st and 2nd part was occupied in large portion. 4. Physicochemical pattern: Both M. officinalis and M. obovata involved honokiol and magnolol. All kinds of M. officinalis involved Magnatriol B but one kind of M. ovobata and all of Machilus thunbergii didn't. Machilus thunbergii showed different pattern of chromatogram from that of 2 species above. Conclusions: These results could be used as standards for discrimination of Magnoliae Cortex and as the method of objectification in medicinal herbs giving the basic resource for bioactivity research.

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토양(土壤) 산성화(酸性化) 정도(程度)에 따른 독일가문비나무(Picea abies)의 뿌리 발달(發達)과 분지형태(分枝形態)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (Root Development end Branching farms of Norway Spruce(Picea abies) in the Differently Acidified Forest Soil)

  • 이도형
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제90권4호
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    • pp.458-464
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    • 2001
  • 본 연구는 토양 산성화 정도가 서로 다른 독일가문비나무 임분에서 토양 깊이에 따른 뿌리의 나이테 발달과 분지형태를 분석함으로서, 임분에 따른 뿌리발달을 비교하고자 하였다. 조사된 독일가문비나무 임분에서 뿌리분지구조는 변형된 뿌리와 변형되지 않은 뿌리에 대한 조사임분간의 통계적 유의성이 인정되지 않았지만, 가장 많이 산성화된 Weidenbrunnen 임분에서는 뿌리가 상해를 입음으로 인해 발생되는 포크형, 권총형, 쇠스랑형과 같은 비정상적인 분지구조가 많이 나타났다. 뿌리의 나이테 분석 결과, 수평뿌리의 연평균 길이생장은 Weidenbrunnen 임분과 Barbis 임분이 6.3cm, Eberg$\ddot{o}$tzen 임분이 9.5cm의 길이 생장을 나타내었으며, 수직뿌리의 연평균 길이생장은 Weidenbrunnen 임분이 4.4cm Barbis 임분이 5.4cm, 그리고 Eberg$\ddot{o}$tzen 임분이 6.7cm의 생장을 보였다. 80cm 토양 깊이에서의 뿌리 횡단면 분포는 Eberg$\ddot{o}$tzen 임분이 굵은 뿌리와 가는 뿌리가 고르게 분포하고 있으며, 횡단면의 합계는 $32.6cm^2$ 이었다. Barbis 임분에서는 굵은 뿌리가 가운데 몰려서 분포하고, 가는 뿌리는 비교적 적게 나타났으며, 그 합계는 $29.2cm^2$이었다. Weidenbrunnen 임분에서는 적은 수의 가는 뿌리만 분포하고 그 값은 $10.9cm^2$에 불과하였다. 뿌리고정계수는 Eberg$\ddot{o}$tzen 임분이 1.04로 다른 두 임분 Barbis(0.3), Weidenbrunnen (0.08)과 비교하여 매우 높은 값을 나타내었다. 본 조사 독일가문비나무 임분 중에서 Weidenbrunnen 임분에서 나타난 비정상적인 형태의 변형된 분지구조와 뿌리의 저조한 생장은 토양산 성화 등으로 인하여 정상적인 뿌리가 생장의 장애를 받아 나타난 결과 때문이라 사료된다.

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구약성서(舊約聖書)에 나타난 히브리인의 복식(服飾) - 두식(頭飾), 신발 및 장신구(裝身具) 중심(中心)으로 - ("A Study on Hebrews Clothing in the Old Testament" - Especially on Hair Styles, Headgears, Footwear and Personal Ornaments -)

  • 박찬부
    • 복식
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    • 제10권
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    • pp.63-80
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    • 1986
  • The Old Testament cotains mention of the history of creation and clothing in ancient Hebrew. This study dealt with Hebrew dress customs especially aimed at the manners of their hair styles, headgears, footwear and personal ornaments. References are Korean Revised Version, English King James Version and Revised Standard Version. There is little mention of hair styles and headgears in the Old Testament. Some sort of turban was worn by priests, and soldiers protected themselves with helmets, but most Israelitish men went bareheaded except on special occasions and often wear simple headbands. It was more common for women to use headwear of some type-turbans, scarves, and veils concealing the face. The veil was the distinctive female wearing apparel. All females, with the exception of maidservants and women in a low condition of life, wore a veil. It was the custom for women to wear a veil entirely covering their head in the public. Through most of the Old Testament periods long and thick hair was admired on men and women alike. The Hebrews were proud to have thick and abundant long hair, and they gave much attention to the care of their hair. The caring of hair was deeply related to their rituals. Nazirites never took a razor to their hair during his vow-days, but instead let it grow long, as an offering to God. Men would not cut their beards, but allow them to grow long. The Israelites' standard footwear was a pair of simple leather sandals. This was one of the items of clothing not highly prized. In a colloquial saying of the time, a pair of shoes signified something of small value, and to be barefoot except in times of mourning or on holy place, was a sign either of extreme poverty or humiliation, as in the case of war prisoners. Because precious stones were not mined in the Palestine-Syria region, Hebrews imported them from foreign country. They were consumer-to a large degree limited by their very modest standard of living-but not producers. Hebrews liked the precious stones and were motivated to acquire and wear jewels. Besides their use for adornment and as gifts, the precious or semiprecious stones were regarded by Jews of property. The Hebrews were not innovators in the field of decorative arts. The prohibition of the Law against making any "graven image" precluded the development of painting, sculpture, and other forms of representational art. Jewish men did not indulge in extravagances of dress, and there was little ornamentation among them. Men wore a signet ring on their right hand or sometimes suspended by a cord or chain around the neck. The necklaces, when worn by a male, also bore any symbol of his authority. Bracelets were extremely popular with both men and women, men usually preferring to wear them on their upper arms. The girdle was a very useful part of a man's clothing. It was used as a waist belt, or used to fasten a man's sword to his body, or served as a pouch in which to keep money and other things. Men often carried a cane or staff, which would be ornamented at the top. Among the women there was more apt to be ornamentation than among the men. Hebrew women liked to deck themselves with jewels, and ornamentation of the bride were specially luxurious and numerous. They wore rings on their fingers or On toes, ankle rings, earrings, nosering, necklace, bracelets. Their shapes were of cresent, waterdrops, scarab, insect, animal or plant. Sometimes those were used as amulets. They were made of ceramics, gold, silver, bronze, iron, and various precious stones which were mostly imported from Egypt and Sinai peninsular. Hebrews were given many religious regulations by Moses Law on their hair, headgears, sandals and ornamentation. Their clothing were deeply related with their customs especially with their religions and rituals. Hebrew religion was of monotheism and of revealed religion. Their religious leaders, the prophets who was inspired by God might need such many religious regulations to lead the idol oriented people to God through them.

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부산 장산 지역의 구과상(球課狀) 유문암에 대한 암석학적 연구 (Petrological Study on the Spherulitic Rhyolite in the Jangsan Area, Busan)

  • 박수미;윤성효
    • 암석학회지
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    • 제22권3호
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    • pp.219-233
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    • 2013
  • 부산광역시 동부의 장산화산암체는 화산함몰체로 알려져 있고, 화산함몰체 외각부를 따라 구과상 유문암이 $60^{\circ}{\sim}90^{\circ}$의 각도로 수직유상구조를 보여주며 환상암맥으로 나타난다. 구과의 직경은 수 mm에서 2.8 cm 이상이며, 평균적으로 5~10 mm로 측정되었다. 이들 구과는 하나의 핵을 중심으로 방사상을 나타내는 단식 구과형과 육안상 흰색을 띠는 각을 가지면서 핵 부분을 중심으로 방사상을 나타내는 방사상 단식 구과형으로 비교적 단순한 형태를 보여주며, 이들 구과들이 서로 인접하여 합체된 포도송이와 같은 집합체를 보여주기도 한다. 구과의 동심원상 핵 부분에 대한 전자현미분석 결과, 은미정질 기질부 물질의 성분은 주로 $SiO_2$가 거의 82% 이상, $Al_2O_3$는 7~10%, $Na_2O+K_2O$는 8% 이하의 실리카 물질과 장석(새니딘)의 미세한 섬유상 교생으로 나타났다. 구과에 대한 X-선 회절분석 결과, 석영, 새니딘, 앨바이트 그리고 소규모의 운모, 카오린, 녹니석으로 구성되며, X-선 면분석 결과, 핵 부분은 $SiO_2$가 풍부하며, 각 부분은 $Na_2O$ 또는 $K_2O$, $Al_2O_3$가 풍부하였다. 장산콜드론의 유문암 암맥에서 나타나는 구과의 깃털형과 비등형 결정 형태는 마그마 관입에 의한 이동속도보다 유리질 물질로부터 탈유리화작용이 더 빠른 속도로 진행되었고, 비교적 정체된 상태에서 급속한 냉각으로 형성되었음을 지시한다. 구과들은 고규산(75.4~75.7 wt.%) 유문암질 마그마로부터 유래되었다.

영남지역 출토 금제 귀걸이의 성분 조성에 따른 유형 분류와 금속 재료 특성 (Type Classification and Material Properties by the Composition of Components in Gold Earrings Excavated from the Yeongnam Region)

  • 전익환;강정무;이재성
    • 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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    • 제52권1호
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    • pp.4-21
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    • 2019
  • 영남지역에서 출토된 6~7세기 신라 금제 귀걸이 23점에 대한 성분 분석을 실시하고, 금판에 포함된 은(Ag) 함량을 기준으로 세 가지 유형으로 분류하였다. I 유형(20~50wt%), II 유형(10~20wt%), III 유형(10wt% 이하)으로 구분하였는데, I II 유형의 귀걸이 금판은 금(Au) 함량이 상대적으로 높은 부분에서 미세한 기공이 집중적으로 분포되는 현상이 관찰되었다. 금판 표면의 성분 차이 발생 원인을 네 가지로 구분하여 1) 표면 처리, 2) 제작 과정에서 열 확산, 3) 사금의 성분 차이, 4) 금의 정련 방법 측면에서 검토하였다. 금판 표면의 금 함량이 상대적으로 높은 부분에서는 미세한 기공이 집중적으로 관찰되며, 이와 관련하여 금 합금 표면에 의도적으로 금을 제외한 금속 성분을 제거하면서 금 함량을 높이는 고갈 도금(depletion gilding) 가능성을 제시하였다. 의도적인 표면 처리와 더불어 제작 과정에서 금판과 금속 봉 사이에 열 확산이 일어나 금판의 구리 함량이 높아진 사례를 세환이식의 분석 결과로 확인되었다. 금판의 재료적인 측면에서 살펴보면 금판에 포함된 은(Ag)이 자연금에 포함된 것인지, 합금에 의해 추가된 것인지를 국내에서 채취된 사금 분석을 통해 살펴보았다. 분석 결과 평균적으로 13wt% 정도의 은이 포함된 것으로 미루어 보아 II 유형은 자연금의 범주에 포함되고, III 유형은 정련 과정을 거친 금, I 유형은 자연금에 은이 합금된 것으로 보인다. 여기에서 III 유형의 경우 정련 과정을 거쳐 순수한 금을 만든 뒤 은을 합금했을 가능성에 대해 국내외 고대 문헌에 소개된 금 정련 방법을 조사하였다. 고대 정련 방법은 자연금에 포함된 은이 염화물 또는 황화물과 반응하여 결합됨으로써 제거되는 방법이었는데, 이러한 방법을 통해 순수한 금을 얻기 위해서는 장시간의 노력과 기술이 요구된다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 따라서 정련 과정을 통해 순금을 만든 후에 강도를 높이기 위해 소량의 은을 첨가했을 가능성은 낮아 보인다.

편물의 역사적 고찰 -유럽의 편물 전통문양을 중심으로 - (The Historical Survey on Knitted Works - On the Basic of the Traditional Knitting Patterns of Europe -)

  • 이순홍;이선명
    • 복식
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    • 제50권7호
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    • pp.195-218
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    • 2000
  • This study investigates the characteristics of European knitted works from a historical perspective. Specifically, this study deals with the following research topics: 1) the origin and development of knitting. 2) the characteristics of knitting industry according to the change of times, 3) the comparison of local knitting patterns and cultures. 4) 7he symbolic meaning of the designs in the knitted works and theire functions. This research is barred on the survey of the relevant literature and photographs. The results of the study are summarized as follows. 1) The introduction of knitted works was closely connected with the climatic and socio-economic conditions of the places of the origin. Knitted work developed mostly in Northern Europe, a cold area, and the barren, mountainous coastal areas where people frequently used woolen materials for clothes. 2) In ancient times, abstract and geometric patterns have developed in Europe under the influence of Arabian knitted work. Middle Ages saw the flourishing of Arabian knitted works representing the authority of the church. In early modern times, the knitted work assumed the wealth of the royal families and the nobles. But afterward it was gradually Popularized among the middle classes. Knitting was then regarded as one of the women's major cultural activities. However, recently in the interwar periods. the knitting industry did not flourish and the knitted works came to serve merely as comfort goods by political urge. Knitted works were introduced in Korea around 1870 (the 7th or 8th year of king Kojong era) by Catholic missionaries and they started to be made by machine in 1917. 3) As for the propagation of the knitted work into Europe, there are three routes estimated. The traditional knitting patterns of local areas and their characteristics are summed up as follows : (1) England Guernseys are thick dark blue wool, whereas Jerseys are thinner and of various colors. The knitted shawls of Shetland are world-famous for their fine, lace-like texture that they can be through a wedding-ring. The knitted work of Fair Isle shows several distinctive features, such as the use of no more than two colors, patterns with diagonal lines. symmetry within the patterns, the prominent OXO patterns, and horizontal bands of patterning. The representative knitted work of Aran is Aran sweater made for fishermen to developed from guernseys of Scotland. (2) Scandinavian countries are distinguished from other countries by their conservative but creative cultural tradition. Their knitting patterns are characterized by small geometric figures such as dots, triangles, squares, rhombuses, and crosses used often with stars and roses. Scandinavian knitting is also salient for its vertical stripes and simple motifs repeating at short intervals. (3) Baltic area : The Latvian and Lithuania stockings have very ornate patterns. Many of the Estonian knit stockings and mittens share designs. Komi was well-known for its symmetric diamond pattern. Komi patterns include colored stripes, borders of pattern and all-over designs of complex diagonals. (4) Balkan area : In Yugoslavia, the patterns of roses, leaves and flowers were used for stockings, gloves and leggings. Greek knitting resembled southern Russian knitting, which utilized light colored patterns with dark colors for a background. Turkish patterns are symmetric vertically or horizontally. 4) The traditional knitting patterns net only carried symbolic meanings but also served as means of communication. First of all, patterns had incantatory meanings. Patterns also represented Power or authenticity Patterns were symbolic of one's social standing, too. The colors, motifs and their arrangements were very important features symbolizing one's social position or family line. People often communicated by certain pieces of knitted work or patterns.

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가물치의 위장내 기생하는 흡충(Azygia속) 및 선충(Pingus속)의 동정과 감염상황 (Identification and prevalence of trematode(Gen Azygia) and nematode(Gen Pingus) in Ophicephalus argus)

  • 문무홍;이은우
    • 대한수의학회지
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    • 제38권1호
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    • pp.147-159
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    • 1998
  • A survey of the internal parasites in 115 fishes of Ophicephalus argus was carried out in Kyungpook province during the period from January 1995 to November 1997. A species of trematode from the stomach and a species of nematode from the caeca of the fishes was discovered respectively. The trematode was identified as Azygia hwangtsinyi (Tsin, 1993) and the nematode as Pingus sinensis ($Hs\ddot{u}$, 1993). The fluke was pressed at thick of 0.1mm~0.2mm between slide glasses and fixed in 70% ethyl alcohol solution. The fluke was washed with tap water after fixation and stained with hematoxylin-carmin and mounted in balsam through routine methods. The nematode was fixed in 5% formalin solution and mounted with lactophnol or glycerine jelly. Morphology : Arygia hwantsinyi ; The fluke is elongate body with approximately parallel margins and rounded extremities in pressed preparations(Fig 1). The cuticle is unarmed. The oral sucker is ventro-subterminal in position. The ventral sucker is slightly smaller than oral sucker and positioned at 14.2% of body length from the oral sucker. The cirrus sac and genital pore is in mid-ventral line, slightly anterior to the ventral sucker. The oral sucker is succeeded by a well developed muscular pharynx. It is succeeded by a short inverted Y-shaped oesophagus. The inner wall of oesophagus is consisted of many fine folded membrane. The fine tubes of esophagus pass into the intestinal heads which are distended and presented a marked borderline between the fine tube and intestinal heads. The Intestinal heads start at level of pharynx and pass caudad in a zigzag course to end quite near caudal margin. The uterine coils occupy the intercecal area between the level of the cephalic margin of the ovary and about the level of the ventral sucker. The uterus is filled with many eggs. The testes are round or oval and placed one behind the other generally a little diagonally. The posterior testis is placed at level of 75.1% of body length. The ovary is oval, placed ahead the anterior testis. The shell gland not discernible outline is contacted with ovary ahead it. The vitelline glands are consisted of small oval vesicles. The vesicles occupy extracecal regions and between a little posterior of the ventral sucker and near caudal margin. Pingus sinensis : Female ; The cuticle is smooth and the cervical alae are well developed. The mouth opening is small, triangular, and without lips. The anterior end bears four sub-medial papillae. The oesophagus is divided into a muscular and glandular portion. The nerve ring is situated just at the junction of the muscular and glandular portions of the oesophagus. The vulva which has a prominent flap, is placed behind the middle of the body about one-third of the length of the worm from the posterior extremity. The vagina is strongly muscularised and after running anteriorly about $68{\mu}$, divides itself into two broad uterine tubes with an anterior and a posterior one. There are a few eggs in the uterine tubes. The tail is slender, straight and pointed. The ovary extends almost to the posterior extremity. Male : Male is smaller than female. The tail is pointed, curved and carrying well-developed caudal alae. A prominent muscular precloacal sucker is characteristic. The spicules are equal and short. There are four pairs of pedunculated pre-anal papillae, of which the most anterior pair are situated just at the level anterior to the muscular sucker. Two pairs of pedunculated papillae are present before the anus. There are five pairs of post-anal papillae of which the most anterior pair and the second counted from the posterior end are ventral and more marked than the ones which are situated laterally.

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